Energy Resources

Dr: Mervat A. Abdel_Kawi

Chemical Engineering
Associated Professor
in
Environmental Studies Department

Lecture 1
1st term
Energy & Environment
 Energy is the property that must be transferred to an
object in order to perform work on, or to heat the
object.
 Work = Force x distance

 Energy can be converted in form, but not created or

destroyed.

 Environment is the sum total of all surroundings of a

living organism, including natural forces and other living
things, which provide conditions for development and
growth as well as of danger and damage.

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Energy Resources & The Environment

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The difference between mineral resources &
mineral reserves.

A mineral resource is an estimate of the amount of a

mineral present in a given area.

Mineral reserves are resources known to be

economically feasible for extraction. Reserves are
either Probable Reserves or Proved Reserves

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The nature of the problem
 The earth's resources are finite.

 The problem is that, the rate of growth of

population and consumption of energy is more
rapidly than the production of fuels.

 Shortages in fuels.

 Pollution from combustion of fuels

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 U.S. population versus time and energy consumption
versus time between the years 1800 and 2000

109 1020

Energy Consumption
Population (joules)

1018
107
1800 Year 2000

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The Industrial Revolution began in the 18th century, when
agricultural societies became more industrialized and urban.

This figure leads us to ask more questions as:

 What have been the sources of this energy?

 Can these sources be maintained?

 Is there a similar curve for pollution problems? ? ?

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 The energy resources mix between 1850 and
2000; dashed lines are estimates for the years
after 1978 .

100 Hydropower
Nuclear
energy

Energy resources
(%)
Coal
Fuel
wood

0
1850 Year 2000

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 The overall demand for coal are reduced
due to:

♦ Increasing difficulty in mining

♦ The expense of transporting it to use sites

♦ Pollution of the environment

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Petroleum have been used as fuel & for the
production of petrochemicals-synthetic fabrics,
ammonia, and pharmaceuticals……….,but it cause
many problems as follows:

♦ Oil caused a great many social and environmental problems (air &
water pollution)

♦ The major sources of pollution today are industry.

♦ Oil spills affect us indirectly through the ocean food chain.

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 Energy resources

Non-Renewable
Energy

Coal Oil Natural Gas

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Renewable Energy Sources

Hydropower

Tidal Energy

Wind power

Geothermal Energy

Biomass

Nuclear Energy

Solar energy
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 What energy is, and what forms it can take ?

 Energy: is the capacity to do work.

 Work : is the product of force times the distance through

which the force acts.

Ex.: a force pushing an object along a rough surface. The

force could be : human, steam engine, or electric motor.

Is energy and work done the same?

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Energy Transformations

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 Forms of Energy
The first law of thermodynamics: energy can be neither
created nor destroyed; it can only change forms.

Energy comes in many forms as:

Chemical energy, Heat energy, Mass energy, Kinetic energy,

Electric energy, Electromagnetic radiation.

Chemical energy: is the energy stored in certain chemicals

that can be released by chemical reactions, often combustion
(burning of wood, paper, coal, natural gas, or oil releases
chemically stored energy in the form of heat energy).

Ex. charged electric batteries, and food in the stomach,…….

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Heat energy (Thermal energy): is the energy associated
with random molecular motions within any medium.

Mass energy : any reaction, chemical or nuclear, which

releases energy is association with a loss of mass between
the inputs and outputs,

according to the Einstein equation E = m c2.

E : energy, m: mass,
c: (the speed of light ) = 3x 108 m/sec

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Kinetic energy: is a form of mechanical energy.

 An object of mass m, moving in a straight line with velocity

v, has kinetic energy given by

KE = ½ m v2.

Ex: an object rotating around an axis has kinetic energy

associated with the rotation as in a child's top.

 Mechanical energy

Mechanical energy is energy that results from movement or

the location of an object.
Mechanical energy is the sum of kinetic energy and potential
energy

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Potential energy: is associated with position in force field.
Ex. An object positioned in the gravitational field of the
earth.
If we hold an object having weight w at a height h above
the earth's surface, it will have potential energy:
PE = w X h relative to the earth's surface.
Ex. at a hydroelectric damp where water is effectively
dropped onto a turbine below, the water hitting the blades
of the turbine has kinetic energy equal to the potential
energy it would have had at the top of the reservoir surface.
This potential energy is measured relative to the turbine's
location.

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Electric energy: with electric energy, nothing can be seen
but the effects can be readily apparent. It allow us to have
television, lighting, air conditioning…….

If an electric charge ,q, is taken to a higher electric

potential v (higher voltage), then it is capable of releasing
its potential energy ,given by PE= q X v, in some other
form such as heat or mechanical energy.

Battery in a flashlight is a common device for sorting

electric energy . It can convert chemical energy to electric
energy, or electric energy to chemical energy

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Electromagnetic radiation: The energy radiated by the sun
travels to the earth elsewhere by electromagnetic radiation.

The large fraction of the solar energy we receive is in the form

of visible light.

The electromagnetic spectrum covers a very wide range of

frequency, and visible light is only a small part of the entire
spectrum.

Electromagnetic radiation is characterized by a wavelength,

‫ג‬,and a frequency, ƒ .

In free space, the velocity of light, , is related to these

quantities by the equation c = ƒ x ‫( = ג‬3x108 m/sec).

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Elastic energy: is the potential mechanical energy stored in
the configuration of a material or physical system as work is
performed to distort its volume or shape. Elastic energy
occurs when objects are compressed and stretched, or
generally deformed in any manner.

Gravitational energy : is the potential energy held by an

object because of its high position compared to a lower
position. In other words, it is energy associated with gravity
or gravitational force

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Energy = Power x Time
(Joule) (Watt) (Second)

Example 1:
How much energy does a 40 Watt bulb use in 2 minutes?

Answer:

Energy = ?

Power = 40 Watt

Time = 120 seconds (which is 2 minutes)

Energy = Power x Time

Energy = 40 x 120 = 4800 Joules

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Example 2:
What is the power rating of an electric device that uses 5000 Joules in 50
seconds?

Answer:

Power = ?
Energy = 5000 Joules
Time = 50 seconds
Power = Energy / Time
Power = 5000 / 50 = 100 Watt
----------------------------------------------------------------------------------
Example 3:
How much energy does a 1 kW hairdryer use in half an hour?

Answer:

Energy = ?
Power = 1000 Watt (which is 1 kW)
Time = 1800 seconds (which is 30 x 60)
Energy = Power x Time
Energy = 1000 x 1800 = 1,800,000 Joules 23
 Power
In physics, power is the rate of doing work, the amount of
energy transferred per unit time. Having no direction.

Power = Energy / Time Or

Energy = Power x Time

Power p, as a function of time t, is the rate at which work w

is done, so can be expressed by this equation:

P (t) = w/t = F . d /t = F . V

Where , F : force , d: distance , v : velocity

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 Units of Energy
The two most common units in the treatment of energy are:
 Metric unit (also known as the System International (SI))
 and the British systems.

o The Joule: is the metric unit of energy.

Force = mass x acceleration
F (N) = Kg . m/s2.
Energy = force x distance
E (J) = N . m = Kg.m2/s2

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 o The British Thermal Unit (Btu): one Btu is defined to be the amount
of heat energy required to raise the temperature of one pound of
water by one degree Fahrenheit.

o Similarly, it is the amount of heat energy given off by one pound of

water when it cools by one degree Fahrenheit.

Btu = 1.055 x 103 J.

o The Calorie: it is the amount of energy required to raise the temperature

of one gram of water by one degree Celsius,
o or the amount of energy given off when one gram of water cools by one
degree Celsius.

Calorie = 4.184 J

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o The Foot- pound: a force of one pound acting through a distance of
one foot by definition expends one foot-pound of energy.

Btu = 775 foot-pounds

o The Electron-Volt (eV): is related to the idea of moving one electron

through an electric potential difference of one volt.

J = 6x1018 eV

o For energy resources, the quantities are so large, other units of

measure have been devised:

1 quad=1015 Btu

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 Numerical prefixes

exa E 1018 peta P 1015

tera T 1012 giga G 109

mega M 106 kilo K 103

milli m 10-3 micro μ 10-6

nano n 10-9 pico P 10-12

femto f 10-15 atto a 10-18

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• Energy and Environment

• Greenhouse effect and global warming

• Ozone Layer Destruction

• Acid Rain Formation

• Radiation and Health

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Examples:

1- A force of 50 pounds pushes a box along a floor a

distance of 100 feet. How much work (in ft.lb) has been
done? How much energy (in joule) has been expended?

2- The temperature of 15 pounds of water in a tank has

been raised by 10 degrees Fahrenheit. How many Btu of
heat energy was added to the water? What is this
energy in joules?

3-The mass of a pencil is 10 grams. What is the

equivalent mass energy in joules?

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Classify the following terms according to
whether they represented energy (E), power (P)
, or nether (N):
a- calorie…………….
b- horsepower……….
c- joules/ sec……………
d- joules . sec…………..
e- Quad………………..
F – BTU…………..

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Complete the following sentences:

1- The natural of the problems between energy & environment are……….….

2- Energy comes in many forms as:…………………………………………………..
3-……..is the energy associated with random molecular motions within any
medium
4- The disadvantages of using coal as fuel are…………………………………….
5- The renewable energy which can be used in Egypt as …………………………
6 - …………..is the time rate of using energy.
7- ……………is using for measuring the quantities of energy resources
8- At hydroelectric dam, where water is dropped onto a turbine below, the
water hitting the blades of the turbine has ……..equal to …………….. it would
have had at the top of the reservoir surface.
9- A mineral resource is …………………………………….
10- One Btu is defined to be the amount of heat energy required to raise the
temperature of …………of water by ……………………
11- ………….is the amount of energy required to raise the temperature of one
gram of water by one degree Celsius

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