According to Baritugo, et al.
(2004) ascited by Ang - Psychoanalytic Theory: Explores characters'
(2012)
Literature comes from:
-French phrase “belles-letters” which means beautiful
writing
- Latin term “litera” which means letter.
STANDARD OF GOOD LITERATURE
- Artistry: Literature should possess a natural
aesthetic appeal, captivating readers with its
beauty and style.
- Intellectual Value: Good literature offers more
than mere entertainment; it stimulates critical
thinking and helps readers explore fundamental
truths of life and human nature.
- Suggestiveness: Great literature has emotional
power, stirring readers' imaginations and
offering visions beyond ordinary experience,
thereby enhancing their enjoyment and
engagement.
- Spiritual Value: Literature serves as a
foundation for religion and conveys human
values, elevating the spirit and inspiring moral
growth in readers.
- Permanence: A hallmark of great literature is its
enduring quality; it can be revisited time and
again, offering fresh insights and captivating
readers with each reading.
- Universality: Good literature transcends time
and cultural boundaries, remaining relevant
across generations and achieving classic status
due to its timeless themes and universal appeal.
- Style: The unique style of presentation in
literature reflects the author's perspective on life,
marked by memorable substance and creativity,
thereby ensuring the enduring popularity of
literary works.
LITERARY THEORIES
- Formalism: Focuses on the basic elements of a
story, like its structure and language, rather than
its historical context or author's background.
- Structuralism: Looks at the underlying systems
and patterns in literature, such as recurring
symbols or themes, to find deeper meanings.
- Reader-Response Theory: Says that the
meaning of a story depends on how readers
interpret it, because everyone brings their own
experiences and feelings to what they read.
hidden desires and fears, often related to
childhood experiences, to understand why they
behave the way they do.
- Marxist Theory: Examines how literature
reflects social and economic inequalities, like
rich vs. poor, and how it might challenge or
reinforce those inequalities.
- Feminist Theory: Looks at how literature
portrays women and men, and how it might
reinforce or challenge traditional gender roles
and expectations.
- Postcolonial Theory: Explores how literature
from countries that were once colonized reflects
the effects of colonization and struggles for
cultural identity.
- Deconstruction: Questions whether there's one
"right" way to interpret a story, suggesting that
meanings can be ambiguous and open to
different interpretations.
- Queer Theory: Considers how literature
represents LGBTQ+ experiences and identities,
and challenges assumptions about gender and
sexuality.
- Ecocriticism: Looks at how literature portrays
the natural world and our relationship with it,
and how it might shape our attitudes towards the
environment.
TYPES OF POETRY
- Lyric Poetry: Short, musical poems that express
feelings or emotions.
o Song - Metrical pattern set to music.
o Elegy- express feeling of grief and
melancholy theme is death.
o Sonnet- A 14-line poem with a specific
rhyme scheme, often about love or
beauty.
o Ode: A poem that celebrates something,
like a person, place, or idea, often with
formal language.
o Psalm- song praising God or Virgin Mary
that has philosophy of life.
o Hymn - a special song people sing in
churches or other religious places.
o Idyll- is a short story or poem that
paints a picture of a perfect, peaceful
place.
- Narrative Poetry: Tells a story through verse,
like a poem that reads like a mini-story.
 o Epic - Long poems that tell big stories
about heroes and their adventures, like
ancient superheroes. Think of them as
epic movies but in words.
o Metrical Romances - A narrative poem
that tells story of adventure, love, and
chivalry. The typical herois a knight on a
quest
o Metrical Tale - It's like singing a story
instead of just saying it.
o Ballad- Tells a story in a simple,
rhythmic way, often passed down
through generations.
- Dramatic Poetry - is like a play in poetic form,
where characters speak and act out the story
through dialogue and monologues.
ELEMENTS OF POETRY
- Content or Subject- it is what being talked
about in the poem.
- Theme- refers to the message of the poem
- Mood- is the emotional atmosphere that poet
wants the readers to feel.
- Imaginary- how the reader pictures the poem in
his mind.
- Symbols- when mentioned images like “sun”
“flower” that not accept as images
- Sound Effect Devices – Gives music to the ears
of the readers.
o Rhyme: Words that have the same
ending sound, like "cat" and "hat."
Rhymes add musicality and rhythm to
poetry.
o Assonance: The repetition of vowel
sounds within words, like "lake" and
"fade." It creates a soft, flowing quality
in poetry.
o Consonance: The repetition of
consonant sounds within words, like
"silent" and "listen." It adds a sense of
harmony and closeness in the poem.
o Repetition: Repeating words, phrases,
or sounds for emphasis, like "Never,
never, never give up!" It reinforces ideas
and creates a memorable impact.
o Onomatopoeia: Words that imitate
sounds, like "buzz" or "crash." They
bring the poem to life by appealing to
the senses.
o Alliteration: The repetition of initial
consonant sounds in neighboring words,
like "singing birds." It creates a pleasing
rhythm and emphasizes certain words or
phrases.
- Persona- refers to the speaker or narrator
assumed by the poet when writing a poem.
- Speaker- the point of view in the poem
- Shape and Form- refers to the structure of
poems which can be constructed or free verse
- Figurative Language
o Simile: Comparing two unlike things
using "like" or "as," such as "She runs as
fast as a cheetah."
o Metaphor: Describing one thing as if it
were another, without using "like" or
"as," like "Time is a thief."
o Personification: Giving human traits to
non-human things, for example, "The
wind whispered through the trees."
o Irony: Saying one thing while meaning
the opposite, often for humor or
emphasis, such as "The fire station
burned down."
o Allusion: Referring to something well-
known, like a famous person, event, or
piece of literature, such as "He's as
strong as Hercules."
o Paradox: A statement that seems self-
contradictory but may reveal a deeper
truth, like "Less is more."
o Hyperbole: Exaggerating for effect,
such as "I'm so hungry I could eat a
horse."
o Synecdoche: Using a part of something
to represent the whole, or vice versa,
like referring to a car as "wheels."
o Apostrophe: Addressing someone
absent or something non-human as if
they were present or alive, like "Oh, sun,
why do you hide your face?"
o Oxymoron: Putting two contradictory
words together to create a new meaning,
such as "bittersweet" or "jumbo shrimp."
o Metonymy: Referring to something by
mentioning something else closely
associated with it, like saying "The
White House issued a statement" when
referring to the President or their
administration.
- Stanza- It's a group of lines that form a unit
within a poem, often separated by spaces or
indents. Stanzas can vary in length and structure,
and they help organize the poem and give it a
sense of structure
- Rhythm: is the pattern of stressed and
unstressed syllables in a line of verse. It's like
the beat or flow of the poem, created by the
arrangement of words and sounds. Rhythm gives
poetry its musical quality and helps establish its
pace and tone.
- Foot: is the basic unit of measurement in a line
of poetry, made up of one stressed syllable and
one or more unstressed syllables.
RISING FOOT COMBINATION
o Lambus or Lambic (UA)
 o Anapest or Anapestic (UUA)
FALLING FOOT COMBINATION
o Trochee or Trochaic (AU)
o Dactyl or Dactylic (AUU)
o Spondee or Spondaic (AA)
o Pyrrhic (UU)
- Meter - is the pattern of stressed and unstressed
syllables in a line of poetry, determined by the
arrangement of feet.
o monometer - 1 foot combination
o dimeter - 2 feet combination
o trimeter - 3 feet combination
o tetrameter - 4 feet combination
o pentameter - 5 feet combination
o hexameter - 6 feet combination
o heptameter - 7 feet combination
o octameter - 8 feet combination
o nonameter- 9 feet combination
o - 10 feet combination