INDEX

SR.NO. CONTENT PAGE NO.

1. INTRODUCTION to YOUNG'S
MODULUS
2.
Liner Elasticity 3
Material stiffness should not be confused 4
with these properties
4.
Usage of YOUNG'S MODULUS
s.
Calculations 8 to 10
6.
Approximate Values 11 to 12

Conclusion 13
8.
References 14
9.

10.

11.

12.
 Chapter
1-

1 Introduction to YOUNG'S MODULUS

Young's modulus E, the Young modulus, or the modulus of elasticity

in tension or compression (i.e., negative tension), is a mechanical
property that measures the tensile or compressive stiffness of a solid
material when the force is applied lengthwise. It quantifies the
relationship between tensile/compressive stress (force per unit area)
and axial strain (proportional deformation) in the linear elastic
region of a material and is determined using the formula:

Stress.

Strain, E

Young's modulus is the slope of

the linear part of the stress-strain
curve for a material under tension
or compression.
 Young's moduli are typically so large that they are
expressed not in pascals but in gigapascals (GPa).
'2
Although Young's modulus is named after the 19th-century
British scientist Thomas Young, the concept was developed
in 1727 by Leonhard Euler. The first experiments that used
the concept of Young's modulus in its current form were
performed by the Italian scientist Giordano Riccati in 1782,
pre-dating Young's work by 25 years. The term modulus is
derived from the Latin root term modus which means
measure.

Thomas Young Leonhard Euler

Giordano Riccati
3 Chapter
2Liner
Elasticity
A solid material will undergo elastic deformation when a small load
is applied to it in compression or extension. Elastic deformation is
reversible, meaning that the material returns to its original shape
after the load is removed.

At near-zero stress and strain, the

19
stress—strain curve is linear, and
the relationship between stress and
strain is described by Hooke's law
that states stress is proportional to
strain. The coefficient of
proportionality is Young's modulus. 16
The higher the modulus, the more
stress is needed to create the same
amount of strain; an idealized rigid
5
body would have an infinite
Young's modulus. Conversely, a
very soft material (such as a fluid)
would deform without force, and would 3 have zero
Young's modulus.

Not many materials are linear and elastic beyond a small amount
of deformation.
4 Chapter
3-

Material stiffness should not be confused

with these properties
•Strength- maximum amount of stress that material can withstand
while staying in the elastic (reversible) deformation regime

•Geometric Stiffness- a global characteristic of the body that

depends on its shape, and not only on the local
properties of the material; for instance, an I-
beam has a higher bending stiffness than a rod
of the same material for a given mass per length

•Hardness- relative resistance of the material's surface to penetration

by a harder body.

•Toughness- amount of energy that a material can absorb before

fracture.
5 Chapter

Strain. E

4-
Usage ofYOUNG'S MODULUS
Young's modulus enables the calculation of the change in the
dimension of a bar made of an isotropic elastic material under tensile
or compressive loads. For instance, it predicts how much a material
sample extends under tension or shortens under compression. The
Young's modulus directly applies to cases of uniaxial stress; that is,
tensile or compressive stress in one direction and no stress in the
other directions. Young's modulus is also used in order to predict the
deflection that will occur in a statically determinate beam when a load
is applied at a point in between the beam's supports.

Other elastic calculations usually require the use of one additional

elastic property, such as the shear modulus G, bulk modulus K, and
6
Poisson's ratio V . Any two of these parameters are sufficient to
fully describe elasticity in an isotropic material. For homogeneous
isotropic materials simple relations exist between elastic constants
that allow calculating them all as long as two are known:

E = 2G(1 + v) = - W).
•Linear versus non-linear
Young's modulus represents the factor of proportionality in
Hooke's law, which relates the stress and the strain. However,
Hooke's law is only valid under the assumption of an elastic and
linear response. Any real material will eventually fail and break
when stretched over a very large distance or with a very large
force; however all solid materials exhibit nearly Hookean
behavior for small enough strains or stresses. If the range over
which Hooke's law is valid is large enough compared to the
typical stress that one expects to apply to the material, the
material is said to be linear. Otherwise (if the typical stress one
would apply is outside the linear range) the material is said to be
non-linear.
7 Chapter
8
•Temperature dependence
The Young's modulus of metals varies with the temperature and
can be realized through the change in the interatomic bonding of
the atoms and hence its change is found to be dependent on the
change in the work function of the metal. Although classically, this
change is predicted through fitting and without a clear underlying
mechanism (for example, the Watchman's formula), the Rahemi-
Li model demonstrates how the change in the electron work
function leads to change in the Young's modulus of metals and
predicts this variation with calculable parameters, using the
generalization of the Lennard-Jones potential to solids. In general,
as the temperature increases, the Young's modulus decreases via
E(T) = where the electron work function varies with the
(kBT)2 as p(T) = po — and is a po
calculable material property which is
dependent on the crystal structure (for
example, BCC, FCC).
po is the electron work function at and is
constant throughout the change.

Chapter
5Calculations
Young's modulus E, can be calculated by
dividing the tensile stress, c(E), by the
engineering extensional strain, E, in the elastic
9
(initial, linear) portion of the physical stress—
strain curve:

FLO
€ ¯ AL/L0 ¯ AAL
where
• E is the Young's modulus (modulus of
elasticity)
• F is the force exerted on an object under
tension;
• A is the actual cross-sectional area, which
equals the area of the cross-section
perpendicular to the applied force;

• AL is the amount by which the length of the

object changes (AL is positive if the material is
stretched, and negative when the material is
compressed);
10
Force exerted by stretched or
contracted material
The Young's modulus of a material can be used
to calculate the force it exerts under specific
strain.

EAAL

where F is the force exerted by the material

when contracted or stretched by AL.
Hooke's law for a stretched wire can be derived
from this formula:

AL = kc
where it comes in saturation

and c AL.
But note that the elasticity of coiled springs
comes from shear modulus, not Young's
modulus.
11
Elastic potential energy
The elastic potential energy stored in a linear
elastic material is given by the integral of the
Hooke's law:

now by explicating the intensive variables:

dAL AL dAL
This means that the elastic potential energy
density (that is, per unit volume) is given by:

E AL2
ALO 2L2
or, in simple notation, for a linear elastic material:
—EE2, 1since the strain is
2
AL
defined E —
In a nonlinear elastic material the Young's
modulus is a function of the strain, so the
second equivalence no longer holds and the
12
elastic energy is not a quadratic function of the
strain:

E(E) E de # —EE2
Chapter
6Approximate
Values
72

5
Gins component Mdition. mol%

Young's modulus can vary somewhat due

to differences in sample composition and
test method. The rate of deformation has
the greatest impact on the data collected,
especially in polymers. The values here
13
are approximate and only meant for
relative comparison.
•Approximate Young's modulus for various
materials=
Young's Megapound
Material modulus per square
inch
(GPa)
Aluminium (13Al) 68 9.86
Amino-acid molecular 3.05 — 6
21
crystals 38
Aramid (for example, 70.5 10.2 16.3
Kevlar) 112.4
Aromatic 230 —
peptidenanospheres 275
Aromatic 19 —
2.76 3.92
peptidenanotubes 27
Bacteriophage 0.145 —
1—3
capsids 0.435
Beryllium (4Be) 287 41 .6
14
Bone, human cortical 14 2.03
Brass 106 1 5.4
Bronze 112 1 6.2
Carbon nitride (CN2) 822 119
Carbon-fiber-
reinforced plastic
30 — 4.35 —
(CFRP), 50/50
fibre/matrix, biaxial
50 7.25
fabric
Chapter 7Conclusion

The aim of this project is to learn what is

YOUNG'S MODULUS ,how they works ,who
invented this modulus ,etc.
Also we learn what are the usage of YOUNG'S
MODULUS ,how they work together,
approximate Values of various materials gets
after modulus experiment.
 Chapter
8References
•various pdf ahe available on internet
•wikipedia of YOUNG'S MODULUS
•pictures from google and magazine
•Used nirali book of strength of
Materials
•guidence from subject teacher