EEN 11 – INDUSTRIAL

ELECTRONICS
BSEE III GI
BSEE III GJ

ENGR. JOEL ANTHONY L. SEVILLA

JANUARY 2024
Types of Electric Motors
The different types of electric motors includes:
DC motors, AC motors, servo motors, stepper
motors, and linear induction motors. Which are
used in industries for various applications.
When selecting a motor for a particular
application, it is crucial to consider various
factors such as voltage, duty cycle, and other
parameters to ensure the selected motor is
Types of Electric Motors
suitable for the intended purpose. If the motor
selection is improper, reliable operation cannot
be ensured.
The motor has two main components -the
stator and the rotor. The stator is a stationary
part, and the rotor is a rotating part of the
motor. The AC motor has a stator and rotor.
Types of Electric Motors
The DC motor has an armature and field. The
field remains stationary while the armature
rotates in the DC motor. The magnetic field is
produced by the stator for AC motors or by the
field for DC motors.
The magnetic field generated by the field
winding interacts with the armature current
and produces torque, and the motor rotates.
Types of Electric Motors
Similarly, the stator of the AC motor produces a
rotating magnetic field, which induces a voltage
in the rotor winding and causes rotor current to
flow. The interaction of the magnetic field and
the rotor current produces a torque that rotates
the motor shaft.
Electric Motor
Classification
AC Motor – Synchronous motor
A synchronous motor is an electric motor that
operates at synchronous speed. When the AC
supply voltage is applied to the stator windings,
a rotating magnetic field is produced, which
rotates at the synchronous speed. The
synchronous speed depends on the supply
frequency and poles.
The rotating magnetic field travels through the
air gap and induces AC voltage in the rotor
windings. The induced voltage in the rotor
windings interacts with the rotating magnetic
field and causes the rotor to turn at the same
speed as the magnetic field. A synchronous
motor with 4 poles and a frequency of 50 Hz
has a synchronous speed of 1500 RPM, which
means that the rotor shaft will rotate at 1500
RPM.
The synchronous motors require a starting
mechanism as they do not self-start. The
damper winding provides the necessary starting
torque.
The synchronous motor can function for both
leading and lagging power factors. The
synchronous motor maintains a constant speed
regardless of the load, meaning that changes in
load do not affect motor speed.
These motors are used where speed accuracy is
desired. These are used in industrial drive,
power generation, robotics, and electric
propulsion systems.
AC Motor – Asynchronous motor or Induction
motor
Asynchronous motors do not run at
synchronous speed. Therefore, they are called
asynchronous motors. These motors are also
called induction motors. The slip between the
synchronous speed and the rotor speed creates
slip, which produces EMF in the rotor. The rotor
is short-circuited. Therefore, current starts
flowing in the rotor. The rotating magnetic field
and rotor current interact and produce torque,
which rotates the rotor.
The synchronous speed of the induction motor
is the same as that of a synchronous motor;
however, its rotor speed is less than the
synchronous speed.
The speed of an asynchronous motor is
determined by its frequency, number of poles,
and slip.
For a 4-pole, 50 Hz motor, the synchronous
speed is 1500 RPM, and its actual speed is
lower than the synchronous speed.
DC Series Motor
The DC series motor is a self-excited type of
motor. Its field winding is connected in the
series with the armature winding. The field and
armature winding are excited with a single DC
source.
The series field winding of the motor is
designed to have low resistance and carry the
entire armature current. Practically, it is made
of thick wire with fewer turns.
The torque is produced due to field flux and
armature current interaction. The armature
current flows through the field winding;
therefore, the field and armature current are
the same. The torque produced by the series
DC motor is proportional to the square of the
armature current.
DC series motor is suitable for those
applications that require high starting torque.
DC Shunt Motor
In a shunt DC motor, the field and armature
winding are connected in parallel, and the
voltage across each winding is the same.
The field winding has high resistance and
carries a fraction of the total supply current,
and maximum current flows through the
armature. These motors are used for those
applications where constant speed is required.
Shunt DC motor
Compound DC motor
A compound DC motor is a type of DC motor
that combines both series and shunt DC
motors. This motor has both series field
winding and shunt field winding, which work
together to produce the necessary magnetic
flux in the machine. In other words, the
compound DC motor is a combination of the
two types of motors and offers the advantages
of both.
There are two types of compound DC motors:
short-shunt compound motors and long-shunt
compound motors.
PMDC motor
The PMDC motor uses a built-in permanent
magnet in its rotor to create the required
magnetic field. Its stationary part (stator) has a
winding to generate an electromagnetic field.
The interaction between these fields produces
the rotational motion of the motor.
PMDC motors are more compact and lighter
than other DC motors, making them suitable for
limited-space applications.
These motors are suitable for applications
requiring precise and controlled motion, such
as electric fans, power tools, health care
devices, home appliances, aerospace,
consumer electronics, renewable energy, and
some automotive systems.
Special Purpose Motors
Several special-purpose motors include servo,
stepper, BLDC, universal, and linear induction
motors.
Brushless DC Motors
Brushless DC (BLDC) motors are electronically
commutated motors that do not use brushes
for commutation. The BLDC motors use
electronic controllers to change the direction of
current flow in the motor windings.
BLDC motors have high efficiency due to the
absence of friction caused by brushes. This
reduces wear and tear and requires less
maintenance than brushed DC motors.
BLDC motors are used in electric vehicles,
computer cooling fans, medical devices,
consumer electronics, ceiling fans, and
industrial applications.
Stepper Motor
A stepper motor is an electric motor that
divides a full rotation into equal steps. Unlike
traditional DC motors, stepper motors do not
rotate continuously but move in discrete steps.
These motors are suitable for precise control of
position and speed.
The motor rotates in the steps of degrees such
as 5,10, and 20 degrees. One rotation is
considered 180 degrees. A stepper motor with
a 5-degree step will take 36 steps to complete
one rotation( 5 X 36 = 180 degrees).
The stepper motors are used in 3D printers,
CNC machines, robotics, camera systems,
printers and plotters, textile machinery, and
positioning systems.
Universal Motor
A universal motor is a DC series motor that can
operate on alternating current (AC) and direct
current (DC) power. It is called “universal”
because it is designed to operate with a
universal power supply. Universal motors are
commonly used in various applications due to
their ability to operate on different types of
electrical power.
Universal motors are similar in construction to
series-wound DC motors. They have a wound
rotor (armature) and a field winding. The rotor
is connected in series with the stator winding.
These motors are designed to operate at high
speeds above 3500 rpm.
The universal motors are used in power tools,
home appliances, hair dryers, curling irons,
kitchen appliances, handheld blenders, and
vacuum cleaners.
Hysteresis Motor
Hysteresis motors are a type of synchronous
motor that operates on the principle of
hysteresis loss in a magnetic material. The rotor
of a hysteresis motor is made of a high-
coercivity magnetic material (a material that
retains its magnetization well). The stator
produces a rotating magnetic field, and due to
hysteresis, the rotor follows this field with a
slight lag.
Hysteresis motors are commonly used in
applications that require low-speed, high-
torque operation with minimal vibration and
noise. Some examples include turntable drives
in record players, tape recorders, and other
applications where precise and quiet operation
is crucial.
Reluctance Motor
The operation of the reluctance motor is based
on the principle of magnetic reluctance. The
rotor of a reluctance motor typically has salient
poles (teeth). The stator poles align to the rotor
poles when the motor is energized. The rotor is
designed to minimize reluctance and achieve
alignment with the stator poles.
There are two types of reluctance motors:
switched reluctance motors (SRMs) and
synchronous reluctance motors.
The reluctance motors are used in industrial
drives, electric vehicles, industrial automation,
home appliances, power tools, HVAC systems,
aerospace, and oil and gas industries.
Linear Motor
Generally, the motors generate rotational
motors, but the Linear motors produce a linear
motion. The stator is flattened out, and the
“rotor” moves past it in a straight line in a linear
motor. Superconducting magnets are used in
linear motors for cooling to reduce power
consumption.
These motors are used in Maglev Trains,
automation, robotics, and material handling
systems.
Servo Motor
A servo motor (or servomotor) is a rotary or
linear actuator that allows precise control of
angular or linear position, velocity, and
acceleration. It consists of a suitable motor
coupled to a position feedback sensor. Servo
motors are used in applications such as
robotics, CNC machinery, or automated
manufacturing.
H bridge
Simple circuit consisting of 4 switches used
to control the on and off state of the motor and
reversing direction.
By proper use, we can use reverse current
direction to the motor, which in turn reverses
the motor’s shaft rotation. It can also stop and
re-run. External devices and circuits are used to
control the speed.
H bridge operation