Experiment No.

1
DENSITY MEASUREMENT BY VOLUMETRIC METHOD

OBJECTIVE: To determine the density of the liquid by the volumetric method.

APPARATUSES:
1. Measuring device (graduated cylinders)
2. Ruler
3. Liquids (water, alcohol, oil, gasoline, etc.)
4. Weighing balance

THEORY: The density of a liquid is defined as the mass per unit volume. In formula, it is
expressed as
𝑊𝑊𝑊𝑊𝑊𝑊𝑊𝑊ℎ𝑡𝑡
𝑀𝑀𝑀𝑀𝑀𝑀𝑀𝑀 � �
𝑔𝑔
Density, 𝜌𝜌 = 𝑉𝑉𝑉𝑉𝑉𝑉𝑉𝑉𝑉𝑉𝑉𝑉
= 𝑉𝑉𝑉𝑉𝑉𝑉𝑉𝑉𝑉𝑉𝑉𝑉

PROCEDURES:
1. Weigh an empty measuring device (graduated cylinder).
2. Get liquid just enough to fill the measuring device at its desired level.
3. Weigh the measuring device with liquid in it.
4. Subtract the weight of the measuring device with liquid by the weight of the measuring
device to get the mass of the liquid.
5. Read and record the volume.
6. Compute the density of the liquid.
7. Provide at least three trials and get its average.

DRAWING (SET-UP):
RESULTS:
Type of Liquid : ___________________________
Mass of Empty Container : ___________________________
Mass of Container with Liquid : ___________________________
Mass of Liquid : ___________________________

TRIAL 1 TRIAL 2 TRIAL 3 AVERAGE

MASS
VOLUME
DENSITY

COMPUTATIONS:

CONCLUSIONS:
 Experiment No. 2
DETERMINATION OF SPECIFIC GRAVITY OF A FLUID
USING U-TUBE MANOMETER

OBJECTIVE: To determine the specific gravity of an unknown liquid using a U-tube

manometer.

APPARATUSES:
1. Liquid of an unknown specific gravity
2. Manometer stand
3. Plastic or Glass tubing
4. Meter stick
5. Mercury liquid
6. Leveling Hose
7. Beaker or Graduated cylinder
8. Funnel

THEORY:
1. The pressure at any point in a liquid is proportional to the depth from the surface to the
point in consideration.
𝑃𝑟𝑒𝑠𝑠𝑢𝑟𝑒, 𝑃 = 𝛾ℎ = 𝜌𝑔ℎ

2. The pressure head at any point is the sum of the heads of the liquid and expressed in
their equivalent unit of a single liquid. Heads must be added as positive value when
going downward since the pressure at a certain depth increases. Thus, adding of heads
with negative value if moving upward.
𝑃 𝑃
ℎ𝑒𝑎𝑑, ℎ = =
𝛾 𝜌𝑔
PROCEDURES:
1. Pour some amount of mercury inside the U-tube just enough not to let the pressure
push the mercury on one side of the U-tube.
2. Pour some amount of the unknown liquid in one side of the U-tube.
3. Pour some amount of water on the other side of the U-tube.
4. Measure the difference in liquid level.
PRECAUTIONS:
1. Use a funnel in pouring the liquids.
2. Remove any trapped air inside the tube by tapping.
3. After the experiment, do not throw away the liquid sample especially the mercury
instead ask for assistance from the Laboratory personnel. In removing the impurities
from the mercury, dip some tissue paper in the mixture. This will allow the other liquid
cling unto the paper. (If mercury is not available, use a liquid with higher density).

COMPUTATIONS:

RESULTS:
The specific gravity of the liquid is __________________________________

DRAWING:

CONCLUSIONS:
 Experiment No. 3
DETERMINATION OF THE DENSITY OF SOLID BY BUOYANCY

OBJECTIVE: To determine the density of a solid material using the principle of buoyancy.

APPARATUSES:

1. Concrete cylinder, iron block, stone, or any solid object

2. Water container, beaker, or graduated cylinder
3. Weighing scale or digital balance
4. Knot string
5. Water (enough to let the solid submerge)

THEORY:
1. The principle of Archimedes states that a body wholly or partially submerged in a liquid
is buoyed up be a force equal to the weight of equal volume of the liquid displaced.

2. When the solid body is fully submerged in water, its volume will occupy portion of the
liquid and water will be displaced.

3. The volume displaced by the liquid is exactly equal to the volume of the solid body that
is submerged.

4. To find the volume of the irregular solid submerged in liquid is to find the volume of the
liquid displaced.

5. A body whose weight in air, 𝑊𝑎 , will have less weight in water, 𝑊𝑤 when it is
submerged.

6. This loss of weight is called the buoyant force, which is the force that tends to push the
submerged body and let the weight to be lesser in water.

7. The buoyant force is equal to the weight of the liquid displaced, interpreting the above
statements into a formula.

L𝑜𝑠𝑠 𝑜𝑓 𝑤𝑒𝑖𝑔ℎ𝑡 𝑜𝑓 𝑠𝑜𝑙𝑖𝑑 = 𝑊𝑎 − 𝑊𝑤 = 𝐵𝑢𝑜𝑦𝑎𝑛𝑡 𝑓𝑜𝑟𝑐𝑒 (𝐵𝐹)

𝑊𝑎 − 𝑊𝑤
𝑉𝑜𝑙𝑢𝑚𝑒 =
𝑈𝑛𝑖𝑡 𝑤𝑒𝑖𝑔ℎ𝑡
 𝐼𝑛 𝐶𝐺𝑆 𝑢𝑛𝑖𝑡𝑠, 𝑉𝑜𝑙 = 𝑊𝑎 − 𝑊𝑤

Since then, density of water is 1 gm/cc, the density then is

𝑀𝑎𝑠𝑠 𝑊𝑎
𝐷𝑒𝑛𝑠𝑖𝑡𝑦 = 𝑠𝑝𝑒𝑐𝑖𝑓𝑖𝑐 𝑔𝑟𝑎𝑣𝑖𝑡𝑦 = =
𝑉𝑜𝑙𝑢𝑚𝑒 𝑊𝑎 − 𝑊𝑤

𝐼𝑛 𝑚𝑒𝑡𝑟𝑖𝑐 𝑢𝑛𝑖𝑡𝑠, 𝐷𝑒𝑛𝑠𝑖𝑡𝑦 = 𝑆𝑝. 𝐺𝑟𝑎𝑣𝑖𝑡𝑦 𝑥 1000 𝑘𝑔/𝑚3

PROCEDURES:

The material being used here is ____________________________

1. Weigh the material body in air.
2. Weigh the knot string used in tying.
3. Weigh the material body in water.
4. Compute the buoyant force, then the density of the material.
5. Complete the data by filling up the spaces below.

PRECAUTIONS:

1. Air bubbles must not cling to the sides of the submerged body. These will create
additional volume, additional buoyant force, and decrease the weight of body in
water.
2. The submerged body must not touch the walls of the vessel; this will create a
friction force.
3. The knot string must have a small diameter possible to minimize increase in
dissolved volume.

DRAWING: Draw the set up.

COMPUTATIONS:

RESULTS:

Mass of the material body in air 𝑀𝑎 = __________________

Mass of material body in water 𝑀𝑤 = _______________________

Buoyant Force = 𝐵𝐹 = 𝑀𝑎 − 𝑀𝑤 = __________________

𝐵𝐹
Volume Submerged = = __________________
𝑢𝑛𝑖𝑡 𝑤𝑒𝑖𝑔ℎ𝑡 𝑜𝑓 𝑤𝑎𝑡𝑒𝑟

𝑀𝑎𝑠𝑠 𝑖𝑛 𝑘𝑔 𝑀𝑎𝑠𝑠
Density of material = = = __________________
𝑉𝑜𝑙𝑢𝑚𝑒 𝐷𝑖𝑠𝑝𝑙𝑎𝑐𝑒𝑑 𝑉𝑠

𝑀𝑎𝑠𝑠 𝑖𝑛 𝑘𝑔 𝑥 9.81
Unit weight of material = 𝑉𝑜𝑙𝑢𝑚𝑒 𝐷𝑖𝑠𝑝𝑙𝑎𝑐𝑒𝑑
= __________________

CONCLUSIONS:
 Experiment No. 4
VISCOSITY OF LIQUID BY METHOD OF FALLING SPHERE

OBJECTIVE: To determine the viscosity of a liquid by falling sphere method.

APPARATUSES:
1. Liquid (use water and oil)
2. Spherical ball
3. Stopwatch
4. Ruler
5. Weighing device
6. Transparent plastic cylinder

THEORY:
1. This method of determining viscosity was based on Stoke’s Law on viscosity. It
consists of a long vertical container which is filled with liquid whose viscosity is to be
determined. The container is surrounded by a constant temperature bath.

2. A small spherical ball or steel or stone is released and allowed to fall vertically
through the liquid. The ball will at first accelerate as it falls from the air. When the
sphere touches the liquid, the resistance to its motion increases with its velocity.
The velocity will become constant when the drag force is equal to the resistance
force.

3. The viscosity of liquid using the falling sphere and the Stoke’s Law has the following
formula:
𝐷2
𝑢= (𝑊𝑠 − 𝑊)
18𝑉
Where:
𝑉 = 𝑖𝑠 𝑡ℎ𝑒 𝑣𝑒𝑙𝑜𝑐𝑖𝑡𝑦 𝑜𝑓 𝑓𝑎𝑙𝑙
𝐿𝑒𝑛𝑔𝑡ℎ 𝐿
𝑉= =
𝑡𝑖𝑚𝑒 𝑡
𝐿 = 𝑖𝑠 𝑡ℎ𝑒 𝑑𝑖𝑠𝑡𝑎𝑛𝑐𝑒 𝑜𝑓 𝑓𝑎𝑙𝑙
 𝑇 = 𝑡𝑖𝑚𝑒 𝑜𝑓 𝑓𝑎𝑙𝑙
𝐷 = 𝑖𝑠 𝑡ℎ𝑒 𝑑𝑖𝑎𝑚𝑒𝑡𝑒𝑟 𝑜𝑓 𝑡ℎ𝑒 𝑠𝑝ℎ𝑒𝑟𝑒
(𝑊𝑠 – 𝑊) = 𝑖𝑠 𝑡ℎ𝑒 𝑠𝑢𝑏𝑚𝑒𝑟𝑔𝑒𝑑 𝑤𝑒𝑖𝑔ℎ𝑡 𝑜𝑓 𝑠𝑝ℎ𝑒𝑟𝑒 𝑖𝑛 𝑡ℎ𝑒 𝑙𝑖𝑞𝑢𝑖𝑑

PROCEDURES:
1. Determine the density of sphere by the procedure as discussed by the principle of
buoyancy.
2. Determine the unit weight of fluid.
a. Weigh an empty measuring device.
b. Pour some amount of liquid just enough to fill the measuring device at its
desired level.
c. Weigh the measuring device with liquid in it.
d. Subtract the weight of the measuring device with liquid by the weight of the
measuring device to get the mass of the liquid.
e. Read and record the volume and compute the unit weight of the liquid.
3. Drop the sphere ball with the initial position of the ball just near the liquid surface.
4. Mark the point where the velocity of the ball starts to become uniform. This will be
the initial point of the distance measurement.
5. Simultaneously set the time on as with the procedure.
6. Set the time off when the ball reaches the bottom of the container.
7. Measure the distance dropped from the initial marked point to the final position of
the ball.
8. Compute the viscosity of the liquid.
9. Provide at least three trials and get its average.

DRAWING: Draw the set up

COMPUTATIONS:
RESULTS:
Weight of cylindrical container : _________________
Weight of container with Liquid : _________________
Height of fall, L : _________________
Diameter of ball : _________________
Viscosity of water : __________________
Viscosity of oil : __________________

WATER:

Trial 1 Trial 2 Trial 3 Average

Time
Velocity
(Ws – W)
Viscosity

OIL:

Trial 1 Trial 2 Trial 3 Average

Time
Velocity
(Ws – W)
Viscosity

CONCLUSIONS: