1.

Exercise 1

- Depending on the key concepts and the fundamental knowledge of Basic Properties
of Reservoir Rock and Routine Core Analysis (RCA) we mentioned above, we can
finalize this exercise 1.

2. Exercise 2

- From the given data, we can calculate the bulk volume (cc) of the cylindrical core
sample:
2
πd l
V b=
4

With d (diameter of sample) = 2 cm and L (length of sample) = 5 cm

- After that, we will calculate the volume of water (cc) in the sample. This is also the
pore volume of the sample so we will have:

W sat − W dry
V p=V water=
ρwater

With Wsat = 60.3 g, Wdry = 56.5 g and ρwater = 1 g/cc

- Finally, the porosity of the sample will be:

Vp
∅=
Vb

3. Exercise 3

- Firstly, we will determine the bulk volume of the sample:

W sat − W ¿
V b=
ρ fluid

With Wsat = 54.5 g, Wsub = 37 g and ρfluid = 0.701 g/cc

- Next, the matrix volume (also called grain volume) will be:
W dry −w ¿
V m=
ρfluid

1
With Wdry= 50.25 g, Wsub = 37 g and ρfluid = 0.701 g/cc

- Therefore, the porosity of the sample is:

V b −V m
∅=
Vb

- Finally, the grain density (also called matrix density) will be:

Mass of dry sample

¿
Vm

4. Exercise 4

- Depending on Boyle’s law, we have: P 1V1 = P2( V1 + V2 - Vm) with Vm: matrix
volume of the core sample.

- From above equation and give data such as P 1 = 100 psi, V1 = 25 cc, P2 = 50 psi and
V2 = 50 cc, we can determine Vm

- Then, we also calculate the bulk volume by the following formula:

2
πd l
V b=
4

With d (diameter of sample) = 2.5 cm and L (length of sample) = 6 cm

- Finally, the porosity of the sample will be calculated as:

V b −V m
∅=
Vb

5. Exercise 5

- First of all, according to given data, we can find the cross - sectional area (cm2):
2
d
A=π
4

With d (diameter of sample) = 2.5 cm

- Then, we calculate the flow rate Q1 and Q2 (cm3/s) for 2 runs by the below formula:

2
 V 2 ,i
Q i=
ti

With V2 is the volume after each run 1 and 2 (cm 3), t is time after each run 1 and 2 (s)
and i=(1,2).

- Next, we need to find the permeability of gas for 2 runs, k1 and k2, through below
formula:

− ki A ∆ P
Q i=
μ air l

With ΔP: pressure drop after each run = P2 - P1 (atm), L (length of sample) = 4 cm, μair
(Air viscosity) = 0.02 cP.

- After find k1 and k2, we have to find the mean pressure Pm for each run,

Pm, i = 1/2 (P1 + P2)

- Finally, using the below equation to find the Klinkenberg-corrected equivalent liquid
permeability, k∞ (mD) by SOLVE.

With b is the Klinkenberg gas slippage factor (constant for a particular gas in a given
rock type)

6. Exercise 6

- The grain volume (also called matrix volume) will be determined as:

Mass of dry sample

V m=
Grain density

With mass of dry sample, Wdry = 51.05 g and grain density, ρgrain = 2.63 g/cc.

- Next, we will calculate the porosity of sample:

3
With Vb = 23.6 cc (the bulk volume of the sample).

- The pore volume of sample will be: Vp = Vb - Vm

- After that, we can determine the water saturation by the following formula:

Vw
Sw =
Vp

- The oil volume of the sample can be done by the below formula:

(W i −W dry)−V w ρ w
V o=
ρo

With Wi = War (Sample weight as received from field) = 53.5 g, W dry = 51.05 g, Vw
(Water recovered during production) = 1.5 cc, density of oil = 0.85 g/cc and water
density = 1 g/cc.
- Then, we can find the oil saturation:
Vo
So =
Vp

- Finally, the gas saturation will be: Sg = 1 - Sw - So

Exercise 1:

Column 1 Column 2 Column 3

4
 wettability e a. fluid flow process in which the
saturation of the wetting phase
increases and the non-wetting phase
saturation decreases

saturation b b. fraction of pore space occupied by a

particular fluid (immiscible phases)

drainage g c. the fluid saturation history

capillary pressure d d. pressure difference existing across

the interface separating two
immiscible fluids in capillaries

irreducible wetting phase f e. tendency of one fluid to spread on

saturation or adhere to a solid surface in the
presence of other immiscible fluids

hysteresis c f. the limiting value in reduction of the

wetting phase saturation

interfical tension h g. fluid flow process in which the

saturation of the wetting phase
decreases and the non-wetting phase
saturation increases

imbibition a h. the energy per unit area (force per

unit distance) at the surface between
phases

Exercise 2:

- The bulk volume (cc) of the cylindrical core sample:

2 2
π d l π (2 cm) (5 cm)
V b= = =5 π (cc)
4 4

5
- The volume of water (cc) in the sample (this is also the pore volume of the sample):

W sat − W dry 60.3 g −56.5 g

V p=V water= = =3.8(cc )
ρwater 1 g/cc

- Finally, the porosity of the sample will be:

V p 3.8 cc
∅= = =0.2419=24.19 %
V b 5 π cc

Exercise 3

- The bulk volume of the sample:

W sat − W ¿ 54.5 g −37 g

V b= = ≈ 24.9643(cc)
ρ fluid 0.701 g /cc

- The matrix volume (also called grain volume):

W dry −w ¿ 50.25 g − 37 g
V m= = ≈ 18.9016( cc)
ρfluid 0.701 g/cc

- The porosity of the sample:

V b −V m 24.9643 cc −18.9016 cc
∅= = ≈ 0.2429=24.29 %
Vb 24.9643 cc

- The grain density (also called matrix density):

Mass of dry sample 50.25 g

¿ = ≈ 2.6585 g /cc
Vm 18.9016 cc

Exercise 4

- Depending on Boyle’s law, we have: P 1V1 = P2( V1 + V2 - Vm) with Vm: matrix
volume of the core sample.

- From above equation and give data such as P 1 = 100 psi, V1 = 25 cc, P2 = 50 psi and
V2 = 50 cc, we can determine Vm = 25 (cc)

- The bulk volume:

2
π d 2 l π (2.5 cm) (6 cm) 75
V b= = = π (cc )
4 4 8

6
- The porosity of the sample:

75
π cc − 25 cc
V b −V m 8
∅= = ≈ 0.1512=15.12 %
Vb 75
π cc
8

Exercise 5

- The cross - sectional area (cm2):

2
d2 (2.5) 25 2
A=π =π = π (cm )
4 4 16

- The flow rate Q1 and Q2 (cm3/s) for 2 runs:

V 2 ,1 800 cm3 3
Q 1= = =1.6(cm / s)
t1 500 s

V 2 ,2 1470 cm3 3
Q 2= = =4.9(cm / s)
t2 300 s

- The permeability for 2 runs, k1 and k2:

3
− k1 A ∆ P Q1 μ air l (1.6 cm /s)(0.02 cP)( 4 cm)
Q 1= →k 1=− =− ≈ 0.0522(D)=52.15(mD )
μ air l A∆ P 25 2
( π cm )(1 atm − 1.5 atm)
16

3
Q2 μair l ( 4.9 cm /s )(0.02 cP)(4 cm)
k 2=− =− ≈ 0.0599(D)=59.90(mD)
A∆ P 25 2
( π cm )(1 atm − 2.333 atm)
16

- The mean pressure Pm for each run:

Pm,1= 1/2 (P1 + P2) = 1/2 (1.5 atm +1 atm) = 1.25 (atm)

Pm,2 = 1/2 (P1 + P2) = 1/2 (2.333 atm + 1 atm) = 1.6665 (atm)

- Using the below equation to find the Klinkenberg-corrected equivalent liquid

permeability, k∞ (mD) by SOLVE.

7
With b is the Klinkenberg gas slippage factor (constant for a particular gas in a given
rock type)

- Therefore, we will have 2 equations below:

b k∞ b
52.15 mD=k ∞ (1+ )↔ k ∞ + =52.15 mD(1)
1.25 atm 1.25 atm

b k∞ b
59.90 mD=k ∞ (1+ )↔k ∞ + =59.90 mD(2)
1.6665 atm 1.6665 atm

- From these above equations, (1) and (2), with 2 unknowns including k∞ and k∞b, we
can solve:

k ∞=83.1863 mD∧b=− 0.4663

Exercise 6

- The grain volume (also called matrix volume):

Mass of dry sample 51.05 g

V m= = ≈ 19.4106(cc)
Grain density 2.63 g /cc

- The porosity of sample:

V b −V m 23.6 cc −19.4106 cc
∅= = ≈ 0.1775=17.75 %
Vb 23.6 cc

- The pore volume of sample: Vp = Vb - Vm = 23.6 cc - 19.4106 cc = 4.1894 (cc)

- The water saturation by the following formula:

Vw 1.5 cc
Sw = = ≈ 0.36
V p 4.1894 cc

- The oil volume of the sample:

(W i −W dry)−V w ρ w (53.5 g −51.05 g)−(1.5 cc )(1 g /cc)

V o= = ≈1.1176 (cc)
ρo 0.85 g /cc

- The oil saturation:

8
 V o 1.1176 cc
So = = ≈ 0.27
V p 4.1894 cc

- The gas saturation:

Sg = 1 - Sw - So = 1 - 0.36 - 0.27 = 0.37