KANOSTATEPOLYTECHNI

SCHOOLOFTECHNOLOGY(
SOT)

AFI
NALYEARPROJECTPROPOSALI
NPARTI
ALFULFI
LMENTFORTHEAWARDOF

NATI
ONALDI
PLOMA

PROJECTTI
TLE:VARI
ABLESPEEDCONTROLLEDFANBASEDONTEMPERATURE

VARI
ATI
ONS

BY:
-

S/
N NAME REGI
STRATI
ONNO.

1. AMI
NUABDULLAHIABUBAKAR ND/
MET/
21/
0035

2. ABDULYUSUFYAHYA ND/
MET/
21/
0038

3. BUHARISALI
SUSANI ND/
MET/
21/
0041

4. UMARI
SMAI
LYAKUBU ND/
MET/
21/
0045

5. FAI
SALMUHAMMAD ND/
MET/
21/
0052

6. ABDULLAHII
BRAHI
M ABDULLAHI ND/
MET/
21/
0043

MECHATRONI
CSENGI
NEERI
NGDPARTMENT

SUPERVI
SEDBYENGR.AUWALS.YUNUSA

2023/
2024SESSI
ON
 AKNOWLEDGEMENT

Gl
orygoes t
o Al
might
yAl
l
ah,who gi
ves us oppor
tuni
tyt
o see t
he end oft
his

pr
ogr
amme.Ouracknowl
edgementgoest
hepr
ojectsuper
visor(
forhi
sval
uabl
eadv
ice,

cr
it
icsandgui
dancegi
vi
ngdur
ingourt
echni
cal
repor
tpr
oject
.

Speci
alt
hanksgot
oourHODandl
evelcoor
dinat
orf
ort
hei
rcont
ri
but
ionandsuppor
t

andal
sowi
sht
oacknowl
edgeal
lthel
ect
uresi
nourdepar
tment
.

Wear
eal
sogr
ati
tudet
oourpar
ent
,Br
other
sandSi
ster
sfort
hei
rmor
alandf
inanci
al

suppor
ttowar
dst
hesuccessofourst
udi
es,
mayAl
l
ahbl
esst
hem al
lAmen.
 Abst
ract

Thi
spr
ojecti
sast
andal
oneaut
omat
icf
anspeedcont
rol
l
ert
hatcont
rol
sthespeedof

anel
ect
ri
cfanaccor
dingt
oourr
equi
rement
.Useofembeddedt
echnol
ogymakest
his

cl
osedl
oopf
eedbackcont
rolsy
stem ef
fi
cientandr
eli
abl
e.Mi
crocont
rol
l
er(
ATMega8/

168/328)al
l
owsdy
nami
candf
ast
ercont
rol
.Li
qui
dcr
yst
aldi
spl
ay(
LCD)makest
he

sy
stem user
-f
ri
endl
y.Thesensedt
emper
atur
eandf
anspeedl
evelv
aluesar
e

si
mul
taneousl
ydi
spl
ayedont
heLCDpanel
.Iti
sver
ycompactusi
ngf
ewcomponent
s

andcanbei
mpl
ement
edf
orsev
eralappl
i
cat
ionsi
ncl
udi
ngai
r-
condi
ti
oner
s,

wat
erheat
ers,
snow-
mel
ter
s,ov
ens,
heat
-exchanger
s,mi
xer
s,f
urnaces,
incubat
ors,

t
her
malbat
hsandv
eter
inar
yoper
ati
ngt
abl
es.ARDUI
NOmi
crocont
rol
l
eri
sthehear
tof

t
heci
rcui
tasi
tcont
rol
sal
lthef
unct
ions.Thet
emper
atur
esensorLM35sensest
he

t
emper
atur
eandconv
ert
siti
ntoanel
ect
ri
cal(
anal
og)si
gnal
,whi
chi
sappl
i
edt
othe

mi
crocont
rol
l
er.Thesensedandsetv
aluesoft
het
emper
atur
ear
edi
spl
ayedont
he

16x2-
li
neLCD.Themi
crocont
rol
l
erdr
ivesTr
ansi
stort
ocont
rolt
hef
anspeed.Thi
s

pr
ojectusesr
egul
ated12V,
2Apowersuppl
y.Thi
spr
ojecti
susef
uli
npr
ocessi
ndust
ri
es

f
ormai
ntenanceandcont
rol
l
ingofBoi
l
erst
emper
atur
e.
 TABLEOFCONTENTS

Ti
tl
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Acknowl
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Tabl
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ent
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ntr
oduct
ion-
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St
atementoft
hepr
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Obj
ect
iveoft
hest
udy
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Pr
ojectBenef
it
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Pr
ojectMot
ivat
ion-
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Li
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atur
eRev
iew-
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Met
hodol
ogy
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Ci
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agr
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ockdi
agr
am -
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Sour
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Ti
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Budget
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Ref
erence-
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CHAPTERONE

I
NTRODUCTI
ON

1.
1BACKGROUNDOFTHESTUDY

I
nthegr
andor
chest
raoft
echnol
ogy
,fanshum aper
sist
entmel
ody
,pl
ayi
ngav
italr
ole

i
ncool
i
ngsy
stemsacr
osscount
lessappl
i
cat
ions.Fr
om t
hewhi
rr
ingbl
adeswi
thi
nyour

per
sonalcomput
ert
othei
ndust
ri
algi
ant
sthr
ummi
ngi
nfact
ori
es,t
hei
rst
eadyf
lowof

ai
rensur
esopt
imalper
for
manceandpr
event
sov
erheat
ing.Howev
er,t
het
radi
ti
onal
,

one-
not
eper
for
manceoff
ixed-
speedf
ansof
tensacr
if
icesef
fi
ciencyf
orbr
utef
orce,

dr
owni
ngoutt
hepot
ent
ialf
oramor
ehar
moni
ousbal
ance.Thi
siswher
evar
iabl
e

speedf
ancont
rolbasedont
emper
atur
evar
iat
ionsst
epsi
n,conduct
ingaconcer
toof

ener
gysav
ings,
acoust
iccomf
ort
,andext
endedf
anl
i
fe.

I
magi
neawor
ldwher
efansadj
ustt
hei
rtempo,
nott
hroughr
igi
ddi
als,
buti
nresponse

t
othedy
nami
cdanceoft
emper
atur
e.Ast
het
her
malt
ider
ises,t
hef
an'
srhy
thm

qui
ckens,ef
fi
cient
lydi
ssi
pat
ingt
heheat
.Butwhent
het
emper
atur
eebbs,t
hef
an

gr
acef
ull
ysl
ows,r
educi
ngi
tsener
gyconsumpt
ionandnoi
se.Thi
sist
heessenceof

v
ari
abl
espeedf
ancont
rol–at
echnol
ogyt
hatt
ransf
ormsf
ansf
rom r
igi
dinst
rument
s

i
ntoadapt
ivemaest
ros,
conduct
ingasy
mphonyofef
fi
ciencyandcomf
ort
.
Thi
schapt
erl
ayst
hef
oundat
ionf
oradeeperexpl
orat
ionoft
hiscapt
ivat
ingt
echnol
ogy
.

Wewi
l
ldel
vei
ntot
hedr
ivi
ngf
orcesbehi
ndi
tsemer
gence,anal
yzi
ngt
hegr
owi
ngneed

f
oropt
imi
zedcool
i
ngi
nani
ncr
easi
ngl
yener
gy-
consci
ouswor
ld.Wewi
l
lthenunpack

t
hecor
epr
inci
plesofv
ari
abl
espeedcont
rol
,expl
aini
nghow t
emper
atur
esensor
s,

mi
crocont
rol
l
ers,andcl
everal
gor
it
hmsweav
etoget
hert
ocr
eat
eady
nami
ccool
i
ng

t
apest
ry.

Fur
ther
mor
e,we wi
l
lunv
eilt
he benef
it
sthatbl
ossom f
rom t
hist
echnol
ogi
cal

met
amor
phosi
s.I
magi
neaper
sonalcomput
erf
ant
hatwhi
sper
sinst
eadofr
oar
s,a

dat
acent
erhummi
ngwi
tht
hegent
lepur
rofopt
imi
zedai
rf
low,orani
ndust
ri
alcool
i
ng

sy
stem t
hatsl
ashesener
gyconsumpt
ionwi
thoutcompr
omi
singper
for
mance.These

ar
ejustgl
i
mpsesoft
het
ransf
ormat
ivepot
ent
ial
thatv
ari
abl
espeedf
ancont
rol
hol
ds.

By demy
sti
fyi
ng t
he pr
inci
ples,r
eveal
i
ng t
he benef
it
s,and acknowl
edgi
ng t
he

chal
l
enges,t
hischapt
erpav
est
hewayf
oradeeperunder
standi
ngofv
ari
abl
espeed

f
ancont
rol
.Aswej
our
neyt
hrought
hesubsequentchapt
ers,
wewi
l
limmer
seour
sel
ves

i
nthet
echni
cali
ntr
icaci
es,
expl
orer
eal
-wor
ldi
mpl
ement
ati
ons,
andenv
isi
ont
hef
utur
e

oft
hist
ransf
ormat
ivet
echnol
ogy
.So,set
tl
ein,dearr
eader
,and pr
epar
eto be

capt
ivat
edbyt
hesy
mphonyofef
fi
ciencyor
chest
rat
edbyv
ari
abl
espeedf
ancont
rol
.

1.
2St
atementoft
hePr
obl
em:

Tr
adi
ti
onalf
ixed-
speed f
ans pr
esenta mul
ti
facet
ed pr
obl
em t
hatdi
srupt
sthe

har
moni
ousor
chest
rat
ionofcool
i
ngsy
stems.Thecur
rentpar
adi
gm:

 I
nef
fi
ciency
:Runni
ngatf
ullbl
astr
egar
dlessofcool
i
ngdemand,f
ixed-
speed

f
ans consume excessi
ve ener
gy,i
ncr
easi
ng cost
s and cont
ri
but
ing t
o

env
ironment
alconcer
ns.

 Ex
cessNoi
se:Theconst
antr
oaroff
ull
-speedf
ansgener
atesunwant
ednoi
se
 pol
l
uti
on,
compr
omi
singcomf
ortandi
mpact
ingwor
korl
i
vingenv
ironment
s.

 Shor
tenedFanLi
fe:Cont
inuoushi
gh-
speedoper
ati
oncr
eat
esunnecessar
ywear

andt
ear
,leadi
ngt
ofr
equentr
epl
acement
sandi
ncr
easedmai
ntenancecost
s.

 PoorTemper
atur
e Cont
rol
:The bi
nar
y on/
offnat
ure off
ixed-
speed f
ans

st
ruggl
es t
o mai
ntai
n consi
stentt
emper
atur
e,pot
ent
ial
l
yhar
ming sensi
ti
ve

equi
pmentorcr
eat
ingt
her
mal
discomf
ort
.

Thecr
uxoft
hepr
obl
em l
i
esi
nthedi
sconnectbet
weenf
anoper
ati
onandact
ualcool
i
ng

needs.Thi
sresul
tsi
nasy
mphonyofwast
edener
gy,unwel
comenoi
se,andunr
eli
abl
e

t
emper
atur
e cont
rol
,di
srupt
ing t
he del
i
cat
e bal
ance of ef
fi
cient cool
i
ng and

env
ironment
alwel
l
-bei
ng.

Dev
elopi
ng and i
mpl
ement
ing ef
fect
ive v
ari
abl
e speed f
an cont
rol based on

t
emper
atur
evar
iat
ionsof
fer
sapr
omi
singsol
uti
ont
othesechal
l
enges.Bydy
nami
cal
l
y

adj
ust
ingf
anspeedaccor
dingt
oreal
-t
imet
emper
atur
efl
uct
uat
ions,wecanachi
evea

mor
ehar
moni
ousor
chest
rat
ionofcool
i
ngsy
stems,
aimi
ngt
o:

 Opt
imi
zeEner
gyConsumpt
ion:Reduceener
gywast
ebymat
chi
ngf
anspeedt
o

cool
i
ngdemand,
leadi
ngt
osi
gni
fi
cantcostsav
ingsandenv
ironment
albenef
it
s.

 Mi
nimi
zeNoi
sePol
l
uti
on:Achi
evequi
eteroper
ati
ont
hroughl
owerf
anspeeds

whencool
i
ngneedsar
emi
nimal
,enhanci
ngcomf
ortandpr
oduct
ivi
ty.

 Ex
tendFanLi
fe:Reducewearandt
earbyoper
ati
ngf
ansatappr
opr
iat
espeeds,

mi
nimi
zi
ngmai
ntenancecost
sandpr
olongi
ngt
hei
rli
fespan.

 I
mpr
ove Temper
atur
e Cont
rol
:Mai
ntai
n consi
stent desi
red t
emper
atur
es

t
hrough pr
eci
sef
an speed adj
ust
ment
s,ensur
ing opt
imalper
for
manceand

t
her
mal
comf
ort
.
1.
3Ai
msandObj
ect
ives

Todev
elopandi
mpl
ementani
ntel
l
igentf
ancont
rolsy
stem t
hatadj
ust
sfanspeedi
n

r
esponset
oreal
-t
imet
emper
atur
evar
iat
ions,opt
imi
zi
ngener
gyconsumpt
ion,noi
se

l
evel
s,andcool
i
ngper
for
mancei
ndi
ver
seappl
i
cat
ions.

1.
4Obj
ect
ivesoft
heSt
udy

 Ener
gyEf
fi
ciency
:Reduceov
eral
lener
gyconsumpt
ionoff
ansy
stemsbyat

l
eastX%compar
edt
ofi
xed-
speedcont
rol
.

 Noi
se Reduct
ion:Mi
nimi
ze f
an noi
se gener
ated dur
ing oper
ati
on by Y%

compar
edt
ofi
xed-
speedset
ti
ngs.

 I
mpr
ovedTemper
atur
eCont
rol
:Mai
ntai
nconsi
stentt
emper
atur
ewi
thi
napr
e-

def
inedr
ange(
Z°C)t
hroughpr
eci
sef
anspeedadj
ust
ment
s.

 Enhanced Sy
stem Per
for
mance:Ext
end t
he l
i
fespan off
an mot
ors and

associ
atedequi
pmentbyr
educi
ngwearandt
earf
rom hi
gh-
speedoper
ati
on.

 Cost
-Ef
fect
iveness:Dev
elop a sy
stem t
hati
saf
for
dabl
etoi
mpl
ementand

mai
ntai
n,bal
anci
ngt
echnol
ogyadv
ancement
swi
thcostconsi
der
ati
ons.

1.
5Pr
ojectMot
ivat
ion:

The ubi
qui
tous whi
rr
ing off
ans r
esonat
es acr
oss ourdai
l
yli
ves,f
rom per
sonal

comput
erst
oindust
ri
algi
ant
s.Whi
l
ecr
uci
alf
orcool
i
ng,t
hei
rtr
adi
ti
onalone-
not
e

per
for
mance,di
ctat
edbyr
igi
ddi
als,i
gnor
est
hedy
nami
cdanceoft
emper
atur
e.Thi
s

di
ssonancenotonl
ydi
srupt
sthehar
monyofef
fi
ciencybutal
sogener
ateswast
ed

ener
gy,
unwant
ednoi
se,
andunr
eli
abl
etemper
atur
econt
rol
.

1.
5.1Ourmot
ivat
ionst
emsf
rom amul
ti
-f
acet
eddesi
re:
  Embr
acesust
ainabi
l
ity
:**Byopt
imi
zi
ngener
gyconsumpt
iont
hroughv
ari
abl
e

speedcont
rol
,wecanr
educeourenv
ironment
alf
oot
pri
ntandcombatcl
i
mat
e

change.Thi
sal
i
gnswi
tht
hegl
obalshi
ftt
owar
dsener
gy-
consci
ouspr
act
ices,

maki
ngourpr
ojectnotj
ustt
echni
cal
l
yinnov
ati
vebutet
hical
l
yresponsi
ble.

 Enhancecomf
ortandpr
oduct
ivi
ty:
**Theconst
antr
oaroff
ixed-
speedf
anscan

bedi
srupt
iveandunpl
easant
.Bymi
nimi
zi
ngnoi
set
hroughl
owerf
anspeeds

when cool
i
ng needs ar
e mi
nimal
,we can cr
eat
e a mor
e comf
ort
abl
e and

pr
oduct
iveenv
ironmentf
orwor
kandl
eisur
e.

 Ex
tendequi
pmentl
i
fe:
**Cont
inuoushi
gh-
speedoper
ati
onwear
sdownf
ansand

r
elat
ed equi
pment
,leadi
ng t
o f
requent r
epl
acement
s and i
ncr
eased

mai
ntenancecost
s.Ourpr
ojectai
mst
opr
olongf
anl
i
febyoper
ati
ngt
hem at

appr
opr
iat
espeeds,
sav
ingcost
sandr
educi
ngwast
e.

 Push t
he boundar
ies of t
echnol
ogy
:** Dev
elopi
ng and i
mpl
ement
ing an

i
ntel
l
igentf
ancont
rolsy
stem pr
esent
sanexci
ti
ngt
echni
calchal
l
enge.Wecan

l
ever
age adv
ancement
sin mi
crocont
rol
l
ers,sensort
echnol
ogy
,and cont
rol

al
gor
it
hmst
odesi
gnasy
stem t
hati
snotonl
yef
fect
ivebutal
soadapt
abl
eto

di
ver
seappl
i
cat
ions.

1.
6Pr
ojectBenef
it
s:

Thesy
mphonyofef
fi
ciencyconduct
edbyv
ari
abl
espeedf
ancont
rolpr
omi
sesa

chor
usofbenef
it
sacr
ossv
ari
ousdomai
ns:

 Si
gni
fi
cantener
gysav
ings:St
udi
esi
ndi
cat
ethatv
ari
abl
espeedcont
rolcan

r
educeener
gyconsumpt
ionbyupt
o50% compar
edt
ofi
xed-
speedf
ans.Thi
s

t
ransl
atest
ocostsav
ingsf
ori
ndi
vi
dual
sandbusi
nesseswhi
l
econt
ri
but
ingt
oa

mor
esust
ainabl
efut
ure.
 Reduced noi
se pol
l
uti
on:Lowerf
an speeds cr
eat
e a qui
eterenv
ironment
,

enhanci
ngcomf
ortandpr
oduct
ivi
tyi
nhomes,of
fi
ces,andi
ndust
ri
alset
ti
ngs.

Thi
sbenef
iti
spar
ti
cul
arl
yval
uabl
efornoi
se-
sensi
ti
veenv
ironment
sli
kel
i
brar
ies

andheal
thcar
efaci
l
iti
es.

 I
mpr
ovedt
emper
atur
econt
rol
:Pr
eci
sef
anspeedadj
ust
ment
sbasedonr
eal
-

t
imet
emper
atur
efl
uct
uat
ionsensur
econsi
stentt
her
malcondi
ti
ons,pr
otect
ing

sensi
ti
veequi
pmentandcr
eat
ingamor
epl
easantenv
ironment
.

 Ex
tendedequi
pmentl
i
fespan:Oper
ati
ngf
ansatappr
opr
iat
espeedsr
educes

wearandt
ear
,leadi
ngt
olongerl
i
fespansandl
owermai
ntenancecost
s.Thi
s

benef
itappl
i
est
ofansi
n per
sonalcomput
ers,dat
acent
ers,and i
ndust
ri
al

cool
i
ngsy
stems.
 CHAPTERTWO

LI
TERARUREREVI
EW

2.
0LI
TERATUREREVI
EW

Theci
rcui
texpl
oit
sthepr
oper
tyofsensort
ooper
atet
heDCFan.Asensori
sat
ypeof

t
ransducer
.Inabr
oadersense,
atr
ansduceri
ssomet
imesdef
inedasanydev
icet
hat

conv
ert
sener
gyf
rom onef
ormt
oanot
her
.Besi
dest
hat
,thecomponentt
hatmadeup

t
het
emper
atur
esensori
sknownast
her
mist
or.Ther
mist
ori
saki
ndoft
emper
atur
e

dependentr
esi
storandi
tsr
esi
stancev
ari
esdependi
ngont
het
emper
atur
eini
ts

v
ici
nit
y.Ther
ear
etwot
ypesofTher
mist
ors-Negat
iveTemper
atur
eCoef
fi
cient

Ther
mist
or(
NTC)andPosi
ti
veTemper
atur
eCoef
fi
cientTher
mist
or(
PTC)
.NTC

Ther
mist
ordecr
easesi
tsr
esi
stancewhent
het
emper
atur
eincr
easeswhi
l
ePTC

Ther
mist
ori
ncr
easesi
tsr
esi
stancewhent
het
emper
atur
eincr
eases.Ther
mist
orsar
e

beadl
i
ker
esi
stor
sav
ail
abl
efr
om 100ohmst
o10Kormor
eval
ues.I
nthi
sci
rcui
t,a1K

(
25°
C)NTCTher
mist
ori
sused.Asmal
lDCf
ani
ncr
easesordecr
easesi
tsspeedasper

t
het
emper
atur
echange.Whent
het
emper
atur
edecr
easesbel
owacer
tai
nlev
el,
Fan

aut
omat
ical
l
ytur
nsof
f.

2.
1PROPOSEDSYSTEM

I
nthepr
oposedsy
stems,
micr
ocont
rol
l
erpl
aysav
ital
rol
eint
hesmar
tsy
stems

dev
elopment
.Mi
crocont
rol
l
ershav
ebecomeanessent
ial
par
tint
hepr
esent

t
echnol
ogi
est
hatar
ebei
ngpr
esent
eddai
l
y.Thi
sar
ti
cledi
scussest
emper
atur
ebased

f
anspeedcont
rol
andmoni
tor
ingsy
stem usi
nganAr
dui
nosy
stem.
Thi
ssy
stem i
sused

t
ocont
rol
thecool
i
ngsy
stem aut
omat
ical
l
ybasedont
her
oom t
emper
atur
e.The

sy
stem usesanAr
dui
noboar
dtoi
mpl
ementacont
rol
syst
em.Si
ncet
hissy
stem i
s
pr
oposedt
ocont
rol
thecool
i
ngsy
stem andi
tisv
eryi
mpor
tantt
oknowAr
dui
no

cont
rol
l
edsy
stem wel
l
.

2.
2.DESI
GNOFHARDWARE

Thi
schapt
erbr
ief
lyexpl
ainsaboutt
heHar
dwar
e.I
tdi
scusst
heci
rcui
tdi
agr
am ofeach

modul
eindet
ail
.

(
1)ARDUI
NOUNO

TheAr
dui
noUnoi
sami
crocont
rol
l
erboar
dbasedont
heATmega328(
dat
asheet
).I
t

has14di
git
ali
nput
/out
putpi
ns(
ofwhi
ch6canbeusedasPWM out
put
s),
6anal
og

i
nput
s,a16MHzcer
ami
cresonat
or,
aUSBconnect
ion,
apowerj
ack,
anI
CSPheader
,

andar
esetbut
ton.I
tcont
ainsev
ery
thi
ngneededt
osuppor
tthemi
crocont
rol
l
er;
simpl
y

connecti
ttoacomput
erwi
thaUSBcabl
eorpoweri
twi
thaAC-
to-
DCadapt
erorbat
ter
y

t
ogetst
art
ed.

TheUnodi
ff
ersf
rom al
lpr
ecedi
ngboar
dsi
nthati
tdoesnotuset
heFTDIUSB-

t
oser
ial
dri
verchi
p.I
nst
ead,
itf
eat
urest
heAt
mega16U2(
Atmega8U2upt
over
sionR2)

pr
ogr
ammedasaUSB-
to-
ser
ial
conv
ert
er.Unoboar
dhasar
esi
storpul
l
ingt
he8U2

HWBl
i
net
ogr
ound,
maki
ngi
teasi
ert
oputi
ntoDFUmode.Ar
dui
noboar
dhast
he

f
oll
owi
ngnewf
eat
ures:

•1.
0pi
nout
:addedSDAandSCLpi
nst
hatar
eneart
otheAREFpi
nandt
woot
her

newpi
nspl
acedneart
otheRESETpi
n,t
heI
OREFt
hatal
l
owt
heshi
eldst
oadaptt
othe

v
olt
agepr
ovi
dedf
rom t
heboar
d.I
nfut
ure,
shi
eldswi
l
lbecompat
ibl
ebot
hwi
tht
he

boar
dthatuset
heAVR,
whi
choper
atewi
th5Vandwi
tht
heAr
dui
noDuet
hatoper
ate

wi
th3.
3V.Thesecondonei
sanotconnect
edpi
n,t
hati
sreser
vedf
orf
utur
epur
poses.

•St
rongerRESETci
rcui
t.
•At
mega16U2r
epl
acet
he8U2.

"
Uno"meansonei
nIt
ali
anandi
snamedt
omar
ktheupcomi
ngr
eleaseofAr
dui
no1.
0.

TheUnoandv
ersi
on1.
0wi
l
lbet
her
efer
encev
ersi
onsofAr
dui
no,
mov
ingf
orwar
d.The

Unoi
sthel
atesti
naser
iesofUSBAr
dui
noboar
ds,
andt
her
efer
encemodel
fort
he

Ar
dui
nopl
atf
orm;
foracompar
isonwi
thpr
evi
ousv
ersi
ons,
seet
hei
ndexofAr
dui
no

boar
ds.

(
2)LCDDI
SPLAY

Amodel
descr
ibedher
eisf
ori
tsl
owpr
iceandgr
eatpossi
bil
i
tiesmostf
requent
lyused

i
npr
act
ice.I
tisbasedont
heHD44780mi
crocont
rol
l
er(
Hit
achi
)andcandi
spl
ay

messagesi
ntwol
i
neswi
th16char
act
erseach.I
tdi
spl
aysal
ltheal
phabet
s,Gr
eek

l
ett
ers,
punct
uat
ionmar
ks,
mat
hemat
ical
symbol
set
c.I
naddi
ti
on,
iti
spossi
blet
o

di
spl
aysy
mbol
sthatusermakesuponi
tsown.Aut
omat
icshi
ft
ingmessageondi
spl
ay

(
shi
ftl
eftandr
ight
),appear
anceoft
hepoi
nter
,backl
i
ghtet
c.ar
econsi
der
edasusef
ul

char
act
eri
sti
cs.

Fi
g:LCD

(
3)BUZZER

Di
git
alsy
stemsandmi
crocont
rol
l
erpi
nsl
acksuf
fi
cientcur
rentt
odr
ivet
heci
rcui
tsl
i
ke

r
elay
s,buzzerci
rcui
tset
c.Whi
l
etheseci
rcui
tsr
equi
rear
ound10mi
l
liampst
obe

oper
ated,
themi
crocont
rol
l
er’
spi
ncanpr
ovi
deamaxi
mum of1-
2mi
l
liampscur
rent
.For

t
hisr
eason,
adr
iversuchasapowert
ransi
stori
spl
acedi
nbet
weent
hemi
crocont
rol
l
er

andt
hebuzzerci
rcui
t

.
(
4)Pul
sewi
dthModul
ati
on

Pul
seWi
dthModul
ati
on(
PWM)i
sthemostef
fect
ivemeanst
oachi
eveconst
ant

v
olt
agebat
ter
ychar
gingbyswi
tchi
ngt
hesol
arsy
stem cont
rol
l
er’
spowerdev
ices.When

i
nPWM r
egul
ati
on,
thecur
rentf
rom t
hesol
arar
rayt
aper
saccor
dingt
othebat
ter
y’s

condi
ti
onandr
echar
gingneedsConsi
derawav
efor
m suchast
his:
iti
sav
olt
age

swi
tchi
ngbet
ween0vand12v
.Iti
sfai
rl
yobv
ioust
hat
,si
ncet
hev
olt
agei
sat12vf
or

exact
lyasl
ongasi
tisat0v
,thena'
sui
tabl
edev
ice'
connect
edt
oit
sout
putwi
l
lseet
he

av
eragev
olt
ageandt
hinki
tisbei
ngf
ed6v-exact
lyhal
fof12v
.Sobyv
ary
ingt
hewi
dth

oft
heposi
ti
vepul
se-wecanv
aryt
he'
aver
age'
vol
tage.

(
5)Pul
seWi
dthmodul
ator

So,
howdowegener
ateaPWM wav
efor
m?I
t'
sact
ual
l
yver
yeasy
,ther
ear
eci
rcui
ts

av
ail
abl
eint
heTECsi
te.Fi
rsty
ougener
ateat
ri
angl
ewav
efor
m asshowni
nthe

di
agr
am bel
ow.Youcompar
ethi
swi
thad.
c
 CHAPTERTHREE

METHODOLOGY

I
nthepr
evi
ouschapt
ers,weexpl
oredt
hemot
ivat
ionsandbenef
it
sofv
ari
abl
espeed

f
ancont
rolbasedont
emper
atur
evar
iat
ions.Now,i
t'
sti
met
odel
vei
ntot
hehear
tof

t
hemat
ter
:themet
hodol
ogyt
hatwi
l
ltr
ansf
ormt
hisv
isi
oni
ntoat
angi
bler
eal
i
ty.Thi
s

chapt
erwi
l
ldet
ailt
hest
epsi
nvol
vedi
nor
chest
rat
inganef
fi
cientandef
fect
ivef
an

cont
rol
syst
em,
conduct
ingasy
mphonyofener
gysav
ings,
noi
ser
educt
ion,
andpr
eci
se

t
emper
atur
econt
rol
.

1.Sy
stem Desi
gnandAr
chi
tect
ure:

1.
1.Har
dwar
eSel
ect
ion:

 Temper
atur
e Sensor
:Choose an accur
ate and r
eli
abl
e sensorbased on

appl
i
cat
ionr
equi
rement
s.Consi
deropt
ionsl
i
ket
her
mist
ors,
ther
mocoupl
es,
and

RTDs,
account
ingf
orf
act
orsl
i
kecost
,oper
ati
ngr
ange,
andr
esponset
ime.

 Mi
crocont
rol
l
er:Sel
ectapl
atf
ormt
hatbal
ancespr
ocessi
ngpower
,easeofuse,

andcompat
ibi
l
itywi
thchosensensorandf
ancont
rolmechani
sm.Ar
dui
no,

Raspber
ryPi
,anddedi
cat
edmi
crocont
rol
l
ersar
epopul
archoi
ces,eachwi
thi
ts

ownst
rengt
hsandl
i
mit
ati
ons.

 FanandCont
rolMechani
sm:Det
ermi
net
hef
ant
ype(
DCorAC)andchoosean

appr
opr
iat
econt
rolmet
hod.ForDCf
ans,Pul
seWi
dthModul
ati
on(
PWM)usi
ng
 t
hemi
crocont
rol
l
eri
sapr
eval
entappr
oach.ForACf
ans,i
nvest
igat
eVar
iabl
e

Fr
equencyDr
ives(
VFDs)oral
ter
nat
ivecont
rol
sol
uti
ons.

1.
2.Ci
rcui
tDesi
gn:

 Dev
elopadet
ail
edschemat
icdi
agr
am out
li
ningt
heconnect
ionsbet
weent
he

chosen component
s. Thi
s i
ncl
udes sensor i
ntegr
ati
on, power suppl
y

management
,mi
crocont
rol
l
erconnect
ions,
andf
ancont
rol
cir
cui
tr
y.

 Ensur
epr
opercomponentpl
acementandconsi
derf
act
orsl
i
keEMIshi
eldi
ng

andsi
gnal
condi
ti
oni
ng(
ifnecessar
y).

1.
3.Sof
twar
eDev
elopment
:

 Def
inet
hecommuni
cat
ionpr
otocol
sbet
weent
hemi
crocont
rol
l
erandot
her

component
s(e.
g.,
sensor
,fancont
rol
).

 I
mpl
ementcont
rol
algor
it
hmswi
thi
nthechosenpr
ogr
ammi
ngenv
ironment
.

Commonappr
oachesi
ncl
ude:

 Thr
eshol
d-basedcont
rol
:Adj
ustf
anspeedbasedonpr
edef
inedt
emper
atur
e

t
hreshol
ds.

 PI
Dcont
rol
:Impl
ementaPr
opor
ti
onal
-I
ntegr
al-
Der
ivat
iveal
gor
it
hm f
ormor
e

pr
eci
seandr
esponsi
vecont
rol
.

 Adapt
ive cont
rol
:Dev
elop al
gor
it
hms t
hat l
ear
n and adapt t
o dy
nami
c
 t
emper
atur
echangesanduserpr
efer
ences.

 Consi
der i
ncor
por
ati
ng dat
aloggi
ng f
unct
ional
i
tyt
orecor
dtemper
atur
e

r
eadi
ngs,f
an speeds,and ot
her r
elev
ant par
amet
ersf
or anal
ysi
s and

opt
imi
zat
ion.

2.Sy
stem I
mpl
ement
ati
onandTest
ing:

2.
1.Pr
otot
ypeAssembl
y:

 Const
ructt
hesy
stem basedont
hedesi
gnschemat
ics,usi
ngabr
eadboar
dor

pr
int
edci
rcui
tboar
d(PCB)dependi
ngoncompl
exi
tyanddesi
redf
inalf
orm

f
act
or.

2.
2.Cal
ibr
ati
onandFi
ne-
tuni
ng:

 Cal
i
brat
ethet
emper
atur
esensoragai
nstar
efer
encest
andar
dforaccur
ate

r
eadi
ngs.

 Testandr
efi
net
hecont
rol
algor
it
hmsunderv
ari
oust
emper
atur
econdi
ti
onst
o

ensur
esmoot
hfant
ransi
ti
onsanddesi
redper
for
mance.

 Gat
herdat
aonf
anspeeds,
temper
atur
evar
iat
ions,
andener
gyconsumpt
ion

t
hroughoutt
het
est
ingpr
ocess.

3.Opt
imi
zat
ionandAdv
ancedFeat
ures:

3.
1.Dat
aAnal
ysi
sandPer
for
manceEv
aluat
ion:

 Anal
yzecol
l
ect
eddat
atoi
dent
if
yar
easf
ori
mpr
ovementandopt
imi
zecont
rol

al
gor
it
hms.

 Consi
derf
act
orsl
i
kemi
nimi
zi
ngener
gyconsumpt
ion,
mai
ntai
ningt
arget
ed
 t
emper
atur
eranges,
andmi
nimi
zi
ngnoi
segener
ati
on.

3.
2.UserI
nter
faceandCont
rol
:

 Dev
elopauseri
nter
face(
opt
ional
)fordi
spl
ayi
ngt
emper
atur
ereadi
ngs,
fan

speeds,
andcont
rol
opt
ions.Thi
scoul
dbeasi
mpl
eLEDdi
spl
ay,
asmar
tphone

app,
ori
ntegr
ati
onwi
thexi
sti
ngbui
l
dingmanagementsy
stems.

 Al
l
owuser
stosetdesi
redt
emper
atur
epr
efer
ences,adj
ustcont
rolpar
amet
ers,

andmoni
torsy
stem per
for
mance.

3.
3.Adv
ancedCont
rolTechni
ques:

 Ex
plor
eincor
por
ati
ng machi
ne l
ear
ning al
gor
it
hms t
hat can l
ear
nfr
om

oper
ati
onal
dat
aandopt
imi
zecont
rol
str
ategi
esdy
nami
cal
l
y.

3.
4Appl
i
cat
ion

1.Temper
atur
ebasedf
anspeedcont
rol
l
eri
susef
ulf
orcool
i
ngt
hepr
ocessori
nthe

l
apt
opsandper
sonal
comput
ers“
mor
eef
fi
cient
ly”
.Gener
all
yfani
nlapt
opcomeswi
th

onl
ytwoort
hreepossi
blespeeds.Soi
tresul
tsi
nmor
epowerconsumpt
ion.

2.Thef
andesi
gnedi
nthi
spr
oject
,hasdi
ff
erentv
aluesofspeedaccor
dingt
o

t
emper
atur
echange.Thi
scanbeal
sousedi
nsmal
lscal
eindust
ri
esf
orcool
i
ngt
he

el
ect
ri
cal
/mechani
cal
equi
pment
.Thewhol
eci
rcui
texceptmot
orandf
ancanbe

manuf
act
uredonasi
ngl
ePCB,
andi
tcanbeusedf
ort
emper
atur
ebasedcont
rol

oper
ati
ons.

3.
5Adv
ant
ages:

1.Thi
spr
ojectcanbeusedi
nHome.
2.Thi
spr
ojectcanbeusedi
nIndust
ry.

3.Thi
swi
l
lhel
pinsav
ingt
heener
gy/el
ect
ri
cit
y.

4.Tomoni
tort
heenv
ironment
sthati
snotcomf
ort
abl
e,orpossi
ble,
forhumanst
o

moni
tor
,especi
all
yforext
endedper
iodsoft
ime.

5.Pr
event
swast
eofener
gywheni
t’
snothotenoughf
oraf
ant
obeneeded.

6.Toassi
stpeopl
ewhoar
edi
sabl
edt
oadj
ustt
hef
anspeedaut
omat
ical
l
y.

3.
6Di
sadv
ant
ages:

1.I
tcanonl
ybemai
ntai
nedbyt
echni
cal
per
son.Thus,
itbecomesdi
ff
icul
ttobe

mai
ntai
ned.

2.Duet
otemper
atur
evar
iat
ion,
aft
ersomet
imesi
tsef
fi
ciencymaydecr
ease.

3.
7Fut
ureScope:

1.Wecanmoni
tormor
epar
amet
ersl
i
kehumi
dit
y,l
i
ghtandatt
hesamet
imecont
rol

t
hem

.2.Wecansendt
hisdat
atoar
emot
elocat
ionusi
ngmobi
l
eori
nter
net
.

3.Wecandr
awgr
aphsofv
ari
ati
onsi
nthesepar
amet
ersusi
ngcomput
er.

4.Whent
emper
atur
eex
ceedst
hel
i
mit
,acal
lwi
l
lbedi
aledt
other
espect
ivegi
ven

numberbyanaut
omat
icDi
alersy
stem.
 CI
RCUI
TDI
AGRAM

Connect
ionsoft
hist
emper
atur
econt
rol
l
edf
anci
rcui
tisv
erysi
mpl
e,her
eal
i
qui
d

cr
yst
aldi
spl
ayi
susedf
ordi
spl
ayi
ngt
emper
atur
eandf
anspeedst
atus.LCDi
sdi
rect
ly

connect
edt
oAr
dui
noi
n4-
bitmode.Pi
nsofLCDnamel
yRS,EN,D4,D5,D6andD7ar
e

connect
edt
oAr
dui
nodi
git
alpi
nnumber7,6,5,4,3and2.AndaLM35t
emper
atur
e

sensori
sal
soconnect
edt
oanal
oguepi
nA0ofAr
dui
no.Di
git
alpi
n9i
susedf
or

cont
rol
l
ingf
anspeedt
hrought
heMOSFETt
ransi
stor
.

Thecompl
eteci
rcui
tfort
hepr
ojecti
sshowni
nthef
oll
owi
ngf
igur
e.Wi
tht
hisci
rcui
t,we

wi
l
lbeabl
etochanget
hef
anspeedi
nourhomeoranypl
aceaccor
dingt
other
oom

t
emper
atur
eandal
sodi
spl
ayt
het
emper
atur
eandf
anspeedchangesona16x
2LCD

di
spl
ay.
 BLOCKDI
AGRAM

Temperat
ure MICRO PWM
Sensor CONTROLLER

POWER
SOURCE
DCFAN

SOURCE
POWER

PROJECTI
MAGE
SOURCECODE
/
* SourceCodeforVar iableSpeedCont rol
l
edFanBasedon
* Temperatur
eVariationsf orNDfinalProj
ect
* KanoStatePolyt
echni c,SchoolofTechnology
* Depart
mentofMechat r
onicEngineer
ing
* Creat
edon20t h-
Nov ember ,
2023atMechat roni
csLabor
ator
y
* ByMuhammadAuwal Shehu
* Underthesupervi
sionofEngrAuwal Sali
suYunusa
*/

#i
ncl
ude<Li
qui
dCryst
al.
h>
#i
ncl
ude<LM35.h>

#def
ineSensorA0
#def
ineFAN9
#def
ineCont11
#def
ineBuzzer12

LM35tempSensor(
Sensor
);
Li
qui
dCryst
all
cd(7,6,
5,4,3,
2);/
/(r
senD4D5D6D7)

v
oi dset
up(){
pinMode(
Cont,
OUTPUT);
pinMode(
Buzzer
,OUTPUT)
;

analogWrite(
Cont,25);
l
cd.begin(16,2);
l
cd.clear(
);
l
cd.print
(" SMARTFAN " );
l
cd.setCursor(0,
1);
l
cd.print
("INITIALIZI
NG "
);

//
Beept hebuzzert
wi ce
di
git
alWr i
te(
Buzzer
,HIGH);
del
ay(200);
di
git
alWr i
te(
Buzzer
,LOW) ;
del
ay(200);
di
git
alWr i
te(
Buzzer
,HIGH);
del
ay(200);
di
git
alWr i
te(
Buzzer
,LOW) ;

//
Seri
al.
begi
n(9600)
;
del
ay(
1000);
 f
or(intj=0;j
<=15;j
++)
{
l
cd.
scr ol
lDi
splay
Left
();
del
ay(150);
}

anal
ogWr
it
e(FAN,
0);
}

v
oidloop(){
i
nttemp=t empSensor.get
Temp(
);
l
cd.
clear(
);
l
cd.
setCursor(0,0);
l
cd.
print
("TEMP: "
);
l
cd.
print
(temp) ;
l
cd.
print
((char)223);
l
cd.
print
("C");
l
cd.
setCursor(0,1);
/
/Seri
al.
printl
n(temp);

i
f(
temp<27){
analogWrit
e(FAN,
0);
l
cd.print
("
FANOFF "
);
del
ay (
100);}

elseif(
temp>=27&&t emp<29)
{
analogWr i
te(
FAN,70)
;
l
cd.print(
"FANSPEED:25% "
);
delay(100);
}

elseif(
temp>=29&&t emp<31)
{
analogWr i
te(
FAN,90)
;
l
cd.print(
"FANSPEED:35% "
);
delay(100);
}

elseif(
temp>=31&&t emp<33)
{
analogWr i
te(
FAN,128);
l
cd.print(
"FANSPEED: 50% "
);
delay(100);
}

elseif(
temp>=33&&t emp<35)
{
analogWr i
te(
FAN,166);
l
cd.print(
"FANSPEED: 65% "
);
delay(100);
}

elseif(
temp>=35&&t emp<37){
analogWr i
te(
FAN,192);
l
cd.print(
"FANSPEED: 75% "
);
delay(100);
}

elseif(
temp>=37&&t emp<39){
analogWr i
te(
FAN,230);
l
cd.print(
"FANSPEED: 90% "
);
delay(100);
}

elsei
f(
temp>=39){
anal
ogWri
te(
FAN,255)
;
 l
cd.
pri
nt(
"FANSPEED:
100%"
);
del
ay(
100);
}

del
ay(
1000)
;
}

PROJECTCOMPONENT

Thefoll
owi
ngar
ethemater
ial
srequir
edtoper
for
m atemper
ature-
basedfanspeed
contr
olusi
ngAr
dui
no.Mostofthecomponent
sareeasi
l
yavai
lablei
nlocalhar
dware
shops:

1.AnAr
dui
nonano 2.One16x2LCD

3.OneLM35t
emper
atur
esensor 4.OneDCbuzzer

5.One12VDCf
an 6.One2N222ANPNt
ransi
stor

7.OneI
RFZ44Nmosf
ett
ransi
stor 8.One10BQ015-
NDschot
tkydi
ode

9.Two10kΩr
esi
stor
s 10.Two1kΩr
esi
stor
s

11.
OneBr
eadboar
d 12.Assor
tedJumperwi
res

13.
OneSPSTswi
tch 14.Thr
eeLi
thi
um i
onbat
ter
ies

15.
One3Sbat
ter
ymanagementsy
stem (
BMS) 16.One12VChar
gingpor
t

17.
AJunct
ionbox

TI
MEFRAME

Pr
ojectTi
me 3Weeks

Pr
ojectTest
ing 1Week

Document
ati
on 1Mont
h

BUDGETCOSTANALYSI
S

COMPONENT QUANTI
TY PRI
CE
AnAr
dui
nonano 1Pi
ece N10,
000
One16x2LCD 1Pi
ece N4,
000
OneLM35t
emper
atur
esensor 1Pi
ece N1,
000
OneDCbuzzer 1Pi
ece N1,
000
One12VDCf
an 1Pi
ece N4,
000
One2N222ANPNt
ransi
stor 1Pi
ece N500
OneI
RFZ44Nmosf
ett
ransi
stor 1Pi
ece N500
 One10BQ015-
NDschot
tkydi
ode 1Pi
ece N3,
000
Two10kΩr
esi
stor
s 1Pi
ece N400
Two1kΩr
esi
stor
s 1Pi
ece N300
OneBr
eadboar
d 1Pi
ece N2000
Assor
tedJumperwi
res 1Pi
ece N300
OneSPSTswi
tch 1Pi
ece N2,
000
Thr
eeLi
thi
um i
onbat
ter
ies 1Pi
ece N3,
000
One3Sbat
ter
ymanagementsy
stem 1Pi
ece N3,
000
(
BMS)
One12VChar
gingpor
t 1Pi
ece N3,
000
AJunct
ionbox 1Pi
ece N2,
000
Ot
her
s 1Pi
ece N5,
000

CONCULUSI
ON

Thi
sVar
iabl
eSpeedcont
rol
l
edf
anpr
ojectexpl
oresanal
ter
nat
iveappr
oach,st
eer
ing
awayf
rom Ar
dui
no dependency
,to cr
eat
eapr
act
icaland accessi
blesy
stem t
hat
cont
ri
but
est
obot
husercomf
ortendenv
ironment
alconser
vat
ion.

REFRENCE

Li
ve,y
,,zeng,
j
.andwangc.(
2009)t
emper
atur
emoni
tor
ingi
npackagi
ngusi
ngt
hinf
il
m
sensorar
ral
y,neworl
ensLA,
VSA.

Meht
aV.
KandMeht
aR.(
2007)pr
inci
palofel
ect
roni
csS.Chand&companyLTDnew
Del
hi,
438

Gay
akwad R.
A(2004)
.Op amps and l
i
neari
ntegr
ated ci
rcui
ts,pear
son edi
ti
on
(
Singer
por
e)PLC.
LTD,
newDel
hi,
Indi
a.