Proteins:
·Interphase = cell grows
R group
·Peptide bond -> broken by hydrolysis
·Held together = H has positive charge
O has negative charge
Opposites attract form weak H2
bonds
·Polymerisation = amino acids joined forming
polypeptides
·Secondary = twists structure with charges shown
above forming alpha helix
·Tertiary = one polypeptide chain
=alpha helices twisted
= contains -> disulphide bridges
-> Ionic bonds
-> Hydrogen bonds
·Quaternary = Many polypeptide chains
Test for proteins: 1) sample in test tube with equal
volume sodium hydroxide
2) few drops dilute copper sulphate
and mix
3) Purple
Mitosis:
DNA replicates
·Prophase = DNA supercoils
Chromosomes become visible
Nuclear membrane breaks down
Centrioles migrate to poles
Spindle fibres develop
·Metaphase = chromosomes line up on equator of
cell
·Anaphase = Spindles grip centromeres
Chromosomes migrate to poles
Sister chromatids pulled to opposite poles
·Telophase = Nuclear membrane reforms
Chromosomes disperse.
Cytokinesis begins.
·Cytokinesis = cytoplasm divides
DNA and RNA:
·DNA base = Adenine and Thymine
Guanine and Cytosine
·RNA base = Uracil
·Bond highlighted = phosphodiester
·RNA = single polypeptide chain
·DNA = double polypeptide chain
·RNA pentose sugar = ribose
·DNA pentose sugar = deoxyribose
·mRNA = messenger -> protein synthesis
·rRNA = ribosomal -> part of ribosomes
·tRNA = transfer -> make proteins at ribosomes
·tRNA = clover leaf -> hydrogen bonds form to
some sections of tRNA complementary to
base pairing
·DNA stable = backbone -> protects bases
= hydrogen bonds -> fprm bridges between
phosphodiester uprights
·ADP to ATP is ATP catalyses reaction
·ATP to ADP is ATP hydrolase catalyses