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After the campaign that summer concluded with the Treaty of Tilsit, Massena again retired to Rueil.
Massena was up to the challenge and reorganized his troops, successfully fighting off the Austrian
attacks. In early 1798 he was given command of the troops ordered to occupy the Papal States.
Initially he refused the command until Napoleon personally spoke to him and made promises of
support to convince him to take the challenge. Creating your own self-guided walk in Nice is easy
and fun. Some of the officers who had served with him in Italy and Switzerland, such as Foy and
Marbot, remarked that he had lost his resolve and energy. 3. In September of 1808 Massena took part
in a hunting party at Fontainebleau where Napoleon accidentally shot him in the left eye causing him
to lose sight in that eye, while Berthier took the blame for the bad shot. Massena launched an
offensive in March of 1799 by invading Grisons and seizing Coire, but he was unable to take
Feldkirch. One of the more interesting artifacts on display is the death mask of Napoleon. However,
two months later he was relieved of command for many of the same reasons as in 1798 when he had
left Rome, namely looting and treating the troops poorly. He then turned to cut off Suvorov's
Russians, inflicting severe casualties on them and almost cutting off their retreat. That August the
Russians under Field Marshal Suvorov aimed to join up with the Austrians, but in September
Massena attacked the Austrians first, winning a brilliant victory at Zurich. That September he
encountered British General Wellesley, the future Duke of Wellington, at Bussaco and was repulsed,
but Massena was able to outflank the position and force Wellesley to fall back anyway. Four months
later he was named commander of the Army of Switzerland but put under the overall strategic
command of General Jourdan. It is also nicknamed the Massena Villa, as it is located inside the old
home of Victor Massena. The location was built over a period from 1898 until 1901. He immediately
went on the offensive, seizing the forts of Chiusa and Tarvis and then winning at Neumarkt and
Unzmarkt. While in Rome, Massena was accused of looting and treating the soldiers poorly and his
troops became openly hostile to him. Massena's troops marched out of Genoa with all their
equipment, surrendering the city and the city alone. There are just so many wonderful things to see,
do, eat, and drink that our well-being can suffer while we live it up. The app turns your mobile
device to a personal tour guide and it works offline, so no data plan is needed when traveling abroad.
Nevertheless, he successfully extricated his men after Napoleon ordered the retreat back across the
Danube. Due to losses suffered by the other French armies, the Directory named Massena
commander-in-chief of the Army of the Danube and the Army of Switzerland and placed him in
charge of defending the entire eastern frontier of France. Napoleon recalled Massena to Paris and
made him a Peer of France but did not employ him. Massena was later injured in a fall from his
horse, and so in July when he commanded the left wing at the Battle of Wagram, he led his men
from a carriage pulled by four white horses. Next Massena was sent with a corps of troops to help
support the Siege of Toulon. For the campaigns of 1805 Massena was recalled to active service and
given command of the Army of Italy. The next year the ambitious, young General Bonaparte arrived
to take command of the Army of Italy. Massena left the Army of Switzerland at the end of
November, returned to Paris to meet with Napoleon, and then left for Italy at the end of December.
Massena and his men became trapped in Genoa, but when he was asked to surrender, he replied that
he'd rather be buried under the towers of Genoa. 1 Meanwhile, a British fleet under Admiral Keith
blockaded the city from the sea, preventing any hope of resupply. After the campaign that summer
concluded with the Treaty of Tilsit, Massena again retired to Rueil. For the campaigns of 1805
Massena was recalled to active service and given command of the Army of Italy. However, two
months later he was relieved of command for many of the same reasons as in 1798 when he had left
Rome, namely looting and treating the troops poorly. That’s why a stop in Nice is a great idea when
you’re in France. In early 1798 he was given command of the troops ordered to occupy the Papal
States. Initially he refused the command until Napoleon personally spoke to him and made promises
of support to convince him to take the challenge. There are just so many wonderful things to see, do,
eat, and drink that our well-being can suffer while we live it up. You get five sous a day, and I am
worth 600,000 francs a year. Each room tries to depict an era in the history of the city, which
includes its art, design, furniture, fashion, and the like. Centuries of somewhat turbulent history have
left imprint on the face of Old Nice, which until the 18th century represented the entire urban area.
His request was granted in early 1807 and he received command of V Corps. Why You Should Visit:
The view from the outside of the house or looking at the beach across the street are amazing; the
gardens (free to everyone) are a nice, tranquil spot away from the busy Promenade; the museum's
ground floor is furnished in the style that the rooms were intended for; and you also get to see some
nice exhibits on the other floors. The museum of art and history moved into this location in 1921. He
retired to Antibes where he married the daughter of a surgeon, Mademoiselle Lamarre, and opened a
grocery store that allegedly concealed a smuggling operation. By this time Napoleon was
disappointed in Massena's lack of success in Portugal, and he relieved him of command, replacing
him with Marshal Marmont. While in Rome, Massena was accused of looting and treating the
soldiers poorly and his troops became openly hostile to him. They were the work of Edouard Andre,
who is quite famous as a landscape designer. His father died when he was six, and at age thirteen he
ran away to escape to sea as a cabin boy. Massena laid siege to Gaeta and fought insurgents in
Calabria later that year, but he requested to rejoin the Grande Armee and leave Italy. You can even
set your hotel as the start point of the walk. That June he fought the Austrians but was repulsed at
Melogno, and then in November he won at Loano. He spent the next four years sailing on the
Mediterranean Sea and Atlantic Ocean before returning to Nice. Finally as the French ran out of
supplies and began to starve, he ordered the retreat in March of 1811. Four months later he was
named commander of the Army of Switzerland but put under the overall strategic command of
General Jourdan. With more than 7,000 shopping options scattered throughout its almost 72 sq km
area, the city surely knows how to offer unique and varied goods to its trendy residents and similarly
stylish travelers anxious. Napoleon recalled Massena to Paris and made him a Peer of France but did
not employ him. You can find this place along the Promenade des Anglais. Unable to directly
challenge the line due to a lack of enough siege equipment, Massena hoped to draw Wellesley out
into battle but was unsuccessful.
He retired to Antibes where he married the daughter of a surgeon, Mademoiselle Lamarre, and
opened a grocery store that allegedly concealed a smuggling operation. Centuries of somewhat
turbulent history have left imprint on the face of Old Nice, which until the 18th century represented
the entire urban area. In November Massena served on the Brenta and at Caldiero before fighting at
Arcola. Massena left the Army of Switzerland at the end of November, returned to Paris to meet
with Napoleon, and then left for Italy at the end of December. However, when the Bourbons
discovered that he was not a French citizen due to his birth in Nice before that city became part of
France, they forced him to become a citizen. 4. He seized Capua in February of 1806 and then
entered Naples with Joseph Bonaparte who became King of Naples shortly thereafter. One of the
more interesting artifacts on display is the death mask of Napoleon. After the campaign that summer
concluded with the Treaty of Tilsit, Massena again retired to Rueil. While he did not win any major
battles, he did prevent the Archduke Charles from joining with the other Austrian and Russian
armies, which in turn helped Napoleon's overall strategy for the successful campaign. That August he
won at Lonato and fought at Castiglione and then in September he fought at Bassano, Due Castelli,
and Saint-Georges. Creating your own self-guided walk in Nice is easy and fun. The app turns your
mobile device to a personal tour guide and it works offline, so no data plan is needed when traveling
abroad. Each room tries to depict an era in the history of the city, which includes its art, design,
furniture, fashion, and the like. In September of 1808 Massena took part in a hunting party at
Fontainebleau where Napoleon accidentally shot him in the left eye causing him to lose sight in that
eye, while Berthier took the blame for the bad shot. Due to losses suffered by the other French
armies, the Directory named Massena commander-in-chief of the Army of the Danube and the Army
of Switzerland and placed him in charge of defending the entire eastern frontier of France. Elting,
Swords Around a Throne, 141. Ibid., 664. Bibliography Chandler, David G., ed. Napoleon's
Marshals. Twelve years later in 1789 Massena left the army when he realized he could no longer
advance his career there due to his low birth. Some of the officers who had served with him in Italy
and Switzerland, such as Foy and Marbot, remarked that he had lost his resolve and energy. 3.
Massena retired to Rueil on full pay and rested there with his wife and three children for the next few
years. Continuing to take part in the campaign, Massena was one of the officers to charge across the
bridge at Lodi, and he then went on to take Milan and Verona. As Napoleon finished negotiating the
Peace of Leoben, Massena was sent to Paris to take the preliminary treaty to the Directory. In total,
there are over fifteen thousand items featured here. Massena was up to the challenge and reorganized
his troops, successfully fighting off the Austrian attacks. Once back in Piedmont, he enlisted in the
Royal Italian Regiment in the service of France and two years later he was promoted to sergeant.
Next Massena was sent with a corps of troops to help support the Siege of Toulon. The location was
built over a period from 1898 until 1901. However, his holding of the city had given Napoleon time
to cross the Alps unopposed and strike at the Austrians with the Army of the Reserve. He then
turned to cut off Suvorov's Russians, inflicting severe casualties on them and almost cutting off their
retreat. Each time the Austrians tried to storm the city, the French responded with successful
counterattacks, but they could only fight disease and hunger for so long. In 1791 he joined the 2nd
Battalion of Volunteers of Var and the next year he was elected lieutenant colonel of the battalion.
Centuries of somewhat turbulent history have left imprint on the face of Old Nice, which until the
18th century represented the entire urban area. Twelve years later in 1789 Massena left the army
when he realized he could no longer advance his career there due to his low birth. That April he
distinguished himself at Landshut and Eckmuhl before occupying Straubing. Next Massena was sent
with a corps of troops to help support the Siege of Toulon. He spent the next four years sailing on the
Mediterranean Sea and Atlantic Ocean before returning to Nice. He immediately went on the
offensive, seizing the forts of Chiusa and Tarvis and then winning at Neumarkt and Unzmarkt.
Elting, Swords Around a Throne, 141. Ibid., 664. Bibliography Chandler, David G., ed. Napoleon's
Marshals. Unable to directly challenge the line due to a lack of enough siege equipment, Massena
hoped to draw Wellesley out into battle but was unsuccessful. Why You Should Visit: The view
from the outside of the house or looking at the beach across the street are amazing; the gardens (free
to everyone) are a nice, tranquil spot away from the busy Promenade; the museum's ground floor is
furnished in the style that the rooms were intended for; and you also get to see some nice exhibits on
the other floors. However, two months later he was relieved of command for many of the same
reasons as in 1798 when he had left Rome, namely looting and treating the troops poorly. He seized
Capua in February of 1806 and then entered Naples with Joseph Bonaparte who became King of
Naples shortly thereafter. As the French army went on the offensive, he took part in the expedition to
Oneglia and Saorgio by seizing Ormeo and Garessio and then fighting at Saorgio. The next year he
was created the Duke of Rivoli in honor of his accomplishments at the battle in 1797. After
establishing his command at Nice, he then moved his headquarters up to Genoa. That June he fought
the Austrians but was repulsed at Melogno, and then in November he won at Loano. That May he
occupied the pass of Tende, but the offensive was halted during the summer. General Massena
resumed an active command in April of 1795 when he took command of the 1st Division of the right
wing of the Army of Italy. Massena retired to Rueil on full pay and rested there with his wife and
three children for the next few years. Once back in Piedmont, he enlisted in the Royal Italian
Regiment in the service of France and two years later he was promoted to sergeant. Once he had
arrived, he took part in the assault and took the forts Lartigue and Sainte-Catherine. In November
Massena served on the Brenta and at Caldiero before fighting at Arcola. In 1791 he joined the 2nd
Battalion of Volunteers of Var and the next year he was elected lieutenant colonel of the battalion.
They were the work of Edouard Andre, who is quite famous as a landscape designer. Other than
being just a fashionable French Riviera destination with lively streets, leisurely atmosphere, historical
sites and beautiful architecture, Nice is also a true shopper’s paradise. Nevertheless, he successfully
extricated his men after Napoleon ordered the retreat back across the Danube. Each time the
Austrians tried to storm the city, the French responded with successful counterattacks, but they could
only fight disease and hunger for so long. The location was built over a period from 1898 until 1901.
One of his many acts as First Consul was to name Massena the commander-in-chief of the Army of
Italy. In early 1798 he was given command of the troops ordered to occupy the Papal States.
Massena was up to the challenge and reorganized his troops, successfully fighting off the Austrian
attacks.
By this time Napoleon was disappointed in Massena's lack of success in Portugal, and he relieved
him of command, replacing him with Marshal Marmont. However, in December he fell ill and had no
choice but to hand over his command until he could recover sufficiently. Wellesley's army pursued
the French and laid siege to Almeida, and in May Massena marched his army to raise the siege. After
the campaign that summer concluded with the Treaty of Tilsit, Massena again retired to Rueil. Once
he had arrived, he took part in the assault and took the forts Lartigue and Sainte-Catherine. Elting,
Swords Around a Throne, 141. Ibid., 664. Bibliography Chandler, David G., ed. Napoleon's
Marshals. Each room tries to depict an era in the history of the city, which includes its art, design,
furniture, fashion, and the like. The next year he was created the Duke of Rivoli in honor of his
accomplishments at the battle in 1797. One of the more interesting artifacts on display is the death
mask of Napoleon. Next he and his men were designated for the Army of Italy, and he later
commanded the camps of Baolet and then Fougasse. While Marshal Lannes held Essling, Massena
held Aspern against the continuous onslaught of Austrian troops. That May he occupied the pass of
Tende, but the offensive was halted during the summer. Once back in Piedmont, he enlisted in the
Royal Italian Regiment in the service of France and two years later he was promoted to sergeant.
There are some beautiful garden spots located around the place as well. Creating your own self-
guided walk in Nice is easy and fun. That April he distinguished himself at Landshut and Eckmuhl
before occupying Straubing. As Napoleon finished negotiating the Peace of Leoben, Massena was
sent to Paris to take the preliminary treaty to the Directory. Massena and his men became trapped in
Genoa, but when he was asked to surrender, he replied that he'd rather be buried under the towers of
Genoa. 1 Meanwhile, a British fleet under Admiral Keith blockaded the city from the sea, preventing
any hope of resupply. You get five sous a day, and I am worth 600,000 francs a year. While he did
not win any major battles, he did prevent the Archduke Charles from joining with the other Austrian
and Russian armies, which in turn helped Napoleon's overall strategy for the successful campaign.
Massena launched an offensive in March of 1799 by invading Grisons and seizing Coire, but he was
unable to take Feldkirch. You can find this place along the Promenade des Anglais. He was also the
person behind the beautiful gardens at the Monte Carlo Casino. The location was built over a period
from 1898 until 1901. Nevertheless, he successfully extricated his men after Napoleon ordered the
retreat back across the Danube. Initially he refused the command until Napoleon personally spoke to
him and made promises of support to convince him to take the challenge. Next Massena was sent
with a corps of troops to help support the Siege of Toulon. It is also nicknamed the Massena Villa, as
it is located inside the old home of Victor Massena. You can even set your hotel as the start point of
the walk.