INTRODUCTION

TO
MODULATION

Communications Systems

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 Communications Systems

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A Better Communicati on System

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Problems:
Antenna inefficiency at audio frequencies
All transmissions from all transmitters in the
same bandwidth, thereby interfering with
each other

Solution:
Frequency multiplexing using modulation.

MULTIPLEXING
Multiplexing is a set of
techniques that allows the
simultaneous transmission of
multiple signals across a single
link.
 Modulation
To modulate a signal means to systematically
vary one of the three parameters of a signal:
amplitude, frequency or phase.
The type of modulation may be categorized as
either:
 AM: amplitude modulation
 FM: frequency modulation or
 PM: phase modulation

AM: amplitude modulation

FM: FREQUENCY modulation

P M: PHASE m odu lation

 NEED FOR MODULATION
1. Avoids mixing of signals
2. Increase the range of
communication
3. Wireless communication
4. Reduces the effect of noise
5. Reduces the size/height of antenna

AMPLITUDE MODULATION
Amplitude modulation is a process whereby the
transmitter uses the information signal,
modulating signal, to vary the amplitude of a carrier
signal (a higher frequency signal) to produce a
modulated signal.
The basic principle of AM is to take voice
frequencies and modulate (mix) them with a
radio frequency signal so that they are converted
to radio frequencies which will radiate or
propagate through free space.
Communications Theory 1 Modulation / Intro to Amplitude Modulation 13
13

Amplitude Modulation

Carrier wave

Audio signal

Modulated wave
Amplitude varying-frequency
constant
AMPLITUDE MODULATION

Modulation/Intro to AMModulation / Intro to Amplitude

16
Modulation
Communications Theory Modulation/Intro to AMModulation / Intro to Amplitude
17
ICommunications Theory 1 Modulation
A M P L I T U D E M O D U L AT I O N

Vc
 Modulation Index
 Itis a measure of how fully the carrier
has been modulated.
The ratio between the amplitudes of
the modulating signal (Vm) and the
carrier signal (Vc). Between 0-1.
 Modulation Index

In a practical AM system, it usually contains many

frequency components. When this is the case,

2 2
m m  m   
1 2

Examples
1. The modulated peak value of a signal is 10 V
and the unmodulated carrier is 8 V. Find the
modulation index.
 Examples
2. A modulated signal seen on an oscilloscope has a maximum
span of 5 V. If the minimum voltage value is 1 V, what is the
modulation index?

AMPLITUDE MODULATION AS SEEN ON

AN OSCILLOSCOPE
Effects of Modulation Index

m=1

m>1

Modulation/Intro to AM Modulation / Intro to Amplitude

28
Modulation
 Modulation/Intro to AMModulation / Intro to Amplitude
29
Modulation

OVERMODULATION
When the modulation index is greater than 1,
overmodulation is present