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Physics Formulas & Important Points
Physics Formulas & Important Points
Physics Formulas & Important Points
(i) i i j j k k 1 (ii) i j j k k i 0
3v1v2 v3
vav
v1v2 v2v3 v3v1 where i , j and k are orthogonal unit vectors.
6. For uniformly accelerated motion ( a = constant) 12. Vector Product or Cross Product of Unit Vectors
equations of motion are as under
(i) i i j j k k 0
v u at ...(i)
(ii) i j k , j k i , k i j
1 2
s ut at ...(ii)
2 13. A B AB cos
v v u u 2as ...(iii)
Where
A B
and cos
u = initia; velocity,, v = velocity at time t A B
s = displacement of particle at time t
= angle between A and B
NEET IMPORTANT POINTS [PHYSICS] NLI / 3
14. Projection of vector B in the direction of vector A u 2 sin 2
(iii) Range, R
g
u2
B cos and Rmax (Here = 450 )
A g
15. (i) A B AB sin
(ii) tan
B sin
A B cos 18. Circular Motion
d
(i) Angular velocity,
dt
d d 2
(ii) Angular acceleration, 2
dt dt
mv 2
where A and B magnitudes of vectors, (v) Centripetal force, F mr 2
r
R = magnitude of resultant vectors,
dp
= angle between vectors A and B, 19. * Force, F = = ma
dt
= angle between resultant vector R and vector A.
Where a = acceleration produced in a body.
17. Projectile Motion * Weight in a Lift
Suppose a particle is projected from origin on horizontal (i) Apparent weight, R = m (g + a)
ground with a velocity u at angle from the horizontal where a = upward acceleration of the lift.
(i) Trajectory of the projectile (ii) R = m (g - a)
where a = downward acceleration of the lift.
gx 2
y x tan 2 (iii) If free fall under the action of gravity, a = g
2u cos2 R=0
2u sin (iv) When lift is at rest or moving uniformly,a =0
(ii) Time of flight, T R = mg
g
NEET IMPORTANT POINTS [PHYSICS] NLI / 4
22. Friction
m1v1
20. Recoil Velocity of Gun, v2
m2 (i) Angle of friction, tan s
(i) Impules = F t
where F = force and t = time.
(ii) Impules = m (v - u)
(ii) Coefficient of friction
where v = final velocity
and u = initial velocity Where f = force of friction,
21. Pulleys N = normal reaction.
23. * Work
W= F s Fs cos
where F = constant force,
Tension in the string T
s = displacement of body,
1 2
*Tension in the string by which pully attached (i) Kinetic energy, KE = mv
2
T' where m = mass of the body,
v = velocity of the body.
NEET IMPORTANT POINTS [PHYSICS] NLI / 5
(ii) Potential energy
m1 m2 u1 2m2u2
1 2 (b) v1
m1 m2 m1 m2
(a) Elastic potential energy, U kx
2
Where k = spring constant 2m1u1 m m1 u2
(c) v2 2
x = compression or expansion in m1 m2 m1 m2
spring
(iii)Coefficient of Restiution,
(b) Gravitational potential energy,
U = –Gm1m2/r v2 v1
e
u1 u2
(c) Electrostatic potential energy,
(iv) Energy Loss in Collision
1 q1q2 (i) Elastic collision, for first (incident) particle
U
4 0 r
2
* Power
Kf m m2
1
K i m1 m2
W dW
(i) Pav (ii) Pinst
t dt K lost 4m1m2
Ki m1 m2
2
(iii) P F v
* Collision K lost
100% (if m1 m2 )
m1u1 m2u2 m1v1 m2v2 Ki
(when linear momentum is conserved) (ii) Inelastic collision, loss in KE
1 2
u2 = initial velocity of body of mass m2 , ( 0 t ),( 0 t t ),( 2 02 2 )
2
v1 = final velocity of body of mass m1 , * Centre of Mass
(i) Centre of mass of N particle system
v2 = final velocity of body of mass m2 .
m1 x1 m2 x2 ......... mn xn
(i) Inelastic collision xCM
m1 m2 ......... mn
m1 em2 1 e m2
(a) v1 u1 u2 where x1 , x2 .......xn are the distances from the
m1 m2 m1 m2
centre of masses m1 , m2 .......mn .
I I CM Mr 2
1 2 1
Erolling mv mK 2 2
2 2
(ii) Total kinetic energy of a rolling body
1 2 K2
mv 1 2
2 r
Rolling of a Body on an Inclined Plane without Slipping where I = MI of the body about an axis
K2 I11 I 22
2h 1 2
1 r * The angular momentum of electron in nth orbit is given
t
sin g nh
by L
2
NEET IMPORTANT POINTS [PHYSICS] NLI / 7
28. Newton`s Law of Gravitation 29. Orbital Velocity of Satellite
Gm1 m2 GM M
F (i) v0 (ii) v0 ve
r2 r 2 Rh
* Acceleration due to Gravity
GM ve
g 2 weight W = mg (iii) v0 (for h<<R)
R 2
* Variation of g * Time Period of Satellite
d g g\ d *. Geosynchronous Satellite
g \ g 1
R g R
2 4 2 3
* Gravitational Field (i) T = 24 h (ii) T Rh
GM
GM
(i) g F / m0 (ii) g 2 r 1/3
r GMT 2
(Outside) (iii) h 2
R (iv) h = 36000 km
4
GM
(iii) g r r (Inside) *. Two planets A and B have the same material density. If
R3 the radius of A is twice that of B, then the ratio of escape
* Gravitational Potential Energy of Mass m
vA
velocity
GMm vB is 2.
U r
r 30. Kepler`s Laws
GMm (i) Law of orbits : orbits are elliptical.
At the surface of the earth U 0 (ii) Law of areas : equal area swept in equal time
R
* Escape Velocity A L
vmax rmin vmin rmax
2GM t 2m
(i) ve (ii) ve 2 gR (iii) Law of periods
R
g G 4 2 3
(iv) ve R 2 3 T2 r
(iii) ve gD T r GM
3
NEET IMPORTANT POINTS [PHYSICS] NLI / 8
32. Bulk Modulus of Ideal Gas
* The acceleration due to gravity at a depth d where g is
(i) K isothermal p (ii) K adiabatic p
acceleration due to gravity on the surface of earth, will
33. Thermal stress
be .
(i) Thermal stress = Y t
* The graph between horizontal velocity and time t in a
projectile motion is given by : (ii) Force = YA t
1
(i) W = stress strain volume
2
1 2
(ii) W = Y strain volume
2
Deforming force
Stress =
Cross - sectional area stress
2
1
(iii) W = volume
31. Strain 2 Y
L (iv) Potential energy stored
(i) Tensile or longitudinal strain =
L
1
U= stress strain volume
(ii) Shearing strain = 2
(v) Potential energy stored per unit
V
(iii) Volume strain = 1
V volume U= stress strain
2
* Hooke`s Law
35. Loaded Beam
(i) For stretching stress = Y strain
WI 3
FL (i) Depression (rectangular)
Y 4Ybd 3
A L
WI 3
(ii) For shear stress = strain (cylindrical)
12Y d 3
F * Poisson`s Ratio
A
D r
(i) Lateral strain =
(iii) for volume elasticity stress = K strain D r
p L
K (ii) Longitudinal strain =
V / V L
1 lateral strain
* Compressibility
K longitudinal strain
* Elongation of a Wire due to its Own Weight
1 0.5 (theoretical limit)
1 2 F
v = kinetic energy per unit volume 40. Surface Tension, T
2 L
gh = potential energy per unit volume where F = force per unit length.
* Velocity of Efflux * Force due to Surface Tension
v 2 gh (i) Force required to lift a thin wire from surface of the
water F T 2l
where h = height of the hole.
where l = length of thin wire.
(ii) Force required to lift a rectangular plate from surface
of the water F = 2 T (l + b)
where l = length of rectangular plate,
b = breadth of rectangular plate.
(iii) Force required to lift a circular plate from surface of
water
The time taken by the liquid to reach the base level in (iv) Force required to lift a ring from surface of water
above case F T 2r1 2r2
2 H h
t where r1 = inner radius, r2 = outer radius.
g
(v) Force required to separate two glass plates of area
where H = height of vessel. A containing a liquid film of thickness d between them,
37. Viscous Force
2TA
F
dv d
F A
dy
41. Work done to Increase the Area of Surface Film by A
where = coefficient of viscosity,,
W T A
A = area of layer of fluid in contact,
* Work done in blowing a soap bubble of radius r
dv
= velocity gradient between the layers. W 8 r 2T
dy
* Work done in splitting a liquiddrop of radius r into n
5
column of a viscous fluid will be : (ii) K = C + 273 (iii) K F 459.4
9
nR T1 T2 54. Q U W , U Q W
(iv) Adiabatic: W=
1 Both Q , W depends on path, but U
(iv) In expansion does not depend on the path.
51. The graph between motion of planet and time period of 20.4 = 1.32, 21.4 2 20.4 = 2.64
revolution is given by :
Q2 T
55. (i) Efficiency of engine, = 1 – 1 2
Q1 T1
where Q1 = amount of heat absorbed by the working
substance from the source at T1K.
Q2 = amount of heat rejected to the sink at T2K
(ii) Coefficient of performance,
52. Work done per mol in an isothermal change is
Q2 Q2 T2
V2 = =
W = RT loge W Q1 Q2 T1 T2
V1
where W = net amount of external work done.
* (i) Isothermal bulk modulus K = p
(ii) Adiabatic bulk modulus K p dQ
* Entropy S
T
* (i) Work W = area enclosed in pV diagram
whereT = absolute temperature,
U 0 Q W m = mass of substance,
NEET IMPORTANT POINTS [PHYSICS] NLI / 12
56. Pressure Exerted by an Ideal Gas
d A 4
2
* (i) 04
1m n c dt ms
Pressure p =
3 V
d A 4
(ii) 04
where m = mass of each molecule, dt V s
n = number of molecules in the enclosure,
* Newton’s Law of Cooling
c = root mean square velocity of molecules,]
V = volume of container enclosed mass M of gas. 1 2
(ii) K 1 2 0
*. According to the kinetic theory of gases total energy of t 2
a gas is equal to kinetic energy.
R
x = 1 (iv) Conduting sheet E=
q2 / q1 0
(v) Field of charged spherical shell
qx
68. (i) E = 4 a 2 x 2 3/ 2 kq
0 (a) Outside E =
r2
(ii) Ecentre = 0
kq
(b) At the surface E=
(iii) = eq / 4 0 ma 3 R2
(c) Inside E=0
69. (i) Dipole moment p = qd
(vi) Field of uniformly charged non-conducting
(ii) Field at an axial point
sphere
k 2 pr k2p
E 2 E ( if r > > d / 2)
kq 1
[r d / 2 ]2
2
r3 (a) Outside E = 2 , E
2
r r
(iii) Field at an equatorial point
kq
kp kp (b) At surface E=
E= E= 3 R2
2 3/2 r
r2 d / 2
kqr
(c) Inside E= , Er
Eaxial / Eaqua. = 2/1 R3
(v)Torue on a dipole P E dF 2
71.
= pEsin dA 2 0
Potential energy of a dipole
Soap-bubble problem
U = – p E = –pEcos
4T 2
Work done in rotating a dipole moment from pin - pout =
r 2 0
angle 1 to angle 2
W = U2 – U1 = pE (cos 1 – cos 2) 8 0T
or r= and 8 0T / r
2
k 2
70. (i) Line charge E = E=
r 2 0 r q = 8 r 2 0 rT
NEET IMPORTANT POINTS [PHYSICS] NLI / 15
V 1
72. (a) V = W/q (b) E 74. (i) Energy Density u= 0E2
r 2
q 1
(i) Point charge V = k (ii) C = q/V (iii) U= CV 2
r 2
kq kq kq
(ii) Many charges V= 1 1 Q2
r1 r2 r3 (iv) U = QV (v) U=
2 2 C
(iii) Potential of a charged spherical shell
75. (i) Sphere C = 4 0 R C = K ( 4 0 R )
kq
(a) Outside V= (ii) Spherical conductor
r
kq 4 0 ra rb 4 r 0 ra rb
C= C=
(b) At the surface V= rb ra rb ra
R
kq 0 A K0 A
(c) Inside V = Vsurface = (iii) Parallel plate C= C=
R d d
(iv) Potential of uniformly charged sphere (non- 76. Series (i) q same, q1 = q2 = q3 = q
conducting)
kq 1 1 1 1
(ii) V different V = q/C1
(a) Outside V = C C1 C2 C3
r
kq C1C2
(b) At the surface V= For two capacitors in series C=
R C1 C2
1 1 1 1 NAB
(ii) Voltage sensitivity = = R=
(iii)
R
=
R1 R2 R3 V I kR
2 4 E
R A r E E
I 1A1 = I2 A2 , , R2 = 1 = 1 E2 2 1
R R1 A2 r2 (iii) Internal resistance
78. Mixed Combination
E V E V I1 I 2
(m rows with each containing n cells in series) r , e R, r R
I V I2
nE mnE
I= I= 0 Idl sin
nr nr mR dB
R 81. Biot-Savart Law
m 4 r2
P R 0 2m
(for balanced bridge) Field : B
Q S 4 x3
NEET IMPORTANT POINTS [PHYSICS] NLI / 17
(iv) Field due to an arc of current (v) Velocity of paricle at radius r
0 Il 0 I qBr
B B V
4 R 2 4 R m
(vi) The maximum kinetic energy
I
(v) At centre of a semicircular coil B 0 1 q 2 B 2 R2
4R K ]
2 m
(vi) Field due to finite length of wire
82. (i) If a charged particle moves along a circle under the
action of magnetic and electric fields then this region of
B space may have E=0, B 0
(ii) Magnetic Field Produced by a Moving Charge
(vii) field at the centre of a square loop
0 qv r
2 2 0 I (i) B
B 4 r 2
l
Ampere`s Law B dI 0 I H dI I (ii) B
r
(i) Field due to current in a cylindrical rod Magnetic Field
0 I F
Outside : B (i) B
2 r qV
0 I . Atomic magnetic Moments
Surface : B
2 R eL eS
(i) L (ii) S
2m m
0 Ir
Inside : B
2 R 2 eJ
(iii) J g
(ii) Solenoid 2m
Field inside : B 0 nI M
Intensity of Magnitization I
V
1
Field at one end : B 0 nI B
2 H 1
Magnetizing Field H
(iii) Force between two parallel conductor 0
F 0 I1 I 2 B
(i) For vacuum H
l 2 d 0
(iv) Path of a moving charge in a magnetic field
(ii) For medium
B
(a) When v is perpendicular to B H
mv qB
Path = Circular r v , Magnetic Susceptibility
qB 2 m
2 m Permeability
qB
T , (cyclotrom frequency)
qB m B B
(i) (ii) r (iii) 0
0 B0
(b) When angle between v to B is H
Other Relations
Path = Helical
(i) (ii)
mv mv sin qB 2 m
r v , T
qB qB qB (iii) B B (iv)
NEET IMPORTANT POINTS [PHYSICS] NLI / 18
83. Field Due to a Bar Magnet
2 dI1
(i) Axial point Multual Inductance M e2 M
I1 dt
0 2Mr
0 2M
B 2 B 0 N s N p A
4 r 2 l 2 M
4 r 3 Two solenoids
lp
(ii) Equatorial point 84. Series and Parallel Combination
M 0 M (i) Series L L1 L2 L L1 L2 2 M
B B
4 r 3
L1 L2 1 1 1
(ii) Parallel L
0 M L1 L2 L L1 L2
(iii) At arbitrary point B 1 3cos 2
4 r 3
M K L1 L2
(iv) In unifrom field F 0 Response of R, L and C
(i) R only :
M B MB sin
Phase difference 0
(v) Potential Energy U MB cos M B
. Tangent Galvanometer E0 I 0 R , Erms I rms R
(ii) L only :
2rBH
(i) B BH tan ; I K tan (ii) K n Current lags voltage, voltage, leads current by a
0
phase / 2
Magnetic Flux
E0 I 0 X L ; Erms I rms X L X L L
(i) d B dA BdA cos (iii) C only :
The current leads voltages, the voltage lags current
(ii) B dA (iii) BA cos
by a phase / 2
(iv) B ds 0 (v) B 0 E0 I 0 X C ; Erms I rms X C X L L
Faraday` Laws (iv) Series LR :
is negative for X L X C 2
1 1 1 1
2
current inductive if X L X C Z R X L XC
circuit inductive if X L X C 86. Maxwell`s Equations
q
(i)
current leads if X L X C
E.d s 0 ( Gauss’s law of electricity)
circuit capacitive if X L X C
(ii)
B.d s 0 (Gauss’s law of magnetism)
(vii) Resonance
1 d
Resonance frequency f r
2 LC
(iii) E.d I dtB (Faraday’s law)
E0 I 0 cos E
85. Power in AC Circuits Pav (iv) Mass equivalent to energy m=
2 c2
88. Law of Reflection
Pav Erms I rms cos
Image Formed Between Two Inclined Plane Mirrors
real power
Power factor, cos
virtual power 3600 3600
(i) n 1 (when is an even number)
Pav R
cos cos
Erms I rms Z 3600 3600
(ii) n (when is an odd number)
(i) R only = 0, cos = 1
2
P I rms 2
R Erms /R NOTE: For symmetrical positions
3600
(ii) C only = 900 = / 2 , n=
cos 0 Pav 0
R
Series LCR Focal Length f
2
X XC R where R = radius of curvature.
tan 1 L cos
R Z 1 1 1
Mirror Formula,
2 u v f
2 Erms R
Pav I rms R 2 where u = object distance from pole,
Z
v = image distance from pole.
NEET IMPORTANT POINTS [PHYSICS] NLI / 20
89. Linear magnification (ii) For small angle prism
m
= ( - 1)A
m
Dispersion
= size of image, O = size of object. B
90. Law of Refraction (i) Cauchy’s relation =A+
2
sin i red < violet red
< violet
Snell’s law : n =
sin r
(ii) Angular dispersion V R
v1 c
Other Relations n= , v R A
v2 n = v
(iii) Dispersive power
air Vair
medium = Vmedium = n1 sin i = n2 sin r V R V R B R
n n or,, = or,, =
Y Y 1 Y 1
(Symbol for refractive index changed from n to for
Spherical Refracting Surface
practice).
(i) When object is situated in the rarer medium
sin i 1
2 = , 2 = 1 2 2 1
1
sin r 1
2 1
u v R
t sin i r where, 1 = refractive index of rarer medium,
(i) Lateral shift =
cos r
2 = refractive index of spherical refracting
Real depth surface.
(ii) Apparent depth =
(ii) When object is situated in denser medium
1 2 1 1 2
x = t 1
Raised by u v R
(iii) Power of spherical refracting surface
(iii) Total internal reflection
Critical angle= ic 2 1
P
sin ic = 1 / R
Lens Maker`s Formula,
For a luminous body at d depth radius of bright circular
path at surface
1 1 1
1
d f R1 R2
r = d tan ic , r=
2 1 where f = focal length of lens, = refractive index of
Prism lens, R1 and R2 = radii of curvature of two refracting
i + e=A+ & r1 + r2 = A surfaces of a thin lens.
(i) At minimum deviation 1 1 1
Lens Formula,
i=e f v u
r1 = r2
Power of Lens
A m 1
sin p
2 f inmeters
sin A / 2
Two Lenses Placed in Contact
NEET IMPORTANT POINTS [PHYSICS] NLI / 21
Superposition of Waves of Equal Frequency and
1 1 1 Constant Phase Difference
(i)
f f1 f 2
(i) Resultant wave amplitude
x n ... amax = a1 + a2
D
M when image is formed at infinity
f 2
Imax (a1 + a2 )2 Imax = I1 I 2
Magnifying Power of Compound Microscope,
Imax = 4I0 , If I1 = I2 = I0
v D Destructive Interference
M 0 1
u0 fe
Conditions = (2n - 1) = , 3 , 5 ,...
where v0 = distance of image from object lens,
3 5
x 2 n 1 = , , ,...
u0 = distance of object from object lens, 2 2 2 2
amin = a1 - a2 Imax (a1 - a2 )2
f e = focal length of eye lens.
2
Astronomical Telescope Imin = I1 I 2 Imin = 0 , If I1 = I2 = I0
(i) Magnifying power in normal adjustment,
Young’s Double Slit Experiment
f0
M
fe (i) Position of nth fringe on the screen
(ii) When the final image is formed at least distance of
distinct vision, magnifying power n D
(a) Bright fringe Yn =
d
f0 fe
M 1
fe D 2n 1 D
(b) dark fringe Yn =
2 d
91. In a compound microscope, the intermediate image is
real inverted and magnified. (ii) Fringe width
92. A lens behaves as a converging lens in air and a diverging
lens in water. The repractive index of the material is D
(a) linear (b) angular
between unity and 1.33. d d
WAVE OPTICS
air
Interference liquid
air liquid
NEET IMPORTANT POINTS [PHYSICS] NLI / 22
(iii) Shift of the central fringe by thin sheet (ii) Einstein`s equation of photoelectric effect
(a) Maximum kinetic energy of the emitted
1 tD photoelectrons
Shift =
d
1 2 1 1
Thin Films For reflected light mv hc
2 0
2 t cos r n (dark fringe)
where m = mass of the ejected photoelectron.
1
2 t cos r n (bright fringe) =wavelength of the incident radiation
2
0 = threshold wavelength.
Single slit experiment
150.6 Z c
V vn
e2 volt n 137
2 m1v1 2 m1 E1 1 1
v1 : v2 : v3 ........ 1: : ........
1 m2 v2 1 m2 E2 2 3
(v) Energy
2 m1q1V1 ph 2me c 2
kZe2
1 m2 q2V2 e E U
r
101. Rutheford -Scattering exp.
1 2
4 K mv
N cosec / 2 , 2
Ze 2 cot / 2 1 1
Impact parameter b
K U; E U
2 2
4 0 E
E = –K
(i) Distance of closest approach
2Ze 2 13.6 Z 2 Z 2 2 2 mk 2c 4
r0 En eV
4 0 E
n2 n2 h2
NEET IMPORTANT POINTS [PHYSICS] NLI / 24
E1 13.6Z 2 eV Balmer
0
s 3645 A
H-atom = 13.6 eV
0
Paschen s 8201A
He ion = 54.4 eV
(ii) Number of emission lines from excited state n
Li ion = 122.4 eV
= n(n-1)/2
(vii) Ionization potential
(iii) Time period of revolution
H-atom = 13.6 V
Tn n 3 / Z 2
He ion = 54.4 V
(viii) Series formula (wave number v 1/ ) T1 1.5 10 16 s
T1 : T2 : T3 1: 8 : 27
1 1 1
RZ 2 2 2
(iv) Frequency of revolution
n1 n2
2 2 4 3 vn Z 2 / n3
R 2 mk e / ch
1 1 1 dN / dt
R 2 2 ; n = 6, 7, 8, ......
4 n N
N log e 2
NEET IMPORTANT POINTS [PHYSICS] NLI / 25
112. Radioactive Series
0.693
T (i) 4n Thorium
232 208
90 Th 82 Pb
0.693
T (ii) 4n + 1 Neptunium
1 1 (iii) 4n + 2 Uranium
,
238 206
92 U 82 Pb
T 0.693 , 1.443T (iv) 4n + 2 Actinium
107. Activity
235 207
92 U 82 Pb
dN
R 113. Radioactive Equilibrium
dt
N A A N B B
R N
114. Decay Constant for Two Channels
t
R R0 e
(i) 1 2
t /T
R 1 1 1 1
R0 2 (ii)
T T1 T2
1 Bq = 1 decay/s
T1T2
1 Ci = 3.7 1010 dis/s (iii) T
T1 T2
1 Ci = 37 GBq
115. Gamma Intensity Absorption
108. Alpha Decay
I I 0e x
A A4 4
(i) Z X Z 2 Y 2 He
(i) Half thickness
(ii) Q M X M Y M
0.693
x1/ 2
3/ 2
(iii) Range R E
(ii) Atomic mass unit
109. Beta Decay
A A
1 amu = 1.66 1027 kg
(i) Z X Z 1 Y e v
1 amu 1 u
(ii) n p e v 1 u 931.5 MeV
110. Positron emission (iv) Radius
X A Z 1 Y A e v R R0 A1/3
Z
(v) Volume
n p e v
VA
111. Gamma Decay
A 4 R03
Z X * ZA X V A
3
NEET IMPORTANT POINTS [PHYSICS] NLI / 26
(vi) Density 125. Conductivity
(i) Metals : Very high 107 to 10 8 S/m
2.4 1017 kg m 3
= independent of A. (ii) Insulators : Very low to S/m
I E IC I B Y=A.B
IC
IE ,
I C
ac
I E
logic symbol
I
C,
IB YA
Current Gain [In Common emitter (CE) ] and is read as NOT A
1
134. Logic Gates
logic symbol
(i) OR gate
The OR gate operation is represented by the sign (+). If Y A B
A and B are the two inputs and Y is the output, then the
OR operation is represented as (v) NAND gate
logic symbol
Y A.B