It is the unconscious state of understanding of the language code, including its grammar and vocabulary, as well as the

standards of written representation (orthography and script). It is the understanding of the language code, which
includes grammar and vocabulary, as well as the standards of representation in written form (script and
orthography). The grammar component includes knowledge of sounds and their pronunciation (i.e. phonetics), the
rules and regulations that regulate sound interactions and patterns (i.e. phonology), the formation of words (i.e.
morphology), the rules that govern the combination of phrases and words to structure sentences (i.e. syntax), and the
way meaning is managed to convey thru the language (i.e. semantics).

Sociolinguistic competencies can also be called speech competency since it refers to the capacity to carry out and
explain communication objectives based on the communication goals (Fisenko et al., 2021). It is knowing how to
communicate effectively in a specific situation by using the appropriate vocabulary, words, expressions, and
attitudes in particular contexts. It is the understanding of sociocultural rules use and,i.e. knowing how to utilize and
respond appropriately to language. The appropriateness of the communication is determined by the context, the
issue, and the connections between the individuals communicating. Furthermore, being suitable requires knowing what
the other culture's taboos are, what politeness indexes are used in each circumstance, what the politically correct
phrase for anything is, how a specific attitude (authority, friendliness, courtesy, irony, etc.) is represented, and so forth.

Discourse competence is the ability to create and

comprehend oral or written texts through the modes of
writing and speaking as well as listening and reading. It
is the ability to blend several types of language
patterns into a coherent and cohesive oral or
written text. Consequently, discourse competency
is concerned with structuring words, phrases, and
sentences to produce discussions, speeches, poetry,
email messages, newspaper stories, and so on
Strategic competence is the ability to detect and remedy communication disruptions before,during, and after
they happen. For example, if the speaker does not know a specific word, he or she will either rephrase it or
ask what the word is in the chosen language. Background noise or other circumstances may
interfere with communication throughout the conversation; hence, the speaker should know how to
maintain the communication channel open. Whether communication breaks down due to external reasons
(such as interruptions) or because the message is misinterpreted, the speaker needs to know how to re-
establish communication. These tactics may include requests for repetition, clarification, slower speaking,
gestures, taking turns in talking, and so on.

Strategic competence is the ability to

detect and remedy communication
disruptions before,
during, and after they happen. For
example, if the speaker does not know a
specific word, he or she will
either rephrase it or ask what the
word is in the chosen language.
Background noise or other
circumstances may interfere with
communication throughout the
conversation; hence, the speaker
should know how to maintain the
communication channel open. Whether
communication breaks down
due to external reasons (such as
interruptions) or because the message is
misinterpreted, the speaker
needs to know how to re-establish
communication. These tactics may
include requests for repetition,
clarification, slower speaking, gestures,
taking turns in talking, and so on.