 THEORY OF SPECIAL CREATION – A theory that describes life is created by divine power of God

 COZMOZOIC THEORY - describes the origin of life is from meteorites

 ABIOGENESIS THEORY - Natural process of life arising from non living matter such as simple organic compounds
 BIOGENESIS THEORY- By FRANCISCO REDI that life can only come from life and it refers to any process by which a life form
can give rise to other life forms ( LIFE CAME FROM PRE EXISTING LIFE FORMS)
 OPARIN HALDANE HYPHOTHESIS – By J.B.S HALDANE life arose gradually from in organic molecules, with building blocks
like amino acids forming first and then combining to make complex polymers

 CHARACTERISTICS OF LIFE – Able to respond to the environment through a stimulus

 GROWTH AND DEVELOPMENT – ensure that the offspring will grow up and exhibit many of the same characteristics
 HIGHLY ORGANIZED AND STRUCTURED – following a hierarchy that can be from small to large
 ENERGY - is the ability to do work, it is needed by all living things and every living cell to carry out life processes
 EVOLUTION - is the change in heritable traits of biological populations over successive generations
 REPRODUCTION - Genes with DNA able passed from generation to generation to ensure that the offspring belong to the same
species having similar characteristics
 REGULATION - is what allows an organism to handle the effects of a perturbation
 BIODIVERSITY AND UNITY - biodiversity is essential for the processes that support all life on earth
 ROBERT HOOKE - first viewed cells of a cork plant using a microscope
 CELLULAE – small rooms but later used the shorter word “cell”
 CELLS - an organization made-up of a complex system that carries out the cells function and enables it to adapt to its environment
( BASIC UNIT OF LIVING THING)

CELL TYPES

 CELL MEMBRANE - allows nutrients to enter the cell and waste to be removed
 this is referred to as selective permeability
 keeping a healthy balance of nutrients and water within the cell is called homeostasis

 NUCLEUS - largest organelle in the cell and it is the most inner compartment of the cell
 “Control Center” for cell metabolism and reproduction

 RIBOSOMES – make proteins

 CYTOPLASM - clear gel like fluid inside the cell which suspends all organelles
 ENDOPLASMIC RETICULUM - extensive network of membranes
 GOLGI APPARATUS - sorts proteins made by the ribosomes and sends them to needed places in the cell
 LYSOSOMES - organelles that are filled with digestive enzymes to remove waste and invading bacteria breakdown materials such as
lipids proteins and stark
 MITOCHONDRIA - often referred to as the powerhouse of the cell
 VACUOLES - fluid filled organize enclosed by a membrane

 Plant cells are also a EUKARYOTIC cells but plant cells contain some organisms that are not found in animal cells
 Bacteria normally live in the intestines of healthy people and animals
 ribosomes are small particles either singly or string along mRNA
 nucleus is the most prominent organelle in the cell usually located in the center of the cell

 SEXUAL REPRODUCTION- male and female gametes fuse during fertilization

 MONOECIOUS OR HERMAPHRODITES - organisms with both male and female systems ( flatworms, earthworms)
 ASEXUAL REPRODUCTION - only one parent is needed
 BINARY FISSION - simplest process of asexual reproduction where in the body of an Organism divides into new bodies
- The Organism duplicates its DNA then separates were in both new bodies receive a copy of the DNA of the
original Organism
 BUDDING - outgrowths or buds develop on the parent organism, buds may break off and develop into a new Organism or remain
attached to the parent Organism ( e.g… sanga ka kahoy)
 FRAGMENTATION - an organism's body is divided into two or more parts ( e,g…. starfish, annelids)
 PARTHENOGENESIS - occurs when the embryo of an Organism can grow and develop without fertilization, in which an egg can
develop into an embryo without being fertilized by a sperm. (e,g… bees, aphuds, and ants)
 REGENERATION - detached parts of some organisms can grow back ( LIZARD)

 ORGAN SYSTEM - awesome it's a group of organs that contribute to specific function to the body

4 TYPES OF DIGESTIVE SYSTEMS

 MONOGASTRIC - has one simple stomach that sacretes acid, this assay destroys most bacteria in the stomach and breakdown the
foods into its simplest form
 AVIAN - is found in poultry animals that do not have teeth, they break their food into small pieces by pecking it with their beaks and
scratching them before swallowing. Food enters the mouth travels to the esophagus and into the crop
 CROP is where the food is stored and soaked.
 GIZZARD a very muscular organ which contains stones that act like teeth to grind the food.

 RUMINANT - large stomach divided into 4 compartments the RUMEN, RETICULUM, OMASUM AND THE ABOMASUM.
( Their foods are not chewedwell and are swallowed in large quantities)

 PSEUDO-RUMINANT - found in animals that eat large amounts of fiber but do not have stomach with several compartments
 Hydra have no respiratory organs

 The hard bumps the blood and with the assistance of the blood vessels in the circulatory system distributes the oxygen filled
blood to the different parts of the body, it also collects waste products and deliver it to the kidney of your excretory system
and the lungs of the respiratory system for waste disposal. It supplies the brain with blood carrying enough amount of oxygen
and in return the brain regulates the heart rate and the blood pressure of the circulatory system. The brain and the nervous
system is being protected by the bone of your skull yet it controls the movement of your muscles and bones, when someone
smell his favorite food the brain recognizes and interprets giving signals to the digestive system that he is hungry and must
eat.
 Average heart beats per minute is 180
 adult heart is about the size of a fist
 about 5 liters of blood in the human adult

 CIRCULATORY SYSTEM - it is a fluid filled network of tubes or vessels through which materials move between the environment
and the size of a multicellular animal

FUNCTION OF CIRCULATORY SYSTEM

 Transport oxygen and carbon dioxide
 transport nutrients and waste products
 distribute hormones and antibodies
 The left side of the heart pumps oxygenated blood to the body while the right side of the heart pumps the oxygenated blood to the
lungs where oxygen can be absorbed by the hemoglobin carrying red blood cells
 Blood vessels circulate blood throughout the body, help deliver oxygen to vital organs and tissues and remove waste products

 EXCRETORY SYSTEM - includes all the tissues and organs that remove waste from the body.
 URINARY SYSTEM - Excretes water, nitrogenous wastes, and salts. These exit the body as urine.
 Inside the kidneys are Nephrons.
 NEPHRONS - are microscopic, coiled sets of tubes with a tiny capillary filled bulb at one end.
 The kidney’s jobs:
-Excretion of waste.
-Breakdown of excess salts and toxins.
-Deamination: when amino acids are broken down and nitrogen is released
-Filtering urea out of the body
 The kidneys are responsible for maintaining a steady level of water in the body, even when the amount of water entering the body
varies from day to day.

 GOUT - results when the body makes uric acid crystals instead of urea.
 NERVOUS SYSTEM - is the master controlling and communicating system of the body
CONTROLS and COORDINATES ALL ESSENTIAL FUNCTIONS of the human body
 CENTRAL NERVOUS SYSTEM - serves as the main processing center for the entire nervous system, organ that is ultimately
responsible for all thought and movement that the body produces.

 PERIPHERAL NERVOUS SYSTEM - essentially serving as a communication relay going back and forth between the brain and the
extremities.

 NEURONS- The specialized cells of the nervous system.

KINDS OF NEURONS
 Sensory Neuron– transmits impulses from sense organs to the brain or spinal cord.
Motor Neuron– transmits impulses from the brain or S.C. to an effector, that is, to a muscle or a gland.
Associative Neuron- connects sensory & motor neuron; transmits impulses from one nerve center to another.

 IMMUNE SYSTEM - To protect and defend the body against invasion by pathogens
 Lymph - is extracellular fluid that white blood cells can travel through.
Spleen - is an organ that filters bacteria and broken cells from the lymph
Lymph nodes are also filters
 White blood cells are the soldiers of the body
They seek out and destroy pathogens
 The part of the pathogen that the T Cells display is called the antigen
 Antigens are proteins that all cells have on their membranes
 Two types of immunity
Active: Your body knows how to make the antibodies
Passive: You receive antibodies from another source, but your body doesn’t know how to make them.

 ENDOCRINE SYSTEM - is made up of a number of ductless glands that secretes chemicals that control certain body activities.
 HORMONES - are substances which can cause a reaction to a cell, in Greek it literally means to excite.

 ECOLOGY - is the branch of biology that deals with the relations of organisms to one another and to their physical surroundings.
 ECOSYSTEM - is a geographic area where plants, animals, and other organisms, as well as weather and landscape, work together to
form a bubble of life.
- contain biotic or abiotic factors

 POPULATION - is a group of organisms of the same species that live in the same area at a specific point in time and they can
interbreed with each other
 ECOSYSTEM composed of the living (biotic) and non living (abiotic) physical environment functioning together in an ecosystem.
 BIOSPHERE is the portion of the earth in which life exists and is made up of many complex ecosystems.
All ecosystems together make up biosphere.

 COMPETITION - When two species in an ecosystem need to share a valuable and often
limited resource. Such as food or water, they are in competition with each other.

 SYMBIOSIS - Symbiosis describes the way in which two different species living together in the same community, interact with each
other over a long time period.

 PARASITISM - is when the one species benefits or gains something from the relationship and the other species is harmed in some
way. The host may die in some interactions.

 MUTUALISM - occurs between any two species where both of the individuals benefit from the interaction. Both species gain
something from the other, so we can say it is mutually beneficial.

 COMMENSALISM - he one species benefits, while the other one is unaffected by the relationship. Unlike
parasitism,incommensalism the other species is not harmed or benefited in any way.

 FEEDING - when one species can use the other species as a food source. For example, in predator-prey relationships, the one species
(predator) will hunt another species (prey)

 HERBIVORES - organisms that eat only plants. Also called primary or first level consumers (cows, goats, carabaos)

 OMNIVORES - organisms that eat both plant and animal materials (human)

 CARNIVORES - organisms that eat only other animals. Can be secondary/tertiary/quarternary consumers. (dogs, cats, wolves, bears)
 SCAVENGERS - organisms that eat only other animals after they are already killed (vultures)

 Biomes are major types of ecosystems. Aquatic and Terrestrial Biomes

 EVOLUTION - the process by which new species or populations of living things develop from pre-existing forms through
successive generations.
 Evolution states that all species are related and change over time.
 NATURAL SELECTION - the process, by which those individuals whose traits are more advantageous leave a larger number of
offspring.
 ADAPTATION - is when the genetic trait evolves this process that increases the probability that the species will survive in a
particular environment.
 HERITABLE - a characteristic that is influenced by genes and passed from parents to offspring

 Fossils provide evidence of evolutionary change over time

It also document large scale evolutionary transitions
Ex. The link between dinosaurs and birds was confirmed by dinosaurs with feathers

 HOMOLOGOUS Structure – are parts of different organisms that are similar in structure but serve different functions
( Forelimbs of human, dog, bird and whale )
 ANALOGOUS - Are similar in function but differ in internal structure. It does not suggest evolution from common ancestor

 PHYLOGENY - describes the relationships of an organism, such as from which species it is most closely related, and which
organisms it is thought to have evolved
 CLADOGRAM - s a diagram that describes evolutionary relationships among groups. It is based on phylogeny which is
the study of evolutionary relationships.
 CLADISTICS - sorts organisms into clades, a group of organisms that descended from a single ancestor
is a classification based on common ancestry

 ADAPTATION - Organisms in ecosystems face competition, predation, parasitism and human influence, all of which
could affect them negatively, forcing them to adapt, move away or die.

 Functional: a species may have special way of carrying out its life processes.

Ex. being able to produce eggs with a hard shell , so that the embryos can grow and hatch even if the climate changes.

 Behavioural: the species can have special behaviors that are instinctive (which they know by instinct) or can be
learned such as making safe nests for protecting their babies.

 MIGRATION - This occurs when an animal or a group of animals move between different areas at different times or
periods.

 HIBERNATION –is a way animals conserve energy to survive adverse weather conditions or lack of food. It involves
physiological changes such as a drop in body temperature and slowed metabolism.