BIOLOGY MAKE-UP ACTIVITIES

10th Grade 2023 -2025 / II –Term

TOTAL MARKS: 47

INSTRUCTIONS

1. Read the content of the topics highlighted in yellow. Use KOGNITY.

2. Update your notebook
3. Print this paper and answer the questions (handwriting only).
4. Prepare for your Make-up exam

UNIT: 2. BIOMOLECULES
TOPICS: A.1.1 Water; B1.1 Carbohydrates and Lipids; B1.2 Proteins; C1.1 Enzymes and metabolism; A1.2 Nucleic acids;
A2.1 Origin of cells; A2.3 Viruses

(a) Explain how the properties of phospholipids help to maintain the structure of cell membranes. (2)
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bB) Explain how the properties of water are significant to living organisms. (9)
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(b) Outline the diverse roles of proteins in living cells (2)

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UNIT: 2. CELL BIOLOGY
TOPICS: A2.2 Cell structure; B2.2 Organelles and compartmentalization; B2.3 Cell specialization; B2.1 Membrane and
membrane transport

(b) Explain how chemical bonding between water molecules makes water a valuable coolant in living organisms.
(2)
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(c) Describe the movement of water across membranes. (2)

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(d) State the role of water in photosynthesis. (2)

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(e) The scanning electron micrograph below shows the surface of the nuclear envelope with numerous nuclear
pores.

[Source: adapted from D Nelson and M Cox, (2000), Lehninger Principles of Biochemistry, third edition, page 35]

(i) Calculate the power of magnification of the image (include the procedure). (1)
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(ii) State the diameter of the pore labelled X. (1)

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(f) List two examples of how human life depends on mitosis. (1)

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(g) Describe the importance of stem cells in differentiation. (3)

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(h) The diagram shows a section through a membrane. What are the modes of transport in the diagram? (1)

Justify your answer:

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[Source: © International Baccalaureate Organization 2020.] ………………………………………………………..

(g) The salt concentration inside the Paramecium is 1.8 %. The salt concentration in the surrounding medium suddenly
drops to 0.2 %. What will be the likely response? (1)
[Source: Adapted from www.biology-resources.com. Copyright 2004–2017 D G Mackean & Ian Mackean. All rights reserved.]

A. The cell will lose salt to the medium.

B. The contractile vacuole will expel more water.
C. The cell will swell and eventually burst.
D. The membrane will become more permeable to salt

Justify your answer:

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(h) The table shows concentrations of potassium ions and sodium ions inside and outside human cells. (1)

What explains these concentrations?

A. Potassium ions diffuse in and sodium ions

diffuse out.
B. Sodium ions diffuse in and potassium ions
diffuse out.
C. Active transport pumps sodium ions in and
potassium ions out.
[Source: © International Baccalaureate Organization 2019] D. Active transport pumps sodium ions out and
potassium ions in.

Justify your answer:

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(i) Red blood cells from a small mammal were immersed in NaCl (sodium chloride) solutions of different
concentrations for 2 hours. The graph shows the percentage of hemolysed (ruptured) red blood cells at each
concentration.
 [Source: Zaidan, T. , de Matos, W. , Machado, É. , Junqueira, T. , Vicentini, S. , Presta, G. and Santos-Filho, S. (2010) Cellular effects of an aqueous solution of Losartan® on the survival of
Escherichia coli AB1157 in the presence and absence of SnCl2, and on the physiological property (osmotic fragility) of the erytrocyte. Advances inBioscience and Biotechnology, 1, 300–304.
doi: 10.4236/abb.2010.14039. Available at https://www.scirp.org/pdf/ABB20100400005_18844979.pdf Licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International
License(https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/).]

What can be deduced from the graph? (1)

A. At Y, the net movement of Na ions between red blood cells and the NaCl solutions is zero.
B. At X, Na and Cl ions disrupt the structure of cell membranes.
C. At Y, the hypertonic NaCl solutions diffuse into the red blood cells.
D. At X, water has moved by osmosis into the red blood cells.
Justify your answer:
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(j) Draw a labelled diagram to show the fluid mosaic structure of a plasma membrane, indicating the hydrophilic and
hydrophobic regions. (5)
(k) Distinguish between active and passive movements of materials across plasma membranes, using named examples. (4)

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(l) State one therapeutic role of stem cells. [2]

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(m) Discuss how the use of stem cells to treat hereditary diseases could affect the person who received the
treatment and their progeny. [3]

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(n) Calculate the length of the entire cell labelled Y, showing your working (Include the process). [2]
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(o) Cell X has a surface area of 70µm2 and a volume of 12µm3. Cell Y has a surface area of 36µm2 and a volume of
10µm3.
Using the information above, determine the surface-area-to-volume ratio of each cell.
What is the SA:V ratio of the cell that will exchange materials with its environment at the fastest rate of diffusion? (2)
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