1.

Şəbəkə əməliyyat sistemləri

A Network Operating System (Network OS) serves as a comprehensive suite
of programs essential for processing, transmitting, and storing data within a
network. This integral system offers users a diverse array of network
services, encompassing file management, email, audio-video conferencing,
distributed computing, and network management processes. Playing a
crucial role in the establishment of both local and global networks, the
Network OS ensures user access to all network resources.
Operating on either a client-server or unicast architecture, the client
component acts as a medium for requesting access to remote resources,
while the server component facilitates the general use of local resources and
services. The Network OS transport, working in conjunction with the
computer system's communication infrastructure, facilitates the smooth
transfer of information between computer networks. Collectively known as
network tools, the client, server, and transport components form the core
elements of a Network OS. Prominent examples of Network Operating
Systems include Novell NetWare, Windows Server, IBM LAN, UNIX, Solaris,
Linux, and others. These systems play a pivotal role in shaping the
landscape of networked computing.

2. UNİX əməliyyat sistemi. UNIX Əməliyyat Sisteminin

funksiyaları
The UNIX operating system, conceived in 1969 by Ken Thompson and Denis
Ritchie at AT&T's Bell Laboratories, stands as a pioneering multi-user and
multi-tasking platform. Initially, AT&T didn't plan to distribute UNIX, but it
was provided to U.S. scientific institutions at a nominal cost. Universities'
computing centers collaborated, leading to bug discovery, software
development, and utilities creation. The collaborative effort culminated in the
complete Unix OS in 1990, known as Unix System V Release 4 – SVR4. The
University of California at Berkeley played a key role, distributing 2BSD
(Berkeley Software Distribution) OS tapes in 1977, marking a significant
chapter in Unix history.
Diverse Unix-based systems, including GNU/Linux, FreeBSD, Solaris, AIX,
and HPUX, adhere to general Unix standards. Despite variations, they share
common Unix principles. Unix systems, like GNU/Linux, FreeBsd, and
OpenSolaris, are open source, allowing programmers to modify and
recompile components, contributing to the system's adaptability. Renowned
for security, reliability, and speed, Unix systems are predominantly utilized
by system programmers. However, their cost has limited widespread
adoption, primarily in affluent and developed countries. Notwithstanding, an
increasing number of sectors, such as banks, internet providers, mobile
operators, and security entities, are transitioning to Unix in response to its
unparalleled attributes.
3. Windows əməliyyat sistemləri. WINDOWS əməliyyat sistemində
tətbiq olunan yeni texnologiyalar
Plug and Play, Windows Aero, Windows Explorer, Autoplay, and Autorun
collectively represent integral features within the Microsoft Windows
operating system, contributing to user-friendly interactions and seamless
functionality. Introduced to simplify hardware installations, Plug and Play
automatically detects and configures devices, ensuring a hassle-free
experience for users.

Windows Aero, an aesthetic enhancement introduced in Windows Vista,

elevates the visual experience with translucent window elements, live
taskbar thumbnails, and smooth animations. It adds a layer of sophistication
to the user interface, enhancing both aesthetics and functionality.

Windows Explorer, the file management component, provides a graphical

user interface for navigating files and folders. With features like
drag-and-drop functionality and a customizable interface, it facilitates
efficient organization and access to user data.

Autoplay and Autorun streamline the user experience by automatically

launching appropriate actions when external media, such as USB drives or
CDs, are inserted. Autoplay presents options for various media types, while
Autorun initiates predefined tasks based on the inserted content, enhancing
user convenience.

Together, these features showcase Microsoft's commitment to user-centric

design, making Windows a user-friendly and visually appealing operating
system for a diverse range of users.
4. WINDOWS əməliyyat sisteminin istifadəçi interfeysinin
elementləri
The term "interface" in computer information processing denotes an external
connection point, encompassing user interfaces, intelligent interfaces,
human-machine interfaces, and software interfaces. It serves as a toolset
and rule system facilitating interaction among devices, programs, and users,
defining screen layout and interaction nature.

WINDOWS employs a graphical interface using icons, buttons, and symbols

for seamless computer commands and program navigation. The user
interface, crucially offering icon and graphic types, adapts to text or
graphical modes. Advancements in computer technology enabled the
transition to graphical user interfaces, exemplified by WINDOWS, providing
users an intuitive and comprehensible environment.

The interface acts as the visual cover of the Windows operating system,
mediating user interactions and translating internal tools into a graphic
format. Praised for simplicity, the Windows interface transforms the desktop
into a worktable, accessible for documents, folders, and program icons. The
Taskbar at the bottom hosts program icons and essential tools, with the
Start button providing access to programs and adjustments. The system tray
in the right corner references background-running programs. In essence, the
interface renders Windows intricacies visually accessible, embodying a
user-friendly bridge between users and the operating system.

5. WINDOWS əməliyyat sistemində pəncərələrin növləri və onlarla

iş prinsipləri
The graphical user interface (GUI) relies on a well-designed system of
windows and graphical elements, with a window being a bordered
rectangular area on the screen that describes programs, documents, or
information. The active window is the one currently in use by the user, and
there are various types of windows, each structured according to established
standards, such as application windows, document windows, and dialog
windows.

In Azerbaijani, the translation of "WINDOWS" is "window," representing the

running program or document. Window control buttons include Minimize,
Maximize, Restore Down, and Close, each serving specific functions related
to window size and closure. The toolbar features command buttons for
frequently used operations, allowing users to customize them. The status
bar, located at the window's bottom, displays information such as the
number of objects in the folder, disk space usage, and the user's current
operation.
Application windows consist of elements like the workspace, main menu,
functional command group menu, toolbar, window title, and a system menu
button. Dialog windows, used for adjusting system or application
parameters, display crucial information during work processes. Dialog
windows feature objects like command buttons, selection buttons, switches,
list fields, text fields, and a preview window, each serving specific
management and data input purposes. This intricate system of windows and
elements constitutes the user-friendly graphical interface, enhancing user
interaction with programs and the operating system.

6. Windows 10 əməliyyat sistemində standart proqramlar

(Windows Accessories). WINDOWS-un xidməti proqramları
The Windows 10 operating system boasts an extensive array of compact yet
powerful programs designed to address various computing needs. These
standard programs are integral components of the system and can be
accessed through the Accessories folder in the All Programs sub-menu from
the Start menu. Among the noteworthy programs located in the Accessories
folder are Calculator, Command Prompt, Connect to a Network Projector,
Notepad, Paint, Remote Desktop Connection, Snipping Tool, Sound Recorder,
Sticky Notes, WordPad, Windows Explorer, System Tools, and Tablet PC.

The Calculator program facilitates straightforward mathematical calculations,

offering multiple forms and additional functions. The Command Prompt
opens an MS DOS operating system window within Windows 10. Notepad
serves as a simple text editor, ideal for creating and editing basic notes and
*.txt format documents. Paint, a graphic creation and editing tool, features
an updated Ribbon interface in Windows 10, incorporating various shapes
and brushes. WordPad, a text processor, supports the preparation of *.rtf
format electronic documents with more extensive capabilities than Notepad.

Sticky Notes is a convenient program for creating text notes directly on the
desktop, akin to electronic sticky stickers. The Snipping Tool captures
screenshots and saves graphics as files. Remote Desktop Connection enables
remote control of the desktop by connecting to a remote computer,
facilitating work on a familiar desktop from any location. The Sound
Recorder program allows users to record sound from the microphone and
save it as a sound file.
Connect to a Projector and Connect to a Network Projector adjust projector
connection formats, with the latter allowing connection to a
network-connected projector. Windows Explorer serves as a file manager for
effective file management. System Tools encompass utilities such as
Character Map, Disk CleanUP, Disk Defragmenter, Task Scheduler, System
Restore, contributing to computer maintenance. Tablet PC offers
mouse-controlled text input. In summary, these Windows 10 programs,
ranging from basic utilities to advanced tools, collectively enhance the user
experience and system functionality.

7. LİNUX əməliyyat sistemi

The LINUX operating system, a member of the UNIX family, originated from
the efforts of Linus Torvalds, a student at Helsinki University in Finland.
Introduced in August 1991 as Minix, the first official version, Linux 0.02, was
announced by Linus in October 1991. Progressing to version 0.10 and then
0.95 in 1992, the LINUX project gained momentum. The 0.99 release in
December 1993 marked a significant milestone. Linux supports diverse file
systems like msdos for MS DOS compatibility and TCP/IP protocols for
networking.

With a focus on efficient memory management, Linux loads only the

necessary program segment into memory, utilizing disk partitioning and
swapping for increased memory capacity. UNIX utilities, including ls, awk, tr,
sed, and more, are available on Linux. Various text editors such as vi, ex,
pico, cove, GNU Emacs, Lucid Emacs, and KWrite are part of the Linux
toolkit. Groff and TeX serve as word processors, with TeXinfo as an
extension. Linux fully supports UNIX programming environments, offering
standard libraries, utilities, compilers, and debuggers. The default compiler,
GNU gcc, covers C and C++, and additional compilers for languages like
Smalltalk, Fortran, Pascal, LISP, Scheme, and Ada have been developed for
Linux.

8. Mobil kompüterlər və smartfonlar üçün yaradılmış əməliyyat

sistemləri
Android, a Linux-based open-source operating system, transformed the
digital landscape by catering to smartphones, tablets, computers, e-books,
TVs, and diverse devices. Originating from Android Inc. in 2003 and later
acquired by Google, it evolved in partnership with the Open Handset
Alliance. Boasting over 1 million apps, Android's vibrant developer
community constantly enriches device functionality through the Google Play
store.

In 2014, Android dominated, powering 86% of smartphones sold and

surpassing 1 billion devices sold. Google's 2005 acquisition of Android Inc.
led to the formation of the Open Handset Alliance in 2007, with the first
Android version releasing officially in September 2008. Subsequent updates
addressed errors and introduced innovations, featuring noteworthy versions
like Cupcake (1.5), Donut (1.6), and Eclair (2.0) with support for multiple
Google accounts.

Mid-2010 saw "Froyo" (2.2) enabling smartphone tethering, while

"Gingerbread" (2.3) introduced advanced copy-paste controls. "Honeycomb"
(3.0) optimized for tablets debuted in February 2011, followed by the
universal "Ice Cream Sandwich" (4.0) in October 2011, introducing the new
"Holo" interface for tablets and smartphones. Android's dynamic evolution
continued with successive versions, including Jelly Bean (4.1–4.3), KitKat
(4.4), and Lollipop (5.0), celebrated for the innovative Material Design
interface.

Beyond mobile devices, Android expanded its influence with Android Wear
for wearables, Android Auto for cars, and Android TV for televisions. The HTC
Dream smartphone's 2008 release marked Android's inception, while the
Nexus series exemplified Google's hardware collaborations. Android's
journey underscores adaptability and significance beyond mobile devices,
cementing its role as a versatile and impactful operating system across
various industries.