LEARNER’S PACKET NO.

QUARTER 1

21ST CENTURY LITERATURE FROM THE PHILIPPINES AND THE WORLD

Name: ____________________________ Grade Level: 11/12

Date/Week: _________________________

I.

Compare and contrast the various 21st century literary genres and the ones
from the earlier genres/periods citing their elements, structures, and
traditions.

II.

Genre is a category of artistic, musical, or literary composition characterized by a

particular style, form, or content. Literary genres from the Philippines in the early
literary periods include folk songs, folk narratives, riddles, tanaga, and religious
prose and poetry.

As the cliché states that change is the only constant thing in the world, and so
it is also the case in literature. As time passes, literary genres are being added due
to their relevance and timeliness.

21st Century literary genres refer to the category of a literary composition that
emerged during the 21st Century. These genres are blog, creative nonfiction, flash
fiction, graphic novel, and manga. In this learner’s packet, we will discuss the
structure of these various literary genres from the early literary periods until the 21st
Century.

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LITERARY GENRES FROM THE PHILIPPINE EARLY LITERARY PERIODS

1. FOLK SONGS – are forms of folk lyric which expresses the hopes and
aspirations, the people’s lifestyles as well as their loves. These are often
repetitive and loud, didactic and naïve.

Examples: Ida-ida (Maguindanao), Cansiones Para Abbing (Ibanag), Harana

(Cebuano)

2. FOLK NARRATIVES (Epic, Legend, Fables) – are varied, exotic, and

magical. In the case of legends, these are explanations of the origins of
things, of how the world was created or how animals and people came to life,
and even the mountains, volcanoes, waterfalls, and other things that comprise
the world. Fables are stories wherein the main characters are animals and
these teach moral lessons. Filipino epics are considered ethno-epics because
they are not national for they are “histories” of varied groups that consider
themselves “nations.” These epics revolve around supernatural events or
heroic deeds and they present the beliefs, customs, and traditions of a
community. These are either sung or chanted during harvests, weddings, or
funerals.

Examples: Lam-ang (Ilocano), Hinilawod (Sulod), Darangen (Maranao), Ibalon

(Bikolano)

3. RIDDLES – or tigmo in Cebuano, bugtong in Tagalog, paktakon in Ilongo, and

patototdon in Bicol reveal subtle similarities between two unlike objects and
one’s power of observation and wit are put into test. These are statements,
questions, or phrases having double or veiled meanings.

Examples:

“Buto’t balat, lumilipad” Answer: Saranggola (Kite)

”Isang prinsesa nakaupo sa tasa” Answer: Kasoy (Cashew)

4. TANAGA – is a mono-riming heptasyllabic quatrain expressing insights and

lessons on life and is more emotionally rooted than the terse proverb and thus
has affinities with the folk lyric.

Examples: Basahanon (Bukidnon) and Daraida and Daragilon (Panay)

5. RELIGIOUS PROSE AND POETRY (Dalit and Pasyon) – The Dalit has no
fixed meter nor rhyme scheme although a number is written in octosyllabic
quatrains (a line of verse with eight syllables) and has a solemn tone and

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 spiritual subject matter. Pasyon is written in octosyllabic quintillas (Spanish
stanza of five octosyllabic lines with common rhyme schemes of abaab,
abbab, aabab, ababa and aabba) that was embedded in the Filipino’s
commemoration of Christ’s agony and resurrection at Calvary.

Examples:

Salamat nang walang hanga/Gracias de sin sempiternas by Fernando

Bagonbanta and Ang Mahal na Passion ni Jesu Christong Panginoon natin na
tola by Gaspar Aquino de Belen in 1704
Sources: Christine F. Godinez-Ortega, “The Literary Forms in Philippine Literature”, NCCA.
Wikipedia contributors, “Riddle”, Wikipedia, The Free Encyclopedia.
Wikipedia contributors, “Quintilla (poetry)”, Wikipedia, The Free Encyclopedia.
Wikipedia contributors, “Octosyllable”, Wikipedia, The Free Encyclopedia.

21ST CENTURY LITERARY GENRES

1. BLOG - a discussion or informational website published on the World Wide
Web consisting of discrete, often informal diary-style text entries (posts).
Since it is like an online diary, it is written in prose. A typical blog combines
text, digital images, and links to other blogs, web pages, and other media
related to its topic. Blogs can be personal, collaborative, corporate,
educational, political, and fashion. They are now used for content creation and
sharing on social media, particularly if they are long narrative forms shared
regularly. This is why most people maintain a blog on social media.

Examples: art blogs, photoblogs, edublogs

Source: Wikipedia contributors, “Blog”, Wikipedia, The Free Encyclopedia.

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2. CREATIVE NONFICTION – This writing genre uses literary styles and
techniques to create factually accurate narratives. It is different from other
nonfiction, such as academic or technical writing, in a way that its purpose is
to entertain while delivering factual information. It is written in prose since it is
a narrative like an essay, biography, autobiography, memoir, diary, travel
writing, food writing, literary journalism, and chronicle. Still, it can also have
the elements of rhythm and poetry.

Example: “Jose Rizal: Life, Works, and Writings of a Genius, Writer, Scientist,
and National Hero” by Gregorio F. Zaide and Sonia M. Zaide

Source: Wikipedia contributors, “Creative Nonfiction”, Wikipedia, The Free Encyclopedia.

3. FLASH FICTION – is a fictional work of extreme brevity that still offers

character and plot development. It is usually composed of six to one thousand
words and possesses a unique literary quality in its ability to hint at or imply a
larger story. Since it is also known as a “short short story,” it is prose and has
a complete plot. Great flash fiction often incorporates surprise, usually a twist
ending or an unexpected line.

Example: #ManilaEncounters

Source: Wikipedia contributors, “Flash fiction”, Wikipedia, The Free Encyclopedia.

4. GRAPHIC NOVEL – is a fictional story presented in comic-strip format and

published as a book. Although "novel" normally refers to long fictional works,
"graphic novel" is applied broadly and includes fiction, non-fiction, and
anthologized work. In terms of structure, it is a narrative in that it tells a story,
but it uses illustrations and texts in a comic-strip format; therefore, there are
graphic elements like speech/thought balloons, frames, and others.

Example: Trese: Book of Murders by Budjette Tan

Source: Wikipedia contributors, “Graphic novel”, Wikipedia, The Free Encyclopedia.

5. MANGA – is a comic or graphic novel originating from Japan. Most manga

conform to a style developed in Japan in the late 19th century. It is used in
Japan to refer to both comics and cartooning. Therefore, it is narrative yet
uses graphic elements to tell a story, resulting in a comic-strip format. Manga
stories are usually printed in black and white and serialized in large manga
magazines, often containing many stories, each presented in a single episode
to be continued in the next issue. It differs from comics or graphic novels in
that it is read using the right-to-left direction.

Example: One Piece by Eiichiro Oda

Source: Wikipedia contributors, “Manga”, Wikipedia, The Free Encyclopedia.

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III.

ACTIVITY 1: VENN DIAGRAM

Directions: Compare and contrast the literary genres from the Philippine early literary
periods to the 21st Century literary genres. Write your answer on a separate sheet of
paper.

ACTIVITY 2: IDENTIFICATION
Directions: Underline one distinctive characteristic of the given literary genres. Write
your answer on a separate sheet of paper.

1. RIDDLES (double or veiled meaning, comic format, novel)

2. MANGA (six to one thousand words, comic format, discussion)
3. DALIT AND PASYON (comical, octosyllabic quatrains or quintillas, short short
story)
4. FLASH FICTION (octosyllabic quatrains, comic format, six to one thousand
words)
5. FOLK NARRATIVES (epic, legend and fables, comic format, short short story)

ACTIVITY 3
Directions: Choose one literary genre from the given literary genres discussed and
write your opinion on education in the new normal setting using your chosen literary
genre.

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ASSESSMENT – MULTIPLE CHOICE

Directions: Read each item carefully and choose the correct answer. Write the letter
of your answer in your notebook.

1. It is a comic or graphic novel originating from Japan which developed from

late 19th century.
A. manga C. tanaga
B. riddles D. graphic novel

2. These are statements, questions, or phrase having double or veiled meaning.

A. tanaga C. legends
B. riddles D. flash fiction

3. This is a fictional story that is presented in comic-strip format and published

as a book.
A. dalit C. flash fiction
B. manga D. graphic novel

4. This literary genre’s purpose is to entertain while delivering factual

information. Some examples are essays, biography, memoir and etc.
A. pasyon C. folk narratives
B. tanaga D. creative nonfiction

5. This is a literary genre that is usually composed of six to one thousand words
and possesses a unique literary quality in its ability to hint at or imply a larger
story.
A. blog C. flash fiction
B. riddles D. graphic novel

6. This literary genre is a mono-riming heptasyllabic quatrain expressing insights

and lessons on life.
A. pasyon C. legends
B. tanaga D. creative nonfiction

7. Why our epics are considered ethno-epics?

A. our epics are not historical enough
B. our epics are not interesting enough
C. our epics are not national for they are “histories” of varied groups that
consider themselves “nations”
D. our epics are national for they are “histories” of varied groups that
consider themselves “nations”

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 8. Which of the following is NOT an example of creative nonfiction?
A. 1000 Gifts by Ann Voscamp
B. Dandelion Wine by Ray Bradbury
C. Trese: Book of Murders by Budjette Tan
D. Jose Rizal: Life, Works, and Writings of a Genius, Writer, Scientist, and
National Hero by Gregorio F. Zaide and Sonia M. Zaide

9. If Lam-ang is an epic from the Ilocanos then which is an epic from the
Bicolanos?
A. Ibalon
B. Darangen
C. Hinilawod
D. Hudhud ni Aliguyon

10. Why flash fiction is called “short short story”?

A. because it conforms to a style developed in Japan in the late 19th
century
B. because it uses literary styles and techniques to create factually
accurate narratives
C. because it is usually composed of six to one thousand words and
possesses a unique literary quality in its ability to hint at or imply a larger
story
D. because it is a discussion or informational website published on
the World Wide Web consisting of discrete, often informal diary-style text
entries or posts.

IV.

RUBRIC FOR ACTIVITY 3:

3 2
Appropriateness of All the characteristics
the use of literary of the chosen genre
genres are evident throughout
the piece.
Mechanics Paragraphs have zero
errors in punctuation,
capitalization, and
spelling
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At least two to three At least one
characteristics of the characteristic of the
chosen genre are chosen genre is
evident throughout the evident throughout the
piece. piece.
Paragraphs have one Paragraphs have three
or two errors in or more errors in
punctuation, punctuation,

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 capitalization, and capitalization, and
spelling spelling
Organization and Five or more Two to four transitional One transitional device
Transitions transitional devices devices were used. was used.
were used.

V.

ACTIVITY NO. 1 – The students’ answers may vary.

ACTIVITY NO. 2 – 1. double or veiled meaning

2. comic format
3. octosyllabic quatrains or quintillas
4. 6 to 1000 words
5. epic, legend and fables

ACTIVITY NO. 3 – The students’ output will be graded according to the given
rubric.

ASSESSMENT – 1. A. 2. B. 3. D. 4. D. 5. C.
6. B. 7. C. 8. C. 9. A. 10. C.

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VI.

Christine F. Godinez-Ortega, “The Literary Forms in Philippine Literature”,

NCCA,https://www.ncca.gov.ph/about-ncca-3-subcommissions/subcommission-on-
the-arts-sca-literary-arts/the-literary-forms-in-philippine-literature (accessed August 8,
2021).

Wikipedia contributors, “Quintilla (poetry)”, Wikipedia, The Free Encyclopedia,

https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Quintilla_(poetry)&oldid=968953839 (accessed
August 8, 2021).

Wikipedia contributors, “Octosyllable”, Wikipedia, The Free Encyclopedia,

https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Octosyllable&oldid=1001367048 (accessed
August 8, 2021).

Wikipedia contributors, “Riddle”, Wikipedia, The Free Encyclopedia,

https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Riddle&oldid=1024976236 (accessed August 8,
2021).

Wikipedia contributors, “Blog”, Wikipedia, The Free Encyclopedia,

https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Blog&oldid=1034625252 (accessed August 8,
2021).

Wikipedia contributors, “Creative Nonfiction”, Wikipedia, The Free Encyclopedia,

https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Creative_nonfiction&oldid=1024700154
(accessed August 8, 2021).

Wikipedia contributors, “Flash fiction”, Wikipedia, The Free Encyclopedia,

https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Flash_fiction&oldid=1025851154 (accessed
August 8, 2021).

Wikipedia contributors, “Graphic novel”, Wikipedia, The Free Encyclopedia,

https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Graphic_novel&oldid=1036961430 (accessed
August 8, 2021).

Wikipedia contributors, “Manga”, Wikipedia, The Free Encyclopedia,

https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Manga&oldid=1036457963 (accessed August 8,
2021).

Wikimedia Commons contributors, "File:BlogActive.com Screenshot 2004.jpg," Wikimedia

Commons, the free media

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repository, https://commons.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?title=File:BlogActive.com_Sc
reenshot_2 004.jpg&oldid=562019616 (accessed September 21, 2021).

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