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Fundamentals of Electrical Machines PDF Ebook 102 pages
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5 FUNDAMENTALS OF ELECTRICAL MACHINES ................................................................. 3 No ratings yet
5.1 INTRODUCTION ............................................................................................................... 3
5.2 INTRODUCTION TO MACHINERY PRINCIPLES ......................................................................... 3
5.2.1 Introduction ........................................................................................................... 3
5.2.2 Rotational Motion, Newton’s Law and Power Relationship .................................. 4
 Angular position,  ....................................................................................................... 4 
5.2.2.2 Angular Velocity,  ...................................................................................................... 4 Document 19 pages
5.2.2.3
5.2.2.4
Angular acceleration,  ................................................................................................ 4
Torque,  ...................................................................................................................... 5
Physics Motors and
5.2.2.5 Work, W ....................................................................................................................... 5 Generators Notes
5.2.2.6 Power, P ....................................................................................................................... 5
5.2.2.7 Newton’s Law of Rotation ............................................................................................ 6 Vincent Tran
5.2.3 1.2 The Magnetic Field ........................................................................................ 6
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5.2.3.1 Production of a Magnetic Field .................................................................................... 6
5.2.4 Magnetics Circuits ................................................................................................. 8
5.2.5 Production of Induced Force on a Wire. .............................................................. 14
5.3 TRANSFORMERS............................................................................................................ 15
5.3.1 Construction of Transformers .............................................................................. 15 
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5.3.2 Types of transformers: ........................................................................................ 17
5.3.3 The Ideal Transformer ......................................................................................... 18 mulat
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5.4.4 Transistors ........................................................................................................... 21
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5.5.1 Classification Of Electric Machines ...................................................................... 23
5.5.2 Basic Features Of Electric Machines .................................................................... 25 
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5.5.3 Electric Machines Applications ............................................................................ 25
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Relationship Between
5.1 INTRODUCTION Torque
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emphasis of this module will be on explaining the properties of each type of machine, with
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machines in terms of their performance characteristics and preferred field of application.
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5.2.1 INTRODUCTION

1. Electric Machines  mechanical energy to electric energy or vice versa.

Mechanical energy  Electric energy : GENERATOR
Electric energy  mechanical energy : MOTOR. 
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2. Almost all practical motors and generators convert energy from one form to 1-s2.0-S088832701400315X-
another through the action of a magnetic field.
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4. When we talk about machines, another related device is the transformer. A

transformer is a device that converts ac electric energy at one voltage level to ac
electric energy at another voltage level. 
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5. Transformers are usually studied together with generators and motors because Modelling and Simulation of
they operate on the same principle, the difference is just in the action of a
magnetic field to accomplish the change in voltage level.
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6. Why are electric motors and generators so common?
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6.1 Electric power is a clean and efficient energy source that is very easy to
transmit over long distances and easy to control.
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6.2 Does not require constant ventilation and fuel (compare to internal- Document 62 pages
combustion engine), free from pollutant associated with combustion. Ch1
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’
5.2.2 ROTATIONAL MOTION, NEWTON S LAW AND POWER
RELATIONSHIP

Almost all electric machines rotate about an axis, called the shaft of the machines. It
is important to have a basic understanding of rotational motion. 
Document 31 pages

Angular position, Psms Lab Manual

Is the angle at which it is oriented, measured from some arbitrary reference point. Ashish Yadav
Its measurement units are in radians (rad) or in degrees. It is similar to the linear concept of No ratings yet
distance along a line.

Conventional notation: + value for anticlockwise rotation

- value for clockwise rotation


5.2.2.2 Angular Velocity, Document 28 pages

Defined as the velocity at which the measured point is moving. Similar to the Electric
concept of standard velocity where: Machines_Chapter_1
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 =  (5. 1)
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t – time taken to travel the distance r Document 21 pages

For a rotating body, angular velocity is formulated as: 12-AC Motors

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where:

 - Angular position/ angular distance traversed by the rotating body

t – time taken for the rotating body to traverse the specified distance, .
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5.2.2.3 Angular acceleration,
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5.2.2.4 Torque,
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absence of a net force on the object, its velocity is constant. The greater the force applied to
the object, the more rapidly its velocity changes. Similarly in the concept of rotation, when Pedada Aditya
an object is rotating, its angular velocity is constant unless a torque is present on it. Greater No ratings yet
the torque, more rapid the angular velocity changes.

Torque is known as a rotational force applied to a rotating body giving angular

acceleration, a.k.a. ‘twisting force’.
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Definition of Torque: Product of force applied to the object and the smallest
distance between the line of action of the force and the obje ct’s axis of rotation. Siemens Basics of AC Drives
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 = Force × perpondicular distance =  ×  sin  (5. 4)
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5.2.2.5 Work, W

Is defined as the application of Force through a distance. Therefore, work may be

defined as:
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 =  (5. 5)
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of motion and constant in magnitude, hence,
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 =  (5. 6)

Applying the same concept for rotating bodies,

 =   (5. 7)
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Is defined as rate of doing work. Hence,

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Applying this for rotating bodies,
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   
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This equation can describe the mechanical power on the shaft of a motor or
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5.2.2.7 Newton’s Law of Rotation

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Newton’s law for objects moving in a straight line gives a relationship between the
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 =  (5. 11)

where:

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m – mass of object 
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a – resultant acceleration of object
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 =  (Nm) (5. 12)

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J – moment of inertia 
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 - angular acceleration
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Magnetic fields are the fundamental mechanism by which energy is converted from
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one form to another in motors, generators and transformers.

First, we are going to look at the basic principle – A current-carrying wire produces a
magnetic field in the area around it. 
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5.2.3.1 Production of a Magnetic Field 16251

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 =  (5. 13)

where H is the magnetic field intensity produced by the current I net and dl is a
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Figure 5. 1: Simple Magnetic Circuit. Paper Marnetic2013

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the amount of current flowing through the conductor wound with N turns around the
ferromagnetic material as shown. Since the core is made of ferromagnetic material, it is
assume that a majority of the magnetic field will be confined to the core.

The path of integration in Ampere’s law is the mean path length of the core, l c. The
current passing within the path of integration I net is then Ni, since the coil of wires cuts the 
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path of integration N times while carrying the current i. Hence Ampere’s Law becomes,
TO_IMPROVE_EFFICIENCY_

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OF_PROTOTYPE_VAWT.pdf
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In this sense, H (Ampere turns per meter) is known as the effort required to induce a
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the material of the core. Thus,

= (5. 15)

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µ= magnetic permeability of material (Henrys per meter)

TO_IMPROVE_EFFICIENCY_
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H = magnetic field intensity (ampere-turns per meter)
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The constant  may be further expanded to include relative permeability which can
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be defined as below:

 =   0 (5. 16)

where: o – permeability of free space (a.k.a. air) 

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Hence the permeability value is a combination of the relative permeability and the TO_IMPROVE_EFFICIENCY_
permeability of free space. The value of relative permeability is dependent upon the type of
material used. The higher the amount permeability, the higher the amount of flux induced in
OF_PROTOTYPE.pdf
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Also, because the permeability of iron is so much higher than that of air, the majority
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surrounding air, which has lower permeability. The small leakage flux that does leave the 
iron core is important in determining the flux linkages between coils and the self- Document 17 pages
inductances of coils in transformers and motors. EE-260 Lecture 01
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Now, to measure the total flux flowing in the ferromagnetic core, consideration has
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
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 = 

(5. 18)
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 =  (5. 19)

Taking into account past derivation of B,

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
 =   (5. 20)
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The flow of magnetic flux induced in the ferromagnetic core can be made analogous
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turns. Hence the magnetic circuit equivalent equation is as shown:

 =  Similar to  =  (5. 21)

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Reluctance is measured in Ampere-turns per Weber.

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 =
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of a material. Hence the inverse of reluctance is known as permeance, P where it represents
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= (5. 24)
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Thus,

 =  (5. 26)
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