a 4-1 iat 252 Set a7} AD Me AAA AWS HlAl4] Bao Suse] at DF Ut MHWE UFIRE 7A SEM SAlAso] Ao] Oh. BASSES] SHS Ale] 77S] B2bolct Newton2] sh} 4 Bale] 2 7A] SSO) HE OMA BAAS AVS, oHSRYKE] Aaqsp A AAA MPSS EME + Uche AMlel) 7|BS ach 9] HAE SEES 71MM AS oleh. Hyspa 714] ys] eat UY BA} AOS] FSAPSO] HALE Dal] UoHA]o] ALSAzbSo|] ]sH BAL PD We} 814] of2}80] S7] Zols7| Welt. Sa ays JPL SAA] WAS EAb Hed HR APSE DAS s}4] 51, Bal) STS We HS] BS +9] Bzholc}} SHES Algo] Aejapa] AAA WSS HBSS Arh BASSE SAIS] BS olla gto] Sse AA Ash) (Newton 98} = 4B + Sch 7A] Bebe}, a]A]a] Mal BASHS BAA) Y2I2] 4-0] AE ALS AYshe al 4 He AHlo] Byslaeh AS SAAS 0] Sheps} yy a} Ue BS BS gle}. fae WA, Fy AAS Abselel 7lalo] Webs Asta, o] Aap SHE) AEA BES SM 21} ALE Apolo] FAs WAS aay deh. A MoE PA TALES 018-8}o} 7]4I2] ole] 7-2] deka] Bal & MA at14-2 Oleg 14 ooviee AGS BA HHS) BS AEH BE 7a AA Visel p, Vv BL Aly od Best GAA} Yee Ae] wel get. 3 2E(NS U9) F714 7S US8h4 Sa, Sa)e A] CV)el BPseMSTTLS : Boyle] WA}, 1660), WI ee oe F181 7) ANS] FOAL WF sy a= Seo] sleech ApS : Charleso] 44], 1760). o| = 7i4|9] AawaoeHe] 7]a]2}] Baal Agel Hel, aaa (14-1) o] Aaah eel F014 Ses} Vo} ge Zale] AAS. 7iao] BaP EE 7] Alo) Bo wlabeeh web) 4) (14-19 BAS Vv ER kN (14-2) 28 BSS + Ue. 471 NS F014) ANA] US] AAS] BAK POLS ka Boltzmamn}-E4 VUAOS 7)A| SHU Yo Wage] We whe Be APSE EL 7lao] GS mole4e(n we BA B97} Bch 4 4-DE pV=nkN,T=nRT (14-3) BS 4 Wh VA NE opa7ERsolz, R=KN4 (14-4) ol}, R= 8.314 Jmol - KE} 3217]24}4xuniversal gas constant) = aay uch. oe AMSYVAEA] eS BAS WYSE 7/z)B o/-Y7]AMMideal gas)E}aL Sf} 4} (14-2), (14-3) ]AE71 AN] PEWPYAN(equation of state)o}2}st Sh}. aug ese EEBe | 1, GE Yo} Ab271A 64.0610" kge] Bo} Wer] BEE OT, Wee 1 atmo}. A)4o] Xo] Sls See mH SET 500 TH SSA BRS] AA B Stes aopel7~ , Abe eAt9] ADRS 5.32%10-* kgolch. p=1atm=1013x 10° Nm, T=0 C=273 K, R=8.3134 Jmol « K aan aaa oR 7ES oa ral aaa BARAT aos ae 640010" ke = 12.04 x 10° 4} 5.3210 * kg ep] 12.04% 10°92} 24x 07a Go22 x10" eal/mor nRT _ (2 mol)(8.314 J/mol + K)(273 K) ~ 448110" m® P 1.013 x 10° N/m? m ve 1 PM _ Me THO 2) Baa fi Vj, = 4481 10-8 m? Vy= 5M =224x10 m? T=23K T, =(273+500) = 773 K py =1.013% 10°N/m? & 2} welatey Py =5.67 atm4-3 gol 25 Ba] Att ows LE SS) WAS HE] Bet] ofsHstst 47] a9] West AlAAbo] 2] PAS lash] Hat 71S] Ala] PAS Wejste] Azh, BA} SF FY LSS ole} 7/A/9] Wels above We. I Awe Hele AARBAHSS BES SAI AL Apolo] Zai}Ss @T o|aMe} 7] Alo} Aba MPRALS HEA +} Ach. 7IAMBAH] BSS thsp7Io] gal fee 2 719] 7e7r8e] Basch. BA, 7laikS BARS WAKE 9S] YOM} 71Alo] od et HE al Aol= ts] BS +2] Bet Sols. BA, WAH: 159] S7]o] sso] wy 2) AelS Fat Goya] on} BUR] PANT SSS SD Ach. AS Wr} zat] Allo] 7] aI\7b AA Aaljo] Allo} Blsto} AS + Wes pee. AVA, BARS TASH] WAS Ter] SS WS Asse AS Be 48s) theck WA, BA} FSA] SS, AB] SSS Vs) HYAolth. EH SSS 2) ARS IE + Eh CA, FO BS A) eS whol] BAARS AA} AAailol] HAO] Eso} alch leet 78S WSS AS ol Aletal Sct.<29 14-1>3} Be] PASH BSSKS BHF Cp Zh YE a ale] two} Dols Lojejn sh ola] ofa Set Mt eo] BAKE AZ}. 9] AS m, FEE v, O| A ABS (vy,5 vy) 1.) ASL BR <1 14-1 HANRE FAL oF YB] LETS aalsjo|wrh Bake x= oo} Fa}she AA 2} Ga} c= Lol] QE AB ACLS BHO] SHStD ach AZ Atoll AE MBSKS 2H AQ] ARE AL=v,,Ato]m| Aol] SSM F A) A of BELL Fee Woy} ALA Selo} Ao] BEE Se _ At f =r (14-8) Olt BASH] WE vy. Wee] Peck SE A Fo] OER 9) she S mv, — (muy,) =— 2mv, ola, ol APE VERS amo, oleh AtAKe Sol Mol WEL He s3l9] SH ons £ 2 mv’, Ap, = f-2mv, =~ At (14-6) olf BV Ye) wal YAS Ap, _ mvi, Fi,= ae aim (14-7) & Foye. PVAL SORE NHS] Ah Slt ZF] AE oy, uy os vyoleb Be AMS] UA] fs} LEH Velo eRe ge BF, me 43 BOR ti pete)(14-8) (14-9) oleh wate cfd Sa) Wekowet g2olz] ga Belgie] wrldel es & 37] Ho] ASEM WatA|e 00]c}. wep A}B— Bat— ARE (root— mean — square =1ms) 424(v, Jims SZ} Zo] Boeke}. S Hel, +40 2, vi, te, the Ul (aoa 74 Came = VCD = Se (14-11) me y 4} (14-9) pam (v2) (14-12) S59] BS AHS Basso] SU Sees yepd Aolae, S ob )= Co d= (vt)

°] BAS 4] (14-12) Geshe, aug nese ETT_mN1¢ 9 a paTG x) (14-13) oleh. 74 mN& Zia] SABO, L°S eyo] alzjops we aolemige] da, 4 Wee yetuch po dp? (14-14) ge Um = fe. (14-18) ? Ql BAL S AAA SF PH AA S vm. BAS WET 4) 4 — 13) cH] (14-16) 2, FAS OIE 7PVS}SL, 0.0 C2 1.00 71984) HABA} A Be-AB2 Sef ABE leet BA Fe WE pe 8.99x10°7kg +m’ AALS. _ pwe_ [samaxyar mu Pp 8.99% 10°*kg/m* =1,840m/secwaar meh 71a) URS BASS] PRES 24 wach o] Vez ENN VALEAANS DHA FAME Ach. BA}2] BASSO] AS of Wet 41S FS] Bal HS Rolc:. BOR Yo] SBSk=s BA}9] HE Ab of che} SSH: 2-5 (fluctuation)o] BH = YOu, Ale] Uz} 7b Bee] BPS VER PAW eh 3, BEES] VATIMVE B71 Hoh eh (@) JAWS) AB- Bae- aS Sel (b) 4 B42] Babe seyel a) (© FE v7} BBO Halshchs 7AIslo} eho] Vw VHS zz A absleh GRD BE F4(1 atm= 1.013 10'N/m’, OC =273K)] 7142] mol AAS 22.46=224x10m15, o] 49] BAPE MESH, 4 BARN, = 6.02 x 10*7}/mol, BAF M=28g0lc} wep) Ba} 174] ARS 28g/mol 165 10° 02 10°48 }/mol . @ pV=zNmv2,,14 493. m/s 28 10 tke. ) <> =F mvt, = 54.65 x 10° kg) (243% 10! m/s?) = 5.65107" © Ap=2mv=2(4.65 x 10 kg)(493 m/s) = 4.58 x 10-™ kg - m/s van EE slo} eI poh ala VAST Seay ea pV= 2 (im?) (14-16) oO] ABMS Askch o} Bs} opgy7lalo] Abe] Bgl, S 4} 14-3) & ate ag ese ETBE R pi pga 2 (lin? = Reta hT= 3 (Fm ) (14-17) & det. OVA] bis BAS VALI, 4 Boltzmann’}Foleh 4) (14-17) = (Lin? \= 3p: = = (Fv - Shr (14-18) B+ Uh wep] 7/42] 2S BztSe] Ba WAS soHezlel] Wy alepetch ch) sere] ASE ORME cv lale] B42] Bat oy} Ake 00] Sthe Kole. Te T= 044 =00] Set so} Aa] ute zit 0°] ERs We och. Bhs SA, AS Sol Ie LS] YAS 2st sl7] aol. A Babe SHA Smet Bests eel ala, Bh] Sel Ws] Cech S| Hb, He, Ox, Hg F2) BtLSI7ae G2 2El4 1S] Agel Ao|7} Weal BPs Be Oth 4] (14-1924 Pee =V8= rer ™ dy ao VT (14-19) 2] PAS AEch LS 7A} 2719] HE DS m, Bm, 2] BAS Bod ohe BFS 15°] $Y Lol ds a 1 L Aint = Ling oe(14-20) 2) BAS Aa Sch. | Bile Saha Zale] See Ago] Ae ulels}7] WES 7A BARS BA Bahar} SE} ach. Oo} o}-BS}o} 7)AN7} BAL BAS ASH So] GOA B72] Bel] he BWA FBS Ft Sb} AS Sa F MN] SAULS Be + We. SSL Ese Sus} SR UVES SHH) Ato] Bsspi] ee. 4S Le zp 2] ES) BASSAS GEE ARP HAP) OE] Se Baz} 7p ASS MM Ae CHS HS LA] A LOS oO} FHS ojesz}o] Ye H Mofoe Beh wep] ale} geyela7} och. SoZ BAS] BE BA EE Azts4] SeeH/9] Yel. Ae LEA] Selo] HE BME SAH 219] AolD SBE We LEAH AR Bole} UeFoHL|Z/2] 27] 2} Apo} Set ALS ope}. 1S BO] 50°C, 2099] Ba} 45°C Z 30090] AFA} Qe wl, Se SOC oA] 4SCHOB SErh BE 4ST BS] ytojy|z|7} WA ach ns API] BABB Bake CHT PALFUIMERDO}D] ea}9] SEMA SHeh] VASSAL Slo} sche 7S age ola 7S we] ALLOA Ek} BAO opal RAwe a SHE Sc. ely 294} Bey 3e4} Be S cel BS el IAQ] SSS VAL] Sr] who} a] SIC}. “AS oat zlae] yea UA} BASE clo] CHE Bas] SEALE KS] welch, of S So] Belt 7a] BS Wassopxe, 4] (14-18)9) 9174 OLX] 2] Srugel (Kore = (K,)+ (K,)+ (Ka) = Flot) + (a2)+ (e2)] = = Shr aa Wess ET2 Rae. Tel ol dae Ae Seo] wE Bee Te NES Uehe 2lolss (et = a= Get) apy = Luer= Larr te = Folate 14-6 ehQla} Bl chee} BAS xl OW IaIel ules opyz) Se geloy ogaigig «HN FAI AEH Shh old Haat Hs Mele elas Se aig yoey =14Q = AP MACH 171A n& 71a} molessoleh, AQ7 AR WAITS 7A} we} Le] VHA, en, Wawel c,7k ALGSICK N72] WAR ZETA Sle nS) IA} LE THA EVA of Shek Bh, ©} Ale] B UHoHaK 4) (14-23) 17} U= Ey = Ener= Lor (1424) & Sola, OIA FE APOE) AIS Vash B11 AZ AI AS Spe] LE} THA T+ ATS Wayecpa |}. els} A Bzhol et AU=AQ- AW Olt, ¢, 2} BSR] AQ= ne ATYIS AU=AQ =no,AT (14-25) eg 72s:meh) 34 Bula oe 1A 1A on gg ia iis 22) B Fojz}9) wlawists} Selo ala - y= na? (14-27) & Folach, Bot Bulge] Boe aslo] avers Saha He ae W=pAV ©} 513, ol47Iale) SePeaslal) pAV=nRATHAW) 9) MAS Met. me] Bets} a ALS AU=AQ-AW =AQ-nRAT ke AQ=AU+nRAT o) ach ABR Aeyae 1 1. AT wap AutnRar) isvie n = ae le aw GQ yaR (14-28)ewes B PolACh of42) See] Gel, S Al (14-24)9} (14-27) 94] Q}7}3}o} 1d parlseey) R 2 URIS 4) (14—28)914 +i)R & Hobo}, 5 wel} we yeh a ah 3 Meth Be} 7lalel HAAS BAS] dae UAE alchat 7Pgy 3 27] Gel A) BALE Se Bh BOER, AEE f= 30] Sha} ndbeddiden & t eal 2g Se i: R EO Ofe{ DL Bie S He 1.66 2.50 0.991 gue Ne 1.64 2.50 0.975 A 167 251 1.005 Kr 169 2.49 Lol Xe 1.67 2.50 1.50 1.00 Hy 1.40 3.47 247 1.00 Oy 1.40 3.53 2.52 1.01 N, 1.40 3.50 251 1.00 co 1.52 3.50 2.50 1.00 NO 1.43 3.59 2.52 1.07 Cl, 1.36 4.07 3.00 1.07 co, 1.29 4.47 347 1.00 NH; 1.33 4AL 3.32 1.00 CH, 130 4.30 330 1.00 Air 1.40 3.50 2.50 1.00c= £R=15R ~f2noa5r & aan °] Az} o] HALT AeA} |All] Het Bsa} A UAls} at get 291A} 7IMoH) HBP:

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