1- pb

the demand for electricity in Cameroon has gradually increased over the last few years, by
approximately 15%. yet the generation rate is 2% per year. We can thus see that the overall production
capacity in Cameroon is lower than demand, hence poor sharing and abundant cuts. which prevents the
proper functioning of establishments by occurrence (the University of Bamenda). to overcome this
defect, the establishment uses a diesel generator which requires fuel for its operation. but the purchase
and use of fuel presents enormous disadvantages among which we can cite: the high price of fuel, its
shortage, as well as its pollution with respect to carbon dioxide. the resolution of this defect should
interest us to the greatest extent to the extent that the survival of our economy and that of the planet
as well as the establishment of the proper functioning of our establishments depend on it. therefore,
the study of alternative energy sources like solar energy becomes attractive

2- background

The future of the planet has always been one of the major concerns of actors in the international
system. The organization and holding of several international Summits on sustainable development and
climate change bear witness to this. We can thus cite the holding of the 21st Conference of the Parties
to the United Nations Framework Convention on Climate Change (UNFCCC), from November 30 to
December 11, 2015 in Paris, to reach a new international agreement on climate aimed at limit global
warming significantly below 2° Celsius (threshold considered dangerous by scientists) compared to the
pre-industrial era. In the same vein, the high point of the year 2016 was the signing of the Paris Climate
Agreement in New York on April 22, and the joint declaration of fifty African countries to meet the
challenges of climate change during of the 22nd session of the Conference of the Parties to the UNFCCC,
organized from November 7 to 18, 2016 in Marrakech (Morocco).

But, what makes all these international meetings mentioned above unique, as explained in the 2016
Report of the Renewable Energy Policy Network for the 21st Century (REN), is above all the pride of
place that was given to “access affordable, reliable, sustainable, and modern energy for all.” Indeed, the
majority of signatory States, i.e. 189, have promised to develop renewable energies and energy
efficiency as part of their Intended Nationally Determined Contributions (INDC),

Thus, of the 189 countries having submitted their INDC, 147 of them favored renewable energies and
167 energy efficiency; some have even announced a reform of their fossil fuel subsidies. Unprecedented
commitments have also been made in favor of renewable energies by regional, state and local
authorities, as well as by private companies. Therefore, the supply of environmentally friendly energy
sources represents a permanent challenge for our societies.

Furthermore, it should be remembered that the energy deficit and the cost of energy in rural and urban
areas of the least developed countries of the African continent such as Cameroon, still constitute an
obstacle to the economic and social progress of this civilization, since they penalize industry, transport
and all other modern activities. Indeed, according to the World Bank, electricity in Africa costs on
average three times more than in Europe and the United States, and 650 million people still live without
electricity, or 70% of the population. The African continent would therefore need an annual contribution
of 7 giga watts (GW) of electricity production to meet the ever-increasing demand for electricity, (a
demand which can be explained by demographic growth, and the proliferation of cars , phones, tablets,
planes, drones, household and computer appliances, etc.), while only 1 GW is actually added each year.

Similarly, a report from the International Energy Agency (IEA), published on July 2, 2014, draws attention
to the growing consumption of digital economy devices (computers, tablets, smartphones, connected
objects miscellaneous): 14 billion connectable devices in 2013, 50 billion expected in 2020, and 500
billion in 2050. Their demand for electricity increased from 420 Tera Watt hour (TWh) in 2008 (equal to
the electricity consumption of France) to 616 TWh in 2013. If nothing is done to control this demand, it
should reach 1140 TWh/year in 2025, more than the total consumption of Canada and Germany
combined. Certainly, Africa and especially Cameroon need energy to industrialize and develop, in order
to be competitive on both the national and international markets. And clearly, renewable energies are
the obvious choice for the future of our planet.

Based on this observation, the objective of our study consists of promoting, through the study of solar
systems as the prospect of developing a non-carbon and sustainable economy, preserving the
environment, and improving the conditions of life in Africa.