2024년 1학기 분자생물학1

Chapter1. Studying the Molecules

of Life
(생명의 분자)

Jeong Yoon Lee, Ph.D., Assistant Professor

E-mail: jeongyoon.lee@jbnu.ac.kr
Homepage: https://kozri.jbnu.ac.kr/bbs/board.php?bo_id=lab6_01
분자생물학1: Chaper1. Studying the Molecules of Life
What Is Life?

FIGURE 1-1 Characteristics of living systems. Each characteristic distinguishes living

organisms from inanimate matter. 1994년 미항공우주국(NASA)은 ‘생명은 무엇인가?’

→ 생명은 다윈 진화가 가능한 화학적 체계

→ 생명과학 분야에서 진화설의 중요성 강조

분자생물학1: Chaper1. Studying the Molecules of Life

What Is Molecular Biology?

1. (생물정보 (Biological
생물정보 information)
(Biological information) – 촉매작용
– 촉매작용 (catalysis) (catalysis))

2. (진화
진화(evolution))
(evolution)

3. (분자생물학은
분자생물학은과학이다)
과학이다

분자생물학1: Chaper1. Studying the Molecules of Life

What Is Life?

From Molecular Biology: Principles and Practice, 2nd Ed.

FIGURE 1-2 RNA-containing vesicles undergoing division. Division is driven by the uptake of 생명계 존재를 위한 필요조건
lipids by RNA-containing vesicles (red). [Source: Courtesy of J. W. Szostak; first published in S.
Graham, Scientific American, Oct. 4, 2003.] 1. (원재료원재료(탄소, 질소, 산소,
(탄소, 질소, 산소,수소)
수소))
2. (태양 에너지)
태양 에너지
3. (막)
막

분자생물학1: Chaper1. Studying the Molecules of Life

 https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:228_Nucleotides-01.jpg

From 생명이란 무엇인가? 남상윤역, 월드사이언스

분자생물학1: Chaper1. Studying the Molecules of Life

 From 생명이란 무엇인가? 남상윤역, 월드사이언스

분자생물학1: Chaper1. Studying the Molecules of Life

What Is Life?

FIGURE 1-3 DNA structure. Because of its structural properties, DNA is well suited for long
term information storage. Genomic DNA almost always consists of two complementary
strands of deoxyribonucleic acid . Each strand has a backbone consisting of deoxyribose
residues connected by phosphate groups, and a base is attached to each ribose. Strand
complementarity is enforced by specific interactions between the bases in each strand. The
interactions create base pairs. (a) The G ≡ C and A = T base pairs are similarly sized, giving the
DNA double helix a uniform width and allowing base pairs, in any sequence, to stack.
Complementary base pairing facilitates replication and transmission from one generation to
the next. (b) The double-helical structure and base stacking confer stability. Major and minor
helical grooves in the structure provide access to genetic information for a wide range o f DNA
binding proteins. The uniform structure of the DNA backbone allows the synthesis of very
long polymers.

분자생물학1: Chaper1. Studying the Molecules of Life

Evolution Underpins Molecular Biology

FIGURE 1-4 Pathways of biological information flow. In almost all living systems, information
is stored in DNA, then transcribed into RNA, which is processed and translated into protein.
DNA is replicated to prepare for cell division. The transfer and maintenance of genetic
information are regulated at each of these stages. Exceptions to this general pattern are
found in certain viruses (RNA viruses and retroviruses) that store their genetic information in
RNA. Viruses with RNA genomes make use of additional pathways (denoted by the red
arrows)- RNA replication and reverse transcription (creation of DNA from RNA, instead of the
other way around)-to maintain their genomes. The yellow highlighting represents points of
regulation. Processes in the gray shaded box, along with occasional errors in replication,
reverse transcription, and RNA replication, give rise to genomic alterations (mutations) that
fuel evolution.

분자생물학1: Chaper1. Studying the Molecules of Life

Life on Earth Probably Began with RNA

FIGURE 1-5 Prebiotic chemistry. Over hundreds of millions of years, and with constant energy
input from solar radiation, volcanism, and other sources, the molecular constituents of Earth's
early atmosphere were converted from simple molecules such as water, methane, ammonia,
hydrogen, nitrogen, and carbon dioxide into a range of more complex organic molecules and
polymers. The resulting tarry substance may have coated the planet's surface and turned
bodies of water into concentrated and complex solutions.

지구는 어떻게 탄생했을까?: https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=ZknwqieFqwk

⚫ 약 45억년 전, 지구표면은 황과 황화수소로 덮여 있었는데 냉각되면서 소나기가
내리고 원시바다가 형성되었다고 추정.

⚫ 이 원시바다에 이산화탄소가 다량으로 유입되었으나 칼슘과 나트륨이 바다 속으로

유입되면서 이산화탄소와 결합하여 이산화탄소가 줄어들게 됨.

⚫ 이에 온실효과가 줄어듦에 따라 지구가 식어지고, 구름이 걷히고 햇빛이 들어오게

되니 비로소 생명체의 요소가 쌓이게 됨(그림 1.1).

From 성의 과학과 미학, 윤성규역, 월드사이언스

분자생물학1: Chaper1. Studying the Molecules of Life

⚫ 약 35억년 전, 태양에너지를 이용하여 광합성을 하는 원핵생물인 시아노박테리아(Cyanobacteria)가
탄생(그림 1.2).

⚫ 스스로 에너지를 생성하고 부산물로 산소를 방출함.

⚫ 황화수소의 바다가 산소가 풍부한 바다로 바뀌게 되고, 바다 속에 풍부한 산소가 대기로 방출.

From 성의 과학과 미학, 윤성규역, 월드사이언스

분자생물학1: Chaper1. Studying the Molecules of Life

⚫ 약 20억년 전, 이번에는 산소가 풍부해진 환경변화에 적응하여 생명체의 발달이 가속화 됨.

⚫ 두 가지의 박테리아가 1개의 세포 안에서 공존하게 되어 한 개의 세포 안에 핵과 미토콘드리아를 가진

새로운 생명체인 단세포 생물이 탄생.

⚫ 이 단세포 생물은 수많은 분자로 쇠사슬처럼 연결된 DNA를 가졌으며 똑같은 DNA를 복제하여
분열하기 시작함.

⚫ 이것이 바로 성(sex)의 구별 없이 단지 똑 같은 유전자만 늘어나는 무성생식(asexual reproduction)의

시작이라고 추정함.

From 성의 과학과 미학, 윤성규역, 월드사이언스

지구의 생애 첫 ‘산소＇생성 스토리: https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=YHMkUR7UtYg

⚫ 약 14억년 전, 지구상에 처음으로 대륙이 등장하고 환경의 급격한 변화로 바다에
양분의 부족하게 되자 단세포 생물이 멸종의 위기에 놓이게 됨.

⚫ 단세포들이 생존을 위해 두 개가 합쳐져 하나의 세포로 만들어지게 됨.

⚫ 지금의 클라미도모나스류(Chlamydomonas)와 비슷한 존재였을 것임(그림 1.3).

http://ecotopia.hani.co.kr/63107

From 성의 과학과 미학, 윤성규역, 월드사이언스

분자생물학1: Chaper1. Studying the Molecules of Life

⚫ 클라미도모나스는 엽록체와 2개의 편모를 가진 원생생물로서 혼자서 생활하며 무성생식을 함.

⚫ 양분이 전혀 없는 샬레에 넣으면 움직이는 것을 멈추고 다른 세포 속으로 들어가 하나로

합체하며, 양분이 충분한 샬레에 넣으면 다시 두 세포로 갈라짐.

⚫ 양자 중에 대형의 것은 소극적이고, 소형의 것은 적극적으로 대형의 것을 추격하면서 다님.

⚫ 이것이 성의 발생과 관계가 있으며, 감수분열적인 성으로 진화된 것이라 추정됨.

⚫ 몸 안에 2세트의 DNA가 있게 되면 DNA를 교환하게 되고, 합쳐진 세포는 먼저와는 다른 성분

으로 분열하게 되고, 다른 유전자 조합을 가진 세포가 탄생하게 됨.

From 성의 과학과 미학, 윤성규역, 월드사이언스

분자생물학1: Chaper1. Studying the Molecules of Life

Evolution Underpins Molecular Biology

1. (RNA 세계RNA가설
세계 가설(RNA
(RNAworld hypothesis))
world hypothesis
→ 1960년대 후반: 칼 우즈(Carl Woese), 프란시스 크릭
(Francis Crick), 레스리 오르겔(Leslie Orgel)

2. (촉매RNA(catalytic RNA)
촉매RNA(catalytic 또는
RNA) 또는리보자임(ribozyme)의
리보자임(ribozyme)의 발견 발견)
→ 1980년대 초반: 토마스 첵(Thomas Cech), 시드니 알트
먼(Sidney Altman)

FIGURE 1-6 The SOS subunit of a bacterial ribosome. The gray parts of the subunit are RNA
and the blue parts are protein. The structure is a huge ribozyme that evolved for the synthesis
of protein. [Source: PDB ID 1VSA.]

분자생물학1: Chaper1. Studying the Molecules of Life

The Last Universal Common Ancestor Is the Root of the Tree of Life

LUCA(마지막공통조상): Last Universal Common Ancestor

FIGURE 1-7 The last universal common ancestor. LUCA and its immediate descendants
probably had a simple metabolism and a form of transcriptional machinery to replicate their
RNA genome. A primitive ribosome and protein-biosynthetic apparatus would have used the
same universal genetic code found in all modern organisms.

분자생물학1: Chaper1. Studying the Molecules of Life

The Last Universal Common Ancestor Is the Root of the Tree of Life

FIGURE 1-8 The universal tree of life. A current version of the tree is shown here, with
branches for the three main groups of known organisms: bacteria, archaea, and eukaryotes.
Particular types of bacteria, engulfed by other cells, gave rise to mitochondria and
chloroplasts. [Source: Data from J. R. Brown, "Universal tree of fife," in Encyclopedia of Life
Sciences, Wiley lnterScience (on fine), 2005.]

최초의 생명은 어디에서 왔을까? : https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=hjJNdlCUt0o&t=168s

Evolution by Natural Selection Requires Variation and Competition

FIGURE 1-9 An evolutionary tree as sketched by Darwin in his 1837 notebook. [Source:
Reproduced by kind permission of the Syndics of Cambridge University Library.]

종의 기원 by 찰스 다윈 : https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=jASwGTLHl1E
Evolution by Natural Selection Requires Variation and Competition

1. 자연선택: ‘변이＇와 ‘경쟁＇

FIGURE 1-10 Variation and competition. On the plains of Africa, predation eliminates the
weakest individuals from a population. [Source: Gary Dublanko / Alamy]

분자생물학1: Chaper1. Studying the Molecules of Life

Evolution by Natural Selection Requires Variation and Competition

FIGURE 1-11 Horizontal gene transfer. Genetic material is transferred between organisms,
especially bacteria, by several mechanisms. New DNA can be introduced by bacterial viruses
(bacteriophages) via transduction. In some cases, genes are passed purposefully from one
bacterium to another by a kind of bacterial sexual exchange called conjugation. Segments of
DNA (released from broken cells) may be taken up from the environment in a process called
transformation. In all cases, the new DNA may be incorporated into the chromosome by
recombination. The movement of genetic elements called transposons (sometimes referred
to colloquially as "hopping genes") can augment the effects of all these processes, if
transposons are part of the introduced DNA. These processes are described in more detail in
Chapter 14.

분자생물학1: Chaper1. Studying the Molecules of Life

Evolution by Natural Selection Requires Variation and Competition

FIGURE 1-12 Similarities among organisms during development. As an example, a human

embryo (left) is compared with a mouse embryo (right). Although the adult forms differ
greatly in appearance, the embryos reveal similarities in body plan and development. .

분자생물학1: Chaper1. Studying the Molecules of Life

The Scientific Method Underlies Scientific Progress

FIGURE 1-13 A timeline of development of the scientific method. The life spans of a
few of the major contributors are shown.

분자생물학1: Chaper1. Studying the Molecules of Life

The Scientific Method Is a Versatile Instrument of Discovery 가설과 발견

모델 구축과 계산

가설과 추론

탐구와 관찰

영감 (PCR, 캐리 멀리스)

행운의 발견

www.nobelprize.org

FIGURE 1-14 A flow chart of the scientific method. When scientists apply the scientific
method, it is a nonlinear process with many and varied inputs.

분자생물학1: Chaper1. Studying the Molecules of Life

 How We Know

분자생물학1: Chaper1. Studying the Molecules of Life

 How We Know

분자생물학1: Chaper1. Studying the Molecules of Life

 How We Know

분자생물학1: Chaper1. Studying the Molecules of Life

분자생물학1: Chaper1. Studying the Molecules of Life