Contents

To the Instructor ix
To the Student xv

PART ONE:
INTRODUCTION TO SPEECH COMMUNICATION 1

Chapter One 3
Introduction 3

OBJECTIVES 3
THE COMMUNICATION PROCESS 5
Noise 6
Communication Model 7
External Noise 7
Listener-Generated Noise 8
Speaker-Generated Noise 8
SUMMARY 9
SUGGESTED READINGS 9

Chapter Two
Dealing with Nervousness 11

OBJECTIVES 11
STAGE FRIGHT DEFINED 13
WHAT CAUSES STAGE FRIGHT? 13
PHYSICAL SYMPTOMS OF STAGE FRIGHT 14
WHAT CAN YOU DO ABOUT STAGE FRIGHT? 14
Long-Term Treatments 15
Understand Your Stage Fright 15
Talk about Stage Fright 15
Be Realistic about the Situation 15
Develop a Communication Orientation 15
Put Things in Perspective 16
Develop Realistic Ex~ectations 16
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Activities 17
Gain as Much Experience as Possible 17
Short-Term Treatments 18
Practice, Practice, Practice! 19
Talk About What's Happening Now 19
Check Out the Room 19
Burn Up Excess Energy 19
Get Enough Sleep the Night Before 20
First-Aid (On-the-Spot)Treatments 20
Think about Other Things 20
Pause Before You Speak 20
Use Energy While You Talk 20
Look for Friendly Faces 20
SUMMARY 21
SUGGESTED READINGS 21

Chapter Three
The Speech Process 23

OBJECTIVES 23
THE NATURE OF SOUND 23
What Sound Is 23
Intensity and Loudness 26
Complexity and Quality 26
THE SPEECH PROCESS 28
Innervation 28
Breathing 28
The Mechanism 29
Phonation 33
Sound Production 33
Pitch 34
Resonance in the Vocal Tract 36
Articulation 36
SUMMARY 41
SUGGESTED READINGS 42

Chapter Four
The Sounds of American English 43

OBJECTIVES 43
SPEECH COMES FIRST 43
Sounds, Not Letters 44
Speech and Writing Confusion 44