35 152 Certainty, habits and willingness s a special favour, Jim will act as referee today since Martin can't make it, but he won't do it on a regular basis. He'll be on his way naw and he should be here in a minute Present and future certainty When we believe something is certain, but we don’t know it as a fact, we use will/won't: Jim’s coming. He'll be om his way now. ‘Its five o'clock. Janet'll be in Moscow now.’ (based on our experience of travel times) “Thope she’s taken some winter clothes because it won’t be warm at this time of year. For something ongoing, we use will/won't + be + -ing form: Jason knows his successor will be having a hard time in the job. (based on Jason’s experience) If we know something as a fact, Le we have independent proof, we use the present simple, or, for something ongoing, the present continuous: Janet’s in Moscow. She called us from her hotel. Jason has heard from his successor. He knows she’s having a hard time in the job. Sometimes we wish to make a prediction about the future that someone made in the past For this we often use would/wouldn’t as the past form of will: We had to hurry to get him to the hospital. It would be too late otherwise. This is similar to the use of would in reported speech (> Unit 51.5): ‘I’m sure the Lions will win the rughy series.’ — She was sure the Lions would win the series. Past certainty To refer to something which we feel certain has happened (but do not actually know), we use will + have + past participle We sent the invitation on Monday, so they will have received it by now. This is similar to must + have + past participle (> Unit 32.3): We sent the invitation on Monday, so they must have received it by now. We use won't + have + past participle to refer to something which we feel certain has not happened: We sent the invitations by second-class post. They won't have received them yet We do not use smustn’t in this way, but we can use can’ 1 Heer the initio by seconidcclene pest Fhe instr titre received ee pe 7 We sent the invitations by second-class post. They can't have received them yet. Present habits and routines We often use will/ivon't to talk about habits and routines that have become predictable: Every lesson is the same: he'll sit down, get his books out ar then he'll start giving us instructions, He won't greet 1s or show any interest in us. We can extend this use of will to talk about attitudes and characteristics: The public will always side with the nurses in any dispute. (The adverb is often stressed.) The dominant mate in this species will not tolerate the presence of other males. But when we state a simple fact, we prefer to use the present simple: The public always sides with the nurses in any dispute. The dominant mate in this species does not tolerate the presence of other males.‘We can use will, or the present simple, to talk about aspects of capacity or ability: The Olympic stadium in London will hold/holds 80,000 people. This model will do/does 0 to 100 kilometres per hour in eight seconds. In speech, we use will (not the present simple) to describe an annoying habit or to make a criticism: We enjoy going out with Frank and Carol, but they will argue in public! We do not contract will when we use it in this way ~ we stress it: x Geofe * ¥ Geoff will leave the lights on when he's last out of the office! Similar use of present continuous ® Unit 20.2 Pronunciation > 1.10 We often use will/won’t to talk about inanimate objects Whatever I do, my car won't start first time on cold mornings. Past habits and routines ‘We use would/wouldn’t to talk about habits in the past > Unit 21.5): Every lesson was the same: he'd sit down and get his books out, then he'd start giving us instructions. He wouldn't greet us or show any interest in us. In speech, we also use stressed would/wouldn’t to criticise or talk about annoying habits in the past: When Alan was a toddler he would cling on to me whenever a stranger came into the room. However, if would is followed by an adverb, we often stress the adverb instead I miss Dad, even though he'd always tell me how to run my life! My boss was awful: he'd invariably find something for me to do at five o'clock. lar use of past continuous > Unit 21.2 We can use would/wouldn’t to talk about inanimate objects: ‘The car would never start on winter mornings when we were in Sweden, Present and future willingness We use will to express our agreement to do something. It means ‘be willing to’: Jim will act as referee today since Martin can’t make it. ‘We can use will/won't in the if clause of a first conditional to make a polite request: {f you'll take a seat for a moment, Mr Franks will be with you soon. If you are willing to take a seat ...) Requests > Unit 36.3 We use won't/shan't to express refusal to do something: The Director's secretary won't book my flights. She says it isn’t in her job description. Past willingness We use would/wouldn’t to show willingness or refusal in the past. We use would (positive only) to refer to general willingness (i.e. a habit): Dad would always help us with our maths homework. We don't use would to express willingness to do something on a single occasion in the past but we can use word not for refusal on a single occasion in the past: eter gite Heelpfisk-She-would-contact-the- Consul hen th imy-poassport: ¥ The tour guide was very helpful. She contacted/offered to contact/was willing to contact the Consulate for me when I lost my passport. The shop assistant wouldn't change this jumper for me, even though I hadn't worn it. 153BS cemranry waairs ano waneness 154 Practice Match each sentence with A or B as the best way of continuing. (Underlined words are stressed.) 1 They will have released the exam results by now. A Mine came in the post this morning. B. Why hasn’t the school been in touch to let us know? 2 Our parents would leave all the doors open when we were children, including the front door, A twas really annoying because we had no privacy. B There were far fewer worries about security in those days. 3. The representatives of the transport union will always recommend strike action. A We're expecting the result of the ballot at one o'clock. B It’sas though they can’t possibly accept an amicable settlement. 4 My grandmother will act as guarantor for the loan. A Itannoys me when she meddles in my affairs. B She's always very happy to help her grandchildren. 5. Kerry and Mike will be artiving soon. A They left on time and there aren’t any hold-ups on the motorway. B They're parking outside right now. 6 My computer wouldn't send any emails this morning A This is always happening. B I don’t know what went wrong with it. 7 Jack will spend every Saturday afternoon in front of the TV watching football. ‘A Lreally wish we could sometimes do something together. B He retired last week and doesn’t have to work on Saturdays any more. 8 The travel agent wouldn't give me my money back ‘A She was adamant that I needn’t have cancelled the flight. B She makes a habit of being unpleasant. Complete these dialogues, as in the example. Use will, won't, would + have if necessary, and a suitable form of the verbs in the box. SDEBI Listen and check. argue be check come out goout have hold prepare say start stop work 1 A Sue says she’s enjoying the job but she’s putting on weight. Yes, that _... because of all those long business lunches. Are you having problems with your new camera?’ Yes, the flash scons, IN Semni-darkness, only when it’s fully dark. Shop assistants used to be more polite, didn’t they? Yes, (MEY eon enennee AIWAYS scepcennee ‘please’ and ‘thank you’ and smile at you. Surely there are too many people here to get on one plane? No, a jumbo jet . easily -o, OVEF 300 people. I hope Josh is OK at that summer camp. He might be homesick. Don’t worry about him. He seoosnaniines @ §reat time! Do you think that Nick will win his case in court tomorrow? Thope so. I'm sure that his lawyer a solid defence. I don’t think this new secretary is as good as Janice was. Tdon’t know, Janice ......eseieseneenee ALWAYS oo eceteeeesee whenever you ctiticised her typing. wr ee oe Bree ar a>8 A The new horse at the riding stables seems to be working out very well. B Quite well, but he and eat whenever he gets the opportunity. 9 A Oh no, I’ve just noticed a mistake in the headline for the front-page article! B Phone the printers. They essa Printing it yet they don’t print until carly morning, 10 A What happened after the cat broke down? B Well, we knew that no breakdown service at that time of night, so we slept in the cat. 1A Whyare you and Jack arguing so much these days? B He takes me for granted. He... one With his friends every evening and Jeave me at home. 12 A I've filled in the application form and written the letter. Can you read them for me? B Christine .. them for you. She's an editor. Rewrite the underlined parts of this phone conversation, using will, won't, would and wouldn't, as in the example. Listen and check. 1Ake Hi, Alice, how nice to hear from you! uc, Actually, Jif I'm phoning to ask you for some advice yaxe (0) tm. vie Adielp you if | can, of course. Auce Your mother receives help from the Council, doesn’t she? Can you tell me what (1) they agree to do and what (2) they don’t agree to do for older people? lake Yes, of course. Mum has a home help. She comes three times a week. (3) She's perfectly happy to do light cleaning and (4) she’s willing to get the shopping, but (5) she refuses to do anything heavy. ALICE That's fair enough. What about cooking? Jak Well, when she first started (6) she was happy to prepare supper when she came, but she stopped that after a few weeks. AuicE. Why was that? Jaké You kniow my mum, (7) She insists on saying exactly what she thinks, Apparently, the home help used to make vegetarian food and Mum didn't like it, so (8) she refused to eat it, Why are you asking, anyway? AIC It’s Dad. He can’t move around very easily now. The neighbours are great, (9) they make a habit of popping in but (10) he’s unwilling to ask them for help. JAKE Mmm, You can understand that. ALICE Oh, but he’s so impatient, I take him to the shops once a week, but yesterday (11) the car refused to start and | was about half an hour late. (12) Was he willing to wait for me? No, (13) he insists on trying to cope by himself! He went to the shops and collapsed on the way there. JAKE Oh dear. It’s a worry, isn’t it? Look, if (14) you don’t mind waiting fora moment, V1 look up the phone number for the right person at social services. 155Modals to express habit: ‘used to’, ‘will’ and ‘would’ 11.11D_ ‘Will/would’ to describe ‘usual behaviour’ (> Lec 11.63.64] Stud ‘We sometimes use wilin place of the simple present f= 9.16] and wouldin place ofthe simple 15 | past > 9.2¢] to rofor toa person's "usual behaviour: {inne weather he will one sit inthe sun tor hours. (= he often sts) ‘As he grew ol, he would often talk about his war experiences. (= he otton talked) Write: Use phase with willor wouidin place ofthe words in italics. She always used otal us a soy boar we wont 0 bad: RAM, AA. ‘Sho stiffs us a story ‘They only used fo discuss family matters withthe priet. 2 Ho's vory good, you know. He plays with that toy for hours on end When he neoded oxtra money, he used fo work overtime. She doesn't always tol the truth tm ara 41.11A_ The form of ‘used to’ [> Le0 11.59) 11 Used fois a simple past form only. you want fo say am in the habit of, you must use the simple prosent (> 8.18): get up early every day. (Not */use fo get up eary) 2 We often use do and aid « usa (Not “used to form questions and negatives: Did you use to smoke? I alan’t use to smoke. (Not “Did you used 10" “I ide used fo?) We also use nevorto form the negative: never used to smoke, (Used not tole are.) 3 Nola the use of cit He used to Hive in Manchester, aint he? (rathor than usedn't he?) id you use to ive Nero? ~ Yes, I did No, didn’. He used to vo here and so dia L Write: Supply the missing forms in the folowing 1 She used 0 be a ingen AM sens MOP 2 He nove neds have oy ai _ sess 3 Wo eee jy physics, did wo? (noLused 1) a : ck when you wor young? YouUsed to) 5 Did you use to smoke? — Yes, | 6 Ho used to work hore and 20... 7 What» " 8 You 11.118 Uses of ‘used to” (> LEG 1160-62) ie jauied to) 11 We use the simple past or used toto rer to past habit We need a ime reference with the simple past [> 9.3}, But not with used to: {collected clamps when I wae a child, used to collect stamps (when! was a chi {Not “Iwas collecting stamps when | was a child" [> 9.48) 2 We use used to to make a contrast between past and present with expressions tke: Butnow... but not any more, But not any longer: {used to eat a arge breakfas, but I don’t any longer. 2 Used to can aio refer 1o past states: ‘Sho used to be very punctual (but she isnt any more). Write: Fillin the blanks with forms of used to or the past progressive (2.9. was living) We .. deel. 22.90.... for ong walks in the county when my father was alive. (90) a “geting UP early when I was very young. Infact | stil dor ke Mt. (ke) YOU sen ws eating vegetables when you were young? (ke) ‘rive to gat te work, but Ion" any longer. (have Yo) Sungays, but | do now. (enioy), ‘a bath when you phoned me. (have) ‘an employee at the post ofica botore she started her awn business. (be) ‘open leds al round our town when | was a boy. (oe) - abroad lat yor (wo) here yosterday? (rain) "When wo are rememboring he past, we sometimes use would in pace of used to, First we eet tho soane with used 1, then we continue with woul When J was a boy we always spentused to spend our holidays on a farm. We would get up at 5 and we'd holp mik the cows. Then we'd return tothe Kichen for breakfast. ‘Would’ in place of ‘used to’Used to - Be/Get used to + ing form/noun/pronoun - Would - Was going to (© Used iecremens bet habla scllons "She ined fo wake up a6 am every ey tod permanant states (Note that etatve (lo: would wake 1p) verbs are not used with “would",) They used to live in 2 fat. not: wold) eRe When 1 was young, ! would go for @ walk before cs. breakfast. (also: used to 90 ..) Rael o Giiiec nana sire ‘Shellndlveed't6 stayin up inte at nig: and means “beiget accustomed to", "be In She fs getting used fo working under pressive the habit or 4 Was going to expresses actions one ‘She was going to buy anew watch but uno intended to do but dda nately she couldnt afford one és (ie ua te past snp and ot sed 1, ot Compete the sentences using the words in bold, ‘aangecaan, a Use tro 0 five words. Pare amaabecepates nd 1 Fad wa ewan yg 9 lve wok ys WOTssaetieine Paul .ised fo live. 19 Braz when he was young. tewerhventntey) 2 Senna ini sy hd ata Soe ym ay Soak pn a ete ee late past ‘When he was in the army, (69.1 went to tne cinema four ties est non 3 Fst cid ke English coda rst bit ow se que ies & wor: used esa dik English oo at frst bt ro monn) up of tea but they a runout teabags ‘.cup of tea but they hed ‘un out of teabags. = with chopsticks. w= by plane, but she couldn’ ing his phone number. ‘going 8 roars gave i ey Fy ah an as ‘a bath every Friday night when | was ite. 1 i aay! id 1 i BRULEE 2 ay 3 | I ine i teed 3 ty e.g? ! naan alitad Exe complete the sentences using the words in bold. Use two to five words. 1 aly wentto bale asses tre mes a wook 90 Saty used 20 go ta. bale asses tro ties a wook 2 Ras my intention phone you ast gh ut Trg you last ight, ut orgot 8 ying onthe beach al days an unsal expronce forme (on the beach all day. 4: teas young, sed W ty arsine emmy Gays ech would When! was young, “every day ater schoolBBC | British Council Used to ... For each of the six questions choose the one correct answer. 11. Which of the following is NOT possible? When | lived in Spain, wo really ate at night, maybe 10 or 11 o'clock. ‘a. were used to eat b. ale ©. used to eat d. would eat 2. Did you see the Prime Minister's speech? He ‘developing countries. speak spoke ‘spoken |. used to speak about debt relief in aege ‘3. Which of the following is NOT correct? | remember our trips to the seaside when | was a litle boy, we ____ all day playing in the sea. would spend used to spend spended spent b. c a. 4, When Guillaume lived in France he ___ a. used torsmoke by used to smoking ©. was used to smoke d. used to smoked 20 cigarettes a day. ‘5. Which is the best response to use in everyday conversation? “First | found living in the city very stressful, but now I guess __ G a. mused to it b. I'm accustomed to it © T's familar with it d. Lused to 6. Jean _ downtown used to start would start started had started __his new job last week, he's working in the new call centre eege worwrtoschingengiish:org.uk| ead the statements from people who have or have had a disadvantaged life. Compete the wentences, expressing the people’s desires and regrets about the past. Use the word In brackets, £9 We don't have running water in our homes. We have to collect water from the stream or from a pipe in the vill fille) Aisha «OA Like fe ser raping, vente ike: ere. 1 We live ina wooden shack outside the city, It's very small but weight of us lie | in it. its ny ream to live ine real house, (prefer) Pedro In my country we hhave to pay for medicine and a lot of people can't atford it. The government should provide free medicine. (ke) Ft Esther ... 3 Every day | go into the town "and | beg in the streets for money. Obviously | don’t ike going begging. but we need the money. (rather) ‘Suni 4 Lwear the same clothes every day. 1 took at ‘models in magazines and I'm very envious of their beautiful clothes, {be nice) Hana thinks it § I live in a village just outside a big city. The ‘vilage is OK, but tieh people from the city come and dump their rubbish in our vilage. It's dreacfull —(wlshes) SURI 6 | didn't go to school, My farnily ‘couldn t ‘afford to send me. So now I can only get a badlly-paid job It's such a pity, because ea learning new zines {been good) Maria thinks it .....,.... inset ‘6 URE There are hine more mistakes inthis text connected withthe language inthis unit. Underine the mistakes and correct them. 1 never forget the day my tife changed. It was a normal day in those days | ee 2 shall do my homework straight after school so that I could go and listen to Pop an. wend, ‘music at Janice’s after dinner, So 1 was sitting in front of the fire, trying to keep 44 warm. Mum was ironing, | looked at the clock, 5 ‘Dad's late,’ | remarked to Mum, 6 ‘it’s Thursday. Ho'd be visiting Granny.” 7 8 My grandmother lived in a cold, draughty cottage on the moors, Mum and Dad wanted her to move in with us, but our house was very small, and she won't ‘9 They knew that the cold winter months would have hastened her death ~ she 10 already suffered from chronic bronchitis - but she was a stubborn old worman 11 who will insist on her independence. 12 ‘Won't be nice if we had some money? We could buy a big, house and 13 Granny could have a flat of ner own in it. | hate being poor.” 14 ‘Oh, pet, | shan’t say we're poor. We're not as well off as some, but we've 15 got a roof over cur heads and food in our bellies.” Mum would always see 16 the best in every situation. it realy annoyed mel “Will | make a nice cup of tea? 17 Your Dad would be frozen when he gets in, He'll want to save the bus fare so 18 I'm sure he's walked all the way from your grandmother's,” pa 19 At thet moment, the door opened and Dad walked in, waving a slip of paper- ‘ 20 ‘Forget the tea, Mary. We're going out tonight. First prize in the lottery. 21 We're richt”Stative Verbs ‘Stative verbs express permanent state and don’ usually have continuous forms. These are: '* orbs ofthe senses (fo express Involuntary actions): el, Pew seo, sol, st, et. {Can oF could are often used with these verbs. Tun te radio down, please. can't heer you) Look, watch and Ison express deliberate actions and can be used In continuous forms. Jon fs watching afootbal match on TV. Feo! end ut can be used In ether continuous or simple forms. Jot feelsisfeaing worse toby. + verbs of fealings and emotions adore, appreciate (= value), Cte sie, eno, fergie at, It, lato, ee. H hates tbe show tay are watching on TV now. (NOT: Hode-naing) + verbs of opinion agree, betove, expect (= think), 680 (= understand), suppose, understand, ‘tc. believe ho is inocent. (NOT: Lam bokioving) ‘= ‘thor verbs appear (= seem), belong, concem, contin depend, (= be the right shape and size {er st), rave (= possess), know, mean, owe, own, possess, nee, prefer, equ wart Weigh, (= have the weight of), wih agp (= continue), seem, ee. He wants some more Bicuts. (NOT: Hos wanting) ‘Some stative verbs (be love, sve, smell, ast, think ote) have continuous forme but there a’ ‘tterence In meaning. State 1 900 exactly whet you mean. (= ‘undesta) ‘tor thinks knows evrything, (= He beinvest ‘Thay havea vila in Portugal. (= Tey ne) ‘Abby's skin feels very smooth. = Rhos a ‘root ze) ©The soup tastes of gate. (= tras bette tpt) {© The room smells of Hesh Nowers, (= hase eral ot '® Most people lovefenjoy cating oUt. (= Thoy ken eights ore) © My ror doesn't ft me. (= His he aoe se) Action {© Sho Is seeing alamyercnight. ‘eis thinking of stedyng Law. Ho is having protien. (= Hes eperencnn) Ho is feeling the engine fo see how hott. (He's tourna) 18 ity are you tasting the cur? (= Why a8 you ‘© She is lovingis enjoying every mine of her holiday, (= Se ho spent) ‘© Janos belng partculary generous tis weok { Sheis behaving generous) ‘© They are looking a the phos. = They we weg) ‘© Simply Red are appearing on stage next week. {They are ong a pserrance) ‘©The doctr Is weighing the aby. (= She's fexieg out wo i ‘© Wo are iting 2 pow ktchen pet week (= sang Certain asjoctives can be used with be inthe continuous form to express a temporary characteristic. These are: caret cols, kind, ay nice, (patent, impolite, rue, sy, ate. Jos. usaly caret, today he's Being careless. You're bolng ver focksh. nermady sed a8 a warning) ‘ote: a) The verb enjoy can be used In soniucus secant expose specie pretrence. (99 Tm enjoying i pary at se0ctc pretence. BUT: enjoy gong pares. (enor paiesin gover!) ) The verbs ook (whan we reer toa porson's ‘ppaarance), foe (= experince » patie ‘motion, hurt and ache ean be used in ater {he continuous or simple tanees with po ‘iterence in meaning. 19g. You eokire toting grt oy ‘Put the verbs In brackets Inte the present simple or the present continuous. 1k Wy {you'smet he soap? en (sma lve hse ona an (yautaste) te 309? 8 Toseowt taste) good. tn needs mete sa aA eon very wea. 1: You shoud goto bed ea. ant ate) Ana te evening (ou) 80. you don want fo ‘ome othe ira wit me. You? How much the 69 ot appleswogh? {n't know yet The man {wogh the bag now ' (tink) about bupng a ew car son, ving? & (to your ea tw ‘out coni needa new on 7h Vina (yowtook) a Tho iy ‘iso a5 its gong torn © & treaty {enjoy nome-mace eos. © Soaat andi (enon evey bt oft meat 9 Wy ‘youte he raaator an ‘te costa mere te oaing on? 10 A: Tat famous opera singer (aopea atthe opera house tonight 8: Yes He (appear to be foving ‘eter ate hs operation 118 Ore (Ge) 2 sensible person. ent Yes. butin ts case he oo ‘ater fotsh. 12 & Myeae {89 be aa bind tom tho teng ron my escom toy. Feat? (tat wind? My back ‘oo ‘Why aon yu ie down ara whi? 2