Energy Balance and

Water Balance
 A. Energy Balance
Method
Where :
Rn = Net Radiation from the heat source
(W/m^2)
H = Sensible Heat to the Air from the body
(W/m^2)
G = Sensible Heat to the ground (W/m^2)
ET or E = Evapotranspiration rate or Evaporation
Rate (m/s)
Λ = Latent Heat of vaporization (J/kg)

Rn , H and G can be taken from the

steffan Boltzmann law and Heat Intensity
Equation
Stefan – Boltzmann
Law
According to Stefan Boltzmann law, the
amount of radiation emitted per unit time
from area A of a black body at absolute
temperature T is directly proportional to the
fourth power of the temperature
INTENSITY OF HEAT
Where:
P = Power Emitted by the heat source
A = Surface Area of the radiation spread
I = Heat Intensity
EXAMPLE 1
 Example 2
A star called proxima centauri has a radius of 107275 km and a surface
temperature of 2992 K. An exoplanet which orbits the centauri has an
orbital radius of 7.5 million kilometers. Calculate the heat intensity
that the planet is receiving from the star? Emissivity of Star is 1
 EXAMPLE 3
A certain lake has a surface area of 3500 square kilometers is being heated
by the sun during the day. The lake has a surface temperature of 25 C and
the air temperature is 10 C. Latent heat of vaporization of water is 2257 J/g.
Emissivity of water is 0.98

The Sun :
Radius of Sun = 696, 340 km
Distance from the Earth = 148.32 million km
Surface Temperature = 5600 Celcius

CALCULATE THE RATE OF EVAPORATION LOSS FROM THE WATER IN

mm/day. ASSUME G = 0 W/m^2
 EXAMPLE 4
A 40 cubic centimeter sample of alcohol at 55 C has an evaporation
rate of 12 mm/day. The alcohol is open to the air and the air has a
temperature of 30 C. Adjacent to it is a cubic heat source with a surface
temperature of 850 C that also has a side length of 15 cm. Assuming
the radiative influence of the sun is zero and also assuming that G = 0,
Calculate the distance between the fluid and the heat source?

Emissivity of Alcohol = 0.95

Emissivity of Cube = 1
Latent heat of vaporization of alcohol = 846 kJ/kg
Density of alcohol = 789 kg/m^3
 WATER BALANCE
The law of water balance states that the inflows to any water system or
area is equal to its outflows plus change in storage during a time
interval. In hydrology, a water balance equation can be used to
describe the flow of water in and out of a system.
Change in Storage = Precipitation + Inflow Runoff – Outflow Runoff -
Evapotranspiration
 EXAMPLE 1
A lake has an area of 24 km^2. During a specific month a lake has an
evaporation of 105 mm. During the same month, the inflow to the lae
from the river was on average of 1.5 m^3/s and the outflow from the
lake via another river is 1 m^3/s. Also for the same month a water level
increase of 120 mm for the lake was observed.

A. What was the precipitation in mm during that month

B. The concentration of nitrates in inflow river water was 2 parts per
million and the outflow river water 0.9 ppm during the month.
What was the changed in stored nitrates in the lake during the
month?
 EXAMPLE 2
The average rainfall in the watershed is 60 in/yr, and the average
evapotranspiration is 40 in/yr. Assume no water crosses the watershed
boundary.

A. What was the stream runoff flux in ft/yr?

B. What fraction of rainfall is evapotranspiration?
C. What fraction of rainfall is run-off ?