‭SECTION A‬

‭ xplain distribution system at macro level and its components with a distribution layout‬
E
‭diagram.(15)‬
‭Ans ;1,2‬

‭1.Define Electrical distribution system with its purpose.(5)‬

‭●‬ T
‭ he part of the power system by which electric power is distributed‬
‭among various consumers for their local use is known as the electrical‬
‭power distribution system.‬
‭●‬ t‭ he electrical power distribution system is that part of the power system which conveys‬
‭ lectric power (or energy) from major sub-stations (which are supplied by transmission‬
e
‭lines) to the consumers as per their requirement.‬
‭●‬ ‭Distribution line generally consist of‬
‭➔‬ ‭Feeders‬‭Distributors‬
‭➔‬ ‭DISTRIBUTER‬
‭➔‬ ‭Service mains‬
‭F‬‭EEDER‬
‭●‬ ‭A line or conductor which connects the major sub-station to the distributor is known as the‬
f‭eeder.‬
‭●‬ ‭It is to feed the electric power (or energy) to the distributor.‬
‭ ‬ ‭Since no tapping is taken from the feeder, generally it carries the same current throughout‬
●
‭its length.‬
‭●‬ ‭The‬‭current carrying capacity‬‭is the main consideration‬‭taken into account while designing‬
‭a feeder.‬

‭DISTRIBUTER‬

‭●‬ A ‭ conductor to which various consumers are connected through‬

‭service mains is known as the distributor.‬
‭●‬ ‭It is to distribute electric power (or energy) to various consumers,‬
‭thus a number of tappings are taken from the distributor.‬
‭●‬ ‭Hence, it carries different currents along its length.‬
‭●‬ ‭While designing a distributor‬‭voltage drop‬‭along the‬‭length of‬
‭the distributor is the main consideration.‬

‭SERVICE MAINS‬

‭●‬ A ‭ line (conductor) which connects the consumer to the distributor is‬
‭known as service mains.‬
‭●‬ ‭It is designed as per the‬‭connected load of the consumer.‬
 ‭2.Components of a macro electrical distribution system.‬

‭●‬ D ‭ istribution Substation – A distribution sub-station is the electrical system which‬

‭transfers power from the‬‭transmission system‬‭to the‬‭distribution system‬‭of an‬
‭area.‬
‭●‬ ‭Feeders – A feeder is a conductor which connects the distribution sub-station to‬
‭the area where power is to be distributed. The current in a feeder remains the‬
‭same throughout its length because no tapings are taken from it. The main‬
‭consideration in the design of a feeder being its current carrying capacity.‬
‭●‬ ‭Distribution Transformers – The distribution transformer is a step-down‬
‭transformer in which primary and secondary are delta and star connected‬
‭respectively. It is also termed as service transformer. The output voltage of‬
‭distribution transformer is 440 V in 3-phase system whereas 230 V in 1-phase‬
‭system in India.‬
‭●‬ ‭Distributor – A distributor is a conductor from which tapings are taken for supply to‬
‭the consumers. Due to the taping is done at various places in a distributor, the‬
‭current being not same throughout its length. The main design consideration of a‬
‭distributor is the voltage drop across its length because the statutory limit of‬
‭voltage variations is ± 6 % of rated voltage at the consumer’s terminals.‬
‭●‬ ‭Service Mains – Service Mains is a small cable which connects the distributor to‬
‭the consumer’s meter.‬

‭3.General classification of a macro electrical distribution system.(5)‬

‭ xplain classification of distribution systems based on types of current, types of‬

E
‭construction and types of service. (15)‬

‭Compare AC & DC distribution systems.(10)‬

‭Primary and Secondary AC distribution systems.(10)‬

I‭t can be classified under different considerations as:‬

‭1. Type of current :‬
‭a. AC distribution system‬
‭b. DC distribution system‬

‭2. Type of construction :‬

‭ . Overhead system‬
a
‭b. Underground system‬

‭ . Type of service‬
3
‭: a. General lighting & power‬
‭b. Industrial power‬
‭c. Railway‬
‭d. Streetlight etc‬

‭ . Number of wires :‬
4
‭a. Two wire‬
‭b. Three wire‬
‭c. Four wire‬

‭ . Scheme of connection :‬
5
‭a. Radial distribution system‬
‭b. Ring or Loop distribution system‬
‭c. Interconnected distribution system‬

‭4.Advantages of an AC distribution system.‬

‭●‬ ‭The AC power can be generated at high voltages (33 kV or 11 kV).‬

‭ ‬ ‭. The AC voltage can be stepped up easily and efficiently to the economic‬

●
‭limit for transmission by transformers. It can also be stepped down by‬
‭transformers to any value as per requirement for distribution and utilization.‬
‭●‬ ‭The maintenance of AC switchgear is easy and cheaper.‬
‭●‬ ‭• The transmission of electrical energy at a wide distance after generation is‬
‭possible with much less losses.‬
‭●‬ ‭Maintenance cost is low • step up and step down easily possible‬

‭5.Advantages of a DC distribution system.‬

‭ ‬ ‭It requires only two conductors for transmission as compared to three‬

●
‭conductors in an AC system. It is also possible to transmit power through only‬
‭one conductor by using earth as a returning conductor causing much saving in‬
‭conductor material (copper or aluminium).‬
‭●‬ ‭Inductance, capacitance, phase displacement, and surge problems are‬
‭eliminated in DC transmission.‬

‭●‬ ‭There is no skin effect in DC. Therefore, the entire cross-section of the line‬
‭conductor is utilised. Thus, the conductor offers less resistance.‬

‭●‬ ‭Since there is no inductance and capacitance, the voltage drop in a DC‬
 t‭ransmission line is less than an AC line for the same sending end voltage‬
‭and load. Therefore, a DC transmission line has better voltage regulation.‬

‭●‬ ‭ or the same working voltage, the potential stress on the insulation (in case‬
F
‭of the DC system is 70% (1/√2times) of that in the AC system. Hence, a DC line‬
‭requires less insulation.‬
‭●‬ ‭There is less corona loss in a DC line, which reduces the interference with‬
‭communication circuits.‬

‭ ‬ ‭There are no stability problems and synchronising difficulties in the DC‬

●
‭Transmission.‬

‭ .Define Transmission loss in distribution system.‬

6
‭7.Explain Earthing‬
‭●‬ ‭Earthing means connection of the neutral point of a supply system or the‬
‭non-current carrying part of electrical apparatus such as metallic frame‬
‭work ,metallic covering of cables ,earth terminal of socket outlet ,stay wires‬
‭etc ,to the general mass of the earth in such a manner that all times an‬
‭immediate discharge of electrical energy takes place with out danger .‬

‭8.Explain Pipe earthing‬

‭●‬ ‭In pipe earthing system a galvanised steel-based pipe is placed‬
‭vertically in a wet and it is one of the most common‬
‭types of earthing.‬
‭●‬ ‭On the soil type and magnitude of current, the pipe size mainly‬
‭depends and the pipe dimension should be 1.5 inches‬
‭in diameter and 9 feet in length for the ordinary soil. The pipe diameter‬
‭should be greater than the ordinary soil pipe for‬
‭rocky or dry soil and soil moisture will choose the pipe’s length to be placed‬
‭in the earth.‬

‭ t a depth not less than 3 meters the pipe is placed in the earth pit and by‬
A
‭the alternate layers of salt and charcoal, the space inside the galvanized‬
‭iron pipe is filled up to the clamp level.‬
‭By constructing a chamber with bricks, the top portion of the G.I pipe is left‬
‭open for maintenance when required and to maintain earthing resistance‬
‭within the specified limits water is poured into the galvanized iron pipe.‬
‭For all domestic purposes, pipe earthing is commonly used and it has‬
‭low-cost.‬

‭●‬ A ‭ 2.5 metre long pipe measuring about 35-75 mm in diameter is‬
‭buried in the dig out pit along with sand and charcoal.‬
‭●‬ ‭The pipe is provided with several perforations to maintain dampness‬
‭around and hence conductivity.‬
 ‭●‬ T‭ he earth wire is tied and clamped near the summit. Water may be‬
‭poured into it during summers.‬
‭●‬ ‭The earth wire is safer against damage in such a setup‬

‭ .What is a Substation?‬
9
‭• The electrical substation can be defined as a network of electrical‬
‭components comprising of power transformers, busbars, auxiliaries,‬
‭and switchgear etc.‬
‭• The components are interconnected such that creating a sequence of‬
‭a circuit capable to be switched OFF while running on normal‬
‭operation through manual commands while in emergency situations‬
‭it can be switched OFF automatically.‬
‭• The emergency situations may be an earthquake, floods, or short‬
‭circuit etc‬
‭●‬ ‭The electrical substation does not have a single circuit but is composed of‬
‭numerous outgoing and incoming circuits which are connected to a busbar i.e.‬
‭common entity among circuits.‬
‭●‬ ‭The substation receives electrical energy directly from generating stations through‬
‭incoming power supply lines while it delivers electricity to the consumers through‬
‭outgoing transmission lines.‬
‭●‬ ‭A substation which is near to the electrical power generation is also known as grid‬
‭substation.‬