Crystal bindings

**1. The equilibrium lattice constant of a crystal depends on:**

- (a) Temperature only

- (b) Pressure only
- (c) Temperature and pressure both
- (d) None of the above

**Answer:** (c) Temperature and pressure both

**Explanation:** Lattice constant is the minimum distance between two

equivalent lattice points in a crystal. It is influenced by thermal vibrations and
interatomic forces, both of which are affected by temperature and pressure.

**2. Which of the following factors remains constant for a perfect crystal at
constant temperature and pressure?**

- (a) Interatomic spacing

- (b) Interatomic potential
- (c) Lattice vibrations
- (d) Density

**Answer:** (a) Interatomic spacing

**Explanation:** At constant temperature and pressure, the average

interatomic spacing remains constant for a perfect crystal. However, individual
atoms vibrate around their equilibrium positions due to thermal energy.

**3. What determines the type of crystal structure a material forms?**

- (a) The number of electrons in the outermost shell

- (b) The size of the atoms
- (c) The strength of interatomic forces
- (d) All of the above

**Answer:** (d) All of the above

**Explanation:** The number of electrons, atomic size, and strength of

interatomic forces all contribute to the arrangement of atoms and determine
the specific crystal structure a material forms.

**4. Which type of material generally has the largest lattice constant?**

- (a) Ionic crystals

- (b) Covalent crystals
- (c) Metallic crystals
- (d) Van der Waals crystals

**Answer:** (d) Van der Waals crystals

**Explanation:** Van der Waals crystals have weak interatomic forces

compared to other types. This allows for larger average spacing between atoms,
resulting in a larger lattice constant.

**5. How can the lattice constant of a crystal be measured?**

- (a) Optical Microscopy

- (b) Electron Microscopy
- (c) X-ray diffraction
- (d) Neutron scattering

**Answer:** (c) X-ray diffraction

**Explanation:** X-ray diffraction is a non-destructive technique that utilizes

the interaction of X-rays with the periodic arrangement of atoms in a crystal
lattice. By analyzing the diffraction patterns, scientists can determine the lattice
constant.
**6. What happens to the lattice constant of a crystal when it is heated?**

- (a) It remains constant

- (b) It increases
- (c) It decreases
- (d) It depends on the material

**Answer:** (b) It increases

**Explanation:** Upon heating, the thermal energy of the atoms in the crystal
increases, causing them to vibrate more around their equilibrium positions. This
results in a slight expansion of the lattice, leading to an increase in the lattice
constant.

**7. How can the knowledge of lattice constant be used?**

- (a) Designing new materials with specific properties

- (b) Understanding material behavior under different conditions
- (c) Developing new technologies for various applications
- (d) All of the above

**Answer:** (d) All of the above

**Explanation:** Knowledge of the lattice constant is crucial in various fields of

science and engineering. It helps in designing new materials with targeted
properties, predicting material behavior under different conditions, and
developing new technologies like transistors, solar cells, and batteries.

Q Which factor has the most significant influence on cohesive energy?

(a) Atomic mass
(b) Atomic radius
(c) Interatomic forces
(d) Chemical composition
Answer: (c) Interatomic forces (Strength and type of bonding)

Q How is cohesive energy related to melting point?

(a) Higher cohesive energy results in a higher melting point.
(b) There is no relationship between cohesive energy and melting point.
(c) Lower cohesive energy results in a higher melting point.
(d) The relationship depends on the material's specific properties.
Answer: (a) Higher cohesive energy results in a higher melting point.

Q Which type of bonding generally leads to the highest cohesive energy?

(a) Metallic bonding
(b) Ionic bonding
(c) Covalent bonding
(d) Van der Waals bonding
Answer: (a) Metallic bonding (Due to delocalized electrons and strong
electrostatic attraction)

Q How can cohesive energy be measured experimentally?

(a) Directly measuring the force required to separate atoms.
(b) Analyzing the heat of vaporization or sublimation.
(c) Using X-ray diffraction to calculate interatomic distances.
(d) Measuring the electrical conductivity of the material.
Answer: (b) Analyzing the heat of vaporization or sublimation.

Q What is compressibility?
(a) The ease with which a material's volume changes under pressure.
(b) The measure of a material's resistance to shear stress.
(c) The ability of a material to store elastic energy under deformation.
(d) The reciprocal of Young's modulus.
Answer: (a) The ease with which a material's volume changes under pressure.

Q What is the relationship between compressibility and bulk modulus?

(a) Bulk modulus = 1/Compressibility
(b) Bulk modulus = Compressibility
(c) Bulk modulus < Compressibility
(d) No relationship exists.
Answer: (a) Bulk modulus = 1/Compressibility

Q Which material generally has the highest bulk modulus?

(a) Rubber
(b) Diamond
(c) Air
(d) Water
Answer: (b) Diamond (Strong covalent bonds resist volume change)

Q What is the minimum work required to separate all the atoms in a solid to an
infinite distance?
(a) Internal energy
(b) Enthalpy
(c) Cohesive energy
(d) Potential energy
Q Which material typically has the highest cohesive energy?
(a) Rubber
(b) Diamond
(c) Water
(d) Air
Q How does cohesive energy relate to binding forces between atoms?
(a) Directly proportional
(b) Inversely proportional
(c) Independent
(d) Exponentially related
Q What happens to the cohesive energy of a material when it melts?
(a) Increases significantly
(b) Decreases slightly
(c) Remains constant
(d) Decreases significantly
Q Which factor significantly influences the cohesive energy of metals?
(a) Ionic bonds
(b) Metallic bonds
(c) Covalent bonds
(d) Van der Waals forces
Compressibility and Bulk Modulus:

Q What is the measure of a material's resistance to a change in volume under

pressure?
(a) Shear modulus
(b) Young's modulus
(c) Bulk modulus
(d) Poisson's ratio
Q Which material typically has the highest bulk modulus?
(a) Liquids
(b) Gases
(c) Solids
(d) All have the same
Q How does compressibility relate to the bulk modulus?
(a) Directly proportional
(b) Inversely proportional
(c) Independent
(d) Exponentially related
Q What happens to the bulk modulus of a material when it is heated?
(a) Increases significantly
(b) Decreases slightly
(c) Remains constant
(d) Decreases significantly

1. What is the electrostatic energy of an ion due to its interaction with all other
ions in an ionic crystal?
- (a) Lattice energy
 - (b) Potential energy
- (c) Madelung energy
- (d) Bond energy
2. How does the Madelung energy depend on the lattice structure of an ionic
crystal?
- (a) It is independent
- (b) It is directly proportional
- (c) It is inversely proportional
- (d) It depends on the specific arrangement of ions
3. Which type of ionic crystal generally has the highest Madelung energy?
- (a) NaCl-type
- (b) CsCl-type
- (c) ZnS-type
- (d) CaF2-type
4. What happens to the Madelung energy of an ionic crystal when the interionic
distance increases?
- (a) It increases significantly
- (b) It decreases slightly
- (c) It remains constant
- (d) It decreases significantly

5. What is the dimensionless factor that accounts for the specific arrangement
of ions in the calculation of Madelung energy?
- (a) Lattice parameter
- (b) Coordination number
- (c) Madelung constant
- (d) Born-Landé parameter
6. How is the Madelung constant for a simple cubic lattice different from that
for a face-centered cubic lattice?
- (a) They are the same
- (b) Simple cubic has a higher value
- (c) Face-centered cubic has a higher value
- (d) It depends on the ionic radii
7. Which method is often used to approximate the Madelung constant for
complex ionic crystals?
- (a) Ewald summation
- (b) Born-Landé equation
- (c) X-ray diffraction
- (d) Numerical integration
8. What is the relationship between the Madelung constant and the cohesive
energy of an ionic crystal?
- (a) They are directly proportional
- (b) They are inversely proportional
- (c) They are independent
- (d) It depends on the type of ions

**1. What is Madelung energy associated with in solid-state physics?**

a. Kinetic energy
b. Potential energy
c. Thermal energy
d. Electrical energy

**Answer: b. Potential energy**

**2. Madelung constant is used to calculate the:**

a. Atomic radius
b. Lattice energy
c. Ionization energy
d. Band gap energy

**Answer: b. Lattice energy**

**3. In the context of ionic crystals, Madelung constant depends on:**

 a. Size of the ions
b. Charge on the ions
c. Both a and b
d. Neither a nor b

**Answer: c. Both a and b**

**4. The Madelung constant for a simple cubic lattice is:**

a. 1.414
b. 1
c. 2
d. 0.5

**Answer: b. 1**

**5. Madelung energy is calculated using the formula:**

a. E = kQ1Q2/r
b. E = kQ1Q2/r^2
c. E = kQ1Q2/r^3
d. E = kQ1Q2/r^4

**Answer: b. E = kQ1Q2/r**

**6. The Madelung constant for a face-centered cubic (FCC) lattice is

approximately:**

a. 1.414
b. 1
c. 2
d. 0.5
 **Answer: a. 1.414**

**7. The Madelung constant for sodium chloride (NaCl) crystal is:**

a. 1.414
b. 1
c. -1.7476
d. 2.828

**Answer: c. -1.7476**

**8. Which of the following statements is true about Madelung constants?**

a. They are always positive

b. They can be negative
c. They are constant for all types of lattices
d. They depend only on the size of the ions

**Answer: b. They can be negative**

**9. Madelung constant is used to determine:**

a. Density of a crystal
b. Electrical conductivity of a crystal
c. Melting point of a crystal
d. Stability of an ionic crystal

**Answer: d. Stability of an ionic crystal**

**10. The Madelung constant is affected by the arrangement of ions in the

crystal lattice. Which of the following lattices has the highest Madelung
constant?**
 a. Simple cubic
b. Body-centered cubic
c. Face-centered cubic
d. Hexagonal close-packed

**Answer: c. Face-centered cubic**.

**1. In which type of crystal binding do electrons move freely throughout the
structure, providing electrical conductivity?**

a. Covalent
b. Metallic
c. van der Waals (Molecular)
d. Hydrogen bonded

**Answer: b. Metallic**

**2. Covalent crystals are characterized by:**

a. Shared electron pairs between adjacent atoms

b. Free electrons moving in a sea of positive ions
c. Weak forces holding molecules together
d. Hydrogen bonding

**Answer: a. Shared electron pairs between adjacent atoms**

**3. What type of crystal binding is typically found in gases and low-boiling-
point liquids, forming weak attractions between molecules?**

a. Covalent
b. Metallic
c. van der Waals (Molecular)
d. Hydrogen bonded
 **Answer: c. van der Waals (Molecular)**

**4. Metallic crystals often exhibit:**

a. High electrical conductivity

b. Brittle and hard characteristics
c. Sharp melting points
d. Molecular arrangement

**Answer: a. High electrical conductivity**

**5. Hydrogen bonding is a type of interaction that involves:**

a. Sharing of electrons
b. Electrostatic attraction between positively charged hydrogen and negatively
charged ions
c. Weak forces between molecules with hydrogen atoms
d. Covalent bonds

**Answer: c. Weak forces between molecules with hydrogen atoms**

**6. Which crystal binding is characterized by a three-dimensional network of

interconnected atoms through strong covalent bonds?**

a. Metallic
b. Covalent
c. van der Waals (Molecular)
d. Hydrogen bonded

**Answer: b. Covalent**

**7. The crystal lattice of a metal is held together by:**

 a. Covalent bonds
b. Metallic bonds
c. van der Waals forces
d. Hydrogen bonds

**Answer: b. Metallic bonds**

**8. What is the main factor determining the strength of van der Waals forces
in molecular crystals?**

a. Atomic size
b. Molecular weight
c. Number of hydrogen bonds
d. Temperature

**Answer: c. Number of hydrogen bonds**

**9. Which type of crystal binding is prevalent in substances like ice and liquid
water?**

a. Covalent
b. Metallic
c. van der Waals (Molecular)
d. Hydrogen bonded

**Answer: d. Hydrogen bonded**

**10. Silicon carbide (SiC) is an example of a crystal with predominantly:**

a. Covalent bonding
b. Metallic bonding
c. van der Waals (Molecular) bonding
d. Hydrogen bonding

**Answer: a. Covalent bonding**