Compendium of Jainism Table of Contents

Table of Contents

SECTION A. INTRODUCTION .............................................................................................................. 19

A.1. Jain Prayers .............................................................................................................................. 20
A.1.1. Namaskär Mahämangal Sutra .............................................................................................. 20
A.1.2. Mängalik – Chattäri Mangalam: (Divine Refuge Prayer) ........................................................ 21
A.1.3. Khämemi Savva Jive Sutra: (Universal Forgiveness Prayer) ................................................. 21
A.1.4. Upsargäh Kshayam Yänti Sutra: (Reflection on Universal Peace) ......................................... 21
A.1.5. Shivmastu Sarva Jagatah Sutra: (Reflection on Universal Friendship) ................................... 22
A.1.6. Religious Stutis..................................................................................................................... 22
A.1.7. Sadguru prayers: (Reflection on True Teacher)..................................................................... 24
A.2. Dharma: Religion ...................................................................................................................... 26
A.2.1. Introduction .......................................................................................................................... 26
A.2.2. What is Religion?.................................................................................................................. 27
A.2.3. Meaning of Jainism ............................................................................................................... 28
A.2.4. Why Do We Pray? ................................................................................................................ 29
SECTION B. PHILOSOPHY .................................................................................................................. 30
B.1. Introduction to Jainism ............................................................................................................ 31
B.1.1. What is Jainism? .................................................................................................................. 31
B.1.2. Major Beliefs of Jainism ........................................................................................................ 32
B.1.3. Main Principles / Tenets of Jainism ....................................................................................... 32
B.1.4. Karma Theory (Law of Cause & Effect) ................................................................................. 33
B.1.5. Texts / Scriptures.................................................................................................................. 33
B.2. Panch Parameshthi .................................................................................................................. 34
B.2.1. Namaskär Mantra ................................................................................................................. 34
B.2.2. Arihant.................................................................................................................................. 35
B.2.3. Siddha .................................................................................................................................. 40
B.2.4. Ächärya ................................................................................................................................ 40
B.2.5. Upädhyäy ............................................................................................................................. 44
B.2.6. Sädhu and Sädhvi ................................................................................................................ 45
B.3. Jain Path of Liberation - Ratna Trayi ....................................................................................... 48
B.3.1. Ätmä (Soul) .......................................................................................................................... 48
B.3.2. Samyag Darshan (Right Perception or Faith) ........................................................................ 49
B.3.3. Samyag Jnän (Right Knowledge) .......................................................................................... 50
B.3.4. Samyak Chäritra (Right Conduct) ......................................................................................... 50
B.4. Six Universal Substances I: Jiva or Living Being ................................................................... 53

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B.4.1. Jain Reality........................................................................................................................... 53

B.4.2. Shad Dravya (Six Universal Substances) .............................................................................. 53
B.4.3. Jiva (Soul or Living being) ..................................................................................................... 54
B.4.4. Paryäpti (Power) and Prän (Vitality) ...................................................................................... 57
B.4.5. Four Realms......................................................................................................................... 60
B.4.6. Conclusion ........................................................................................................................... 61
B.5. Six Universal Substances II: Non-Living Substances ............................................................. 63
B.5.1. Ajiva (Non-living Substances) ............................................................................................... 63
B.5.2. Classification of Ajiva ............................................................................................................ 63
B.6. Nav Tattva Part I: Jiva, Ajiva, Punya, Päp, Äsrav, Bandh ....................................................... 69
B.6.1. Introduction .......................................................................................................................... 69
B.6.2. Jiva (Living Beings) .............................................................................................................. 70
B.6.3. Ajiva (Non-living beings) ....................................................................................................... 71
B.6.4. Punya and Päp (Good Deeds and Bad Deeds) ..................................................................... 71
B.6.5. Äsrav and Bandh (Inflow of Karma and Bondage of Karma) .................................................. 73
B.7. Nav Tattva Part II: Samvar, Nirjarä, and Moksh ....................................................................... 76
B.7.1. Introduction .......................................................................................................................... 76
B.7.2. Samvar (Prevention of Karma).............................................................................................. 76
B.7.3. Nirjarä (Partial Eradication of Karma) .................................................................................... 79
B.7.4. Moksh (Total Liberation from Karma) .................................................................................... 84
B.7.5. Summary.............................................................................................................................. 84
B.8. Theory of Karma and Reincarnation ........................................................................................ 89
B.8.1. Introduction .......................................................................................................................... 89
B.8.2. Bandh (Characteristics and Process of the Bondage)............................................................ 90
B.8.3. Four Characteristics of Bondage ........................................................................................... 91
B.8.4. Summary of Bandh ............................................................................................................... 92
B.8.5. Classification of Karma ......................................................................................................... 92
B.9. Theory of Karma: Q and A ...................................................................................................... 103
B.10. Punya and Päp ...................................................................................................................... 105
B.10.1. Introduction....................................................................................................................... 105
B.10.2. Punya (Virtuous or Wholesome) ....................................................................................... 105
B.10.3. Päp (Non-virtuous or Unwholesome)................................................................................. 108
B.10.4. Four-Fold Combinations of Punya and Päp ....................................................................... 116
B.10.5. Relationship among Ghäti, Aghäti, Punya and Päp Karma ................................................ 118
B.10.6. Classification of Punya (Shubh) and Päp (Ashubh) Karma ................................................ 119
B.10.7. Practical Aspects of Punya Karma and Päp Karma ........................................................... 120
B.10.8. Summary .......................................................................................................................... 121

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B.11. Anekäntaväd I - Theory of Multiplicity ................................................................................. 124

B.11.1. Introduction....................................................................................................................... 124
B.11.2. Application of Anekäntaväd............................................................................................... 125
B.11.3. How to know a Substance?............................................................................................... 126
B.11.4. Summary .......................................................................................................................... 128
B.12. Anekäntaväd II - Pramän, Naya and Syädväd ...................................................................... 130
B.12.1. Introduction....................................................................................................................... 130
B.12.2. Aim and Subject matter of Jain Logic ................................................................................ 130
B.12.3. Classification of Pramän ................................................................................................... 131
B.12.4. Summary of Pramän ......................................................................................................... 133
B.12.5. Nayaväd ........................................................................................................................... 133
B.12.6. Classification of Naya ....................................................................................................... 135
B.12.7. Summary of Naya ............................................................................................................. 139
B.12.8. Syädväd or Sapta-Bhanga (Seven Predications) ............................................................... 139
B.12.9. Is “Self” Permanent or Transitory? .................................................................................... 142
B.12.10. Importance of Anekäntaväd ............................................................................................ 143
B.12.11. Anekäntaväd and Ahimsä ............................................................................................... 143
B.13. Anekäntaväd III - Five Samväy or Causal Factors ............................................................... 146
B.13.1. Introduction....................................................................................................................... 146
B.13.2. Samväy ............................................................................................................................ 146
B.13.3. Significance of Samväy..................................................................................................... 149
B.13.4. Summary .......................................................................................................................... 149
B.14. Fourteen Gunasthän: Stages of Spiritual Development ..................................................... 151
B.14.1. Introduction....................................................................................................................... 151
B.14.2. Fourteen Gunasthän ......................................................................................................... 151
B.14.3. Summary .......................................................................................................................... 156
B.14.4. Gunasthän, Karma, Leshyä, and Dhyän Relationship Table .............................................. 157
SECTION C. CONDUCT ..................................................................................................................... 160
C.1. Jain Ascetics: Sädhu and Sädhvi .......................................................................................... 161
C.1.1. Introduction ........................................................................................................................ 161
C.1.2. Mahävrat (Major Vows)....................................................................................................... 161
C.1.3. Rules of Conduct for Specific Activities ............................................................................... 162
C.1.4. Summary............................................................................................................................ 164
C.2. Jain Lay people: Shrävak and Shrävikä ................................................................................ 165
C.2.1. Introduction ........................................................................................................................ 165
C.2.2. Vrat For Shrävak and Shrävikä (Twelve Vows of Laity) ....................................................... 165
C.2.3. Sanlekhanä Vrat (Peaceful Death) ...................................................................................... 171

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C.2.4. Summary............................................................................................................................ 171

C.3. Bhävanä (Reflections) ............................................................................................................ 173
C.3.1. Introduction ........................................................................................................................ 173
C.3.2. Twelve Main Bhävanä ........................................................................................................ 173
C.3.3. Four Auxiliary Bhävanä(Compassionate Reflections) .......................................................... 175
C.3.4. Summary............................................................................................................................ 177
C.4. Leshyä (State of Mind and Karmic Stains) ............................................................................ 178
C.4.1. Introduction ........................................................................................................................ 178
C.4.2. Classification of Leshyäs .................................................................................................... 178
C.5. Panchächär: Five Codes of Conduct ..................................................................................... 180
C.5.1. Introduction ........................................................................................................................ 180
C.5.2. Panchächär (Five Codes of Conduct) ................................................................................. 180
C.5.3. Summary............................................................................................................................ 190
C.6. Jain Ethics and the Environment ........................................................................................... 192
C.6.1. Jain Ethics.......................................................................................................................... 192
C.6.2. Three Cardinal Principles of Conduct .................................................................................. 192
C.6.3. Survival of Life vs Ethical Living .......................................................................................... 194
C.6.4. Ethical Living and Dairy Products ....................................................................................... 194
C.6.5. Jainism and the Environment: What does Jainism teach about ecology? ............................ 195
C.6.6. Summary and Recommendations ....................................................................................... 198
C.6.7. Jain Conduct and its Relevance to Modern Times............................................................... 199
C.7. Application of Nonviolence .................................................................................................... 200
C.7.1. Introduction ........................................................................................................................ 200
C.7.2. Animal Cruelty and Ecological Impact ................................................................................. 201
C.7.3. Ecological Impact of Non-vegetarianism ............................................................................. 201
C.7.4. Abstinence from Drinking Alcoholic Beverages ................................................................... 202
C.7.5. Refraining from Consumption of Honey .............................................................................. 203
C.7.6. Conscious Consumer ......................................................................................................... 203
C.7.7. Summary............................................................................................................................ 207
C.8. Jain Yoga ................................................................................................................................ 208
C.8.1. Introduction ........................................................................................................................ 208
C.8.2. Meaning of Yoga in Jain Tradition....................................................................................... 208
C.8.3. Four Primary Paths to Yoga................................................................................................ 208
C.8.4. Yoga Benefits ..................................................................................................................... 214
C.8.5. Yogic Diet........................................................................................................................... 215
C.8.6. Yogic Sankalpa (Oath) For Meditation ................................................................................ 215
C.8.7. Method of Yoga Meditation ................................................................................................. 215

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C.8.8. Importance of Yoga in Jain Rituals...................................................................................... 216

C.8.9. Summary............................................................................................................................ 217
C.9. Jainism in Action .................................................................................................................... 220
C.9.1. Nutrition, Health and Spirituality .......................................................................................... 220
C.9.2. Yoga, Health and Spirituality............................................................................................... 221
C.10. Living Values ........................................................................................................................ 226
C.10.1. Introduction ...................................................................................................................... 226
C.10.2. Kshamä (Forgiveness) - Overcomes Anger ...................................................................... 226
C.10.3. Vinay (Humility) - Overcomes Ego / Pride ......................................................................... 227
C.10.4. Saralatä (Honesty) - Overcomes Deceit ............................................................................ 227
C.10.5. Santosh (Contentment) - Overcomes Greed ..................................................................... 228
C.10.6. Karunä (Compassion)....................................................................................................... 229
C.10.7. Maitri (Friendship) ............................................................................................................ 230
C.10.8. The Power of Determination ............................................................................................. 231
C.10.9. Self-Reliance .................................................................................................................... 231
SECTION D. RITUALS ........................................................................................................................ 233
D.1. Jain Symbols .......................................................................................................................... 234
D.1.1. Jai Jinendra - Greeting ....................................................................................................... 234
D.1.2. Michchhämi Dukkadam – Asking Forgiveness .................................................................... 234
D.1.3. Jinälay - Jain Temple (Deräsar or Mandir) .......................................................................... 234
D.1.4. Om ..................................................................................................................................... 234
D.1.5. Hrim ................................................................................................................................... 235
D.1.6. Arhum ................................................................................................................................ 235
D.1.7. Swastik .............................................................................................................................. 235
D.1.8. Tilak ................................................................................................................................... 235
D.1.9. Universal Jain Symbol ........................................................................................................ 235
D.1.10. Federation of Jaina Logo .................................................................................................. 236
D.1.11. Ärati ................................................................................................................................. 236
D.1.12. Mangal Deevo .................................................................................................................. 236
D.1.13. Ashta Mangal ................................................................................................................... 236
D.1.14. Mäna-sthambha ............................................................................................................... 237
D.2. Tirthankars, Emblems, Dreams, Pujä Rituals ........................................................................ 238
D.2.1. Länchhan (Emblems or Symbols) ....................................................................................... 238
D.2.2. Tirthankars ......................................................................................................................... 238
D.2.3. Dreams of A Tirthankar’s Mother ........................................................................................ 242
D.2.4. Ashta Prakäri Pujä / Ashta Dravya Pujä .............................................................................. 245
D.3. Going to the Temple (Shvetämbar & Digambar Tradition) .................................................... 247

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D.3.1. Introduction ........................................................................................................................ 247

D.3.2. Digambar and Shvetämbar Images / Idols .......................................................................... 247
D.3.3. Recommendations ............................................................................................................. 248
D.3.4. Shvetämbar Tradition Pujä ................................................................................................. 249
D.3.5. Digambar Tradition Pujä ..................................................................................................... 257
D.3.6. Significance and Offering of Pujä ........................................................................................ 260
D.3.7. Special Pujä - Shvetämbar Tradition ................................................................................... 261
D.3.8. Pujan - Shvetämbar Tradition ............................................................................................. 262
D.3.9. List of various Pujä performed in Digambar Tradition .......................................................... 262
D.4. Six Ävashyak (Six Essentials and Daily Observances)......................................................... 264
D.4.1. Introduction ........................................................................................................................ 264
D.4.2. Six Essential Observances of Shvetämbar tradition ............................................................ 264
D.4.3. Six Essential Observances of Digambar Tradition ............................................................... 271
D.5. Paryushan and Das Lakshan Parva ....................................................................................... 275
D.5.1. Paryushan Mahä Parva ...................................................................................................... 275
D.5.2. Das Lakshan Parva ............................................................................................................ 277
D.5.3. Forgiveness Day ................................................................................................................ 281
D.6. Jain Festivals (Parva) and Celebrations ................................................................................ 282
D.6.1. Kalyänak - Auspicious Events............................................................................................. 282
D.6.2. Paryushan Maha Parva ...................................................................................................... 283
D.6.3. Das Lakshan Parva ............................................................................................................ 283
D.6.4. Mahävir Janma Kalyänak (Mahävir Jayanti) ........................................................................ 283
D.6.5. Diwäli ................................................................................................................................. 283
D.6.6. Jnän Panchami (Holy day for worshipping Knowledge) ....................................................... 285
D.6.7. Dev Diwäli or Kartaki Poonam ............................................................................................ 285
D.6.8. Navapad Oli ....................................................................................................................... 285
D.6.9. Maun Agiyäras ................................................................................................................... 286
D.6.10. Posh Dashmi .................................................................................................................... 286
D.6.11. Varsitap ............................................................................................................................ 286
D.6.12. Akshay Tritiya - Varsitap Pärnä......................................................................................... 286
D.6.13. Fägun Sud Teras.............................................................................................................. 286
D.6.14. Twelve Tithi ...................................................................................................................... 287
D.6.15. Chaumäsi Chaudas .......................................................................................................... 287
D.6.16. Mastakäbhishek - The Head Anointing Ceremony............................................................. 287
D.7. Jain Temples and Pilgrimage Places ..................................................................................... 288
D.7.1. Jain Pilgrimage Places (Jain Tirtha) .................................................................................... 288
D.7.2. Summary............................................................................................................................ 293

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D.8. Yaksha and Yakshini .............................................................................................................. 294

D.8.1. Chakreshwari Devi ............................................................................................................. 294
D.8.2. Ambikä Devi ....................................................................................................................... 295
D.8.3. Padmävati Devi .................................................................................................................. 295
D.8.4. Saraswati Devi ................................................................................................................... 295
D.8.5. Lakshmi Devi...................................................................................................................... 295
D.8.6. Manibhadra Dev ................................................................................................................. 295
D.8.7. Ghantäkarna Vir ................................................................................................................. 295
D.8.8. Näkodä Bhairava ................................................................................................................ 295
D.8.9. Bhomiyäji ........................................................................................................................... 295
SECTION E. JAIN HISTORY LITERATURE & SECTS........................................................................ 296
E.1. History of Jain Traditions and Sects ...................................................................................... 297
E.1.1. Introduction ........................................................................................................................ 297
E.1.2. Prehistoric Period ............................................................................................................... 297
E.1.3. Historical Period - Jain Tradition and Archeological Evidence.............................................. 298
E.1.4. Keval-jnäni, Shrut-kevali and Das-purvi Ächäryas ............................................................... 300
E.1.5. Jain Sects and their brief History......................................................................................... 301
E.1.6. Survival of Jainism in Difficult Times ................................................................................... 305
E.1.7. Jainism in Various Regions of India .................................................................................... 305
E.1.8. Jain Contributions to Indian Culture .................................................................................... 308
E.2. Jain Scriptures and Literature ................................................................................................ 309
E.2.1. Jain Scriptures or Ägam Literature ...................................................................................... 309
E.2.2. Vächanä (Recensions - Critical revision of Ägam as per Shvetämbar tradition) ................... 310
E.2.3. Classification of Jain Ägam ................................................................................................. 311
E.2.4. Purva.................................................................................................................................. 312
E.2.5. Anga-pravishtha Ägam ....................................................................................................... 312
E.2.6. Anga-bähya Ägam .............................................................................................................. 314
E.2.7. Commentaries on the Ägam ............................................................................................... 320
E.2.8. Digambar Recognized Literature......................................................................................... 320
E.2.9. Non-ägam Literature ........................................................................................................... 322
E.2.10. Some Sacred Books ......................................................................................................... 323
E.2.11. Summary .......................................................................................................................... 327
E.2.12. Names of Jain Ägam Literature ......................................................................................... 328
SECTION F. TIRTHANKAR STORIES ................................................................................................ 338
F.1. Bhagawän Mahävir.................................................................................................................. 339
F.1.1. Previous Lives .................................................................................................................... 339
F.1.2. Birth and Childhood ............................................................................................................ 339

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F.1.3. Renunciation....................................................................................................................... 340

F.2. Bhagawän Pärshvanäth .......................................................................................................... 345
F.3. Bhagawän Neminäth ............................................................................................................... 347
F.4. Bhagawän Mallinäth ................................................................................................................ 349
F.5. Bhagawän Ädinäth .................................................................................................................. 352
SECTION G. GANADHARS & ÄCHÄRYAS STORIES........................................................................ 354
G.1. Gautam-swämi ........................................................................................................................ 355
G.1.1. Somil’s Yajna ..................................................................................................................... 355
G.1.2. Änand Shrävak’s Clairvoyance Knowledge ......................................................................... 356
G.1.3. Offering Food to 1500 Hermits............................................................................................ 356
G.1.4. Gautam-Swämi’s Keval-jnän .............................................................................................. 356
G.2. Ganadhar Sudharmä-swämi................................................................................................... 358
G.3. Kevali Jambuswämi................................................................................................................ 360
G.4. Ächärya Sthulibhadra............................................................................................................. 362
G.5. Ächärya Kundkund ................................................................................................................. 366
G.6. Ächärya Haribhadra-suri ........................................................................................................ 367
G.7. Ächärya Hemchandra ............................................................................................................. 370
SECTION H. STORIES PRECEEDING BHAGAWÄN MAHÄVIR ........................................................ 372
H.1. Bharat and Bähubali ............................................................................................................... 373
H.2. King Megharath ...................................................................................................................... 376
H.3. Sage Nandisen ........................................................................................................................ 378
H.4. King Shripäl and Mayanä-sundari .......................................................................................... 380
H.5. Ilächikumar ............................................................................................................................. 383
H.6. Monk Kurgadu ........................................................................................................................ 386
SECTION I. STORIES DURING BHAGAWÄN MAHÄVIR’S LIFE ....................................................... 388
I.1. Mahävir-swämi and the Cow Herder........................................................................................ 389
I.2. Chandkaushik........................................................................................................................... 390
I.3. Chandanbälä ............................................................................................................................ 391
I.4. Nails in the Ears: Last Calamity for Bhagawän Mahävir......................................................... 394
I.5. Meghakumär ............................................................................................................................. 395
I.6. Aimuttä Muni ............................................................................................................................ 397
I.7. Änand Shrävak ......................................................................................................................... 400
I.8. Puniä Shrävak .......................................................................................................................... 402
I.9. Shälibhadra .............................................................................................................................. 403
I.10. King Shrenik and Queen Chelnä ........................................................................................... 405
I.11. King Shrenik and Anäthi Muni ............................................................................................... 406
I.12. King Shrenik’s Destiny........................................................................................................... 407

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I.12.1. Four Alternatives ................................................................................................................ 407

I.13. Monk Prasannachandra ......................................................................................................... 409
I.14. Abhaykumär and Thief Rohineya .......................................................................................... 411
SECTION J. STORIES AFTER BHAGAWÄN MAHÄVIR .................................................................... 414
J.1. Vajrakumär .............................................................................................................................. 415
J.2. King Samprati .......................................................................................................................... 418
J.3. Temples of Delwädä ................................................................................................................ 420
J.3.1. Vimalshä ............................................................................................................................. 420
J.3.2. Vastupäl and Tejpäl ............................................................................................................ 422
J.4. Udayan Mantri and His Sons – Ämbad and Bähad ................................................................ 424
J.4.1. Udayan Mantri (Minister) ..................................................................................................... 424
J.4.2. Ämbad and Bähad .............................................................................................................. 425
J.5. Nobility of Sävchand and Somchand ..................................................................................... 427
SECTION K. CONTEMPORARY JAIN LEGENDS .............................................................................. 430
K.1. Shrimad Räjchandra ............................................................................................................... 431
K.1.1. Introduction ........................................................................................................................ 431
K.1.2. Birth and Childhood ............................................................................................................ 431
K.1.3. Family ................................................................................................................................ 432
K.1.4. Power of Avadhän (Multi-Tasking) ...................................................................................... 432
K.1.5. Shrimad’s Writings.............................................................................................................. 432
K.1.6. Spiritual Progress ............................................................................................................... 433
K.1.7. Followers ............................................................................................................................ 433
K.1.8. Teachings and Contribution of Shrimad Räjchandra ............................................................ 434
K.1.9. Summary............................................................................................................................ 435
K.2. Virchand R. Gandhi ................................................................................................................ 437
K.2.1. A Brief Summary of His Life and Mission ............................................................................ 437
K.2.2. Literature Published by Shri Virchand R. Gandhi or complied from his Speeches: ............... 439
K.3. Great Ächäryas of Digambar and Shvetämbar Traditions .................................................... 440
K.3.1. Känji-Swämi ....................................................................................................................... 440
SECTION L. MORAL STORIES .......................................................................................................... 442
L.1. King Hansa .............................................................................................................................. 443
L.2. Kamalsen ................................................................................................................................. 445
L.3. Vipul and Vijan ........................................................................................................................ 446
L.4. Two Frogs................................................................................................................................ 447

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