Lesson 1

DEFINITIONS OF RESEARCH

> An act of collecting information about a specific topic. According to Western Sydney University
(2023), research is defined as the creation of new knowledge and/or the use of existing knowledge in a
new and creative way so as to generate new concepts, methodologies and understandings.

> Research is a process of executing various mental acts for discovering and examining facts and
information to prove the accuracy or truthfulness of your claims or conclusions about the topic of your
research.

> Research requires you to inquire or investigate about your chosen research topic by asking
questions that will make you engage yourself in top-level thinking strategies of interpreting, analyzing,
synthesizing, criticizing, appreciating, or creating to enable you to discover truths about the many things
you tend to wonder about the topic of your research work (Litchman 2013).

INQUIRY MODEL

Planning - It is the stage where you plan for your actions. From identifying your topic to making an
outline of your future actions.

Retrieving - This phase is about planning your actions for the sole collection of useful information.

Processing - This phase lets you narrow down and find the interconnectedness of the information that
you have gathered to focus on a specific topic.

Creating - This is the phase where you make use of the information that you have gathered to create
meaningful knowledge or products to your chosen audience.

Sharing - This phase is about presenting your output to your audience. Hearing there suggestions and
reactions.

Evaluating - In this phase, you are to evaluate your output as well as the entirety of the process that you
went through, and relating it to real-world situations.

IMPORTANCE OF RESEARCH IN DAILY LIVES

1. Research expands your knowledge base

2. Research gives you the latest information

3. Research introduces you to new ideas

4. Research Helps with Problem-Solving

5. Informed Decision-Making

6. Global Competitiveness

7. Continuous Improvement

Lesson 2

CHARACTERISTICS OF RESEARCH

1. Empirical - Research is based on direct experience or observation by the researcher.

2. Logical - Research is based on valid procedures and principles.

3. Cyclical - Research is a cyclical process because it starts with a problem and ends with a problem.

4. Analytical - Research utilizes proven analytical procedures in gathering the data, whether
historical, descriptive, and experimental and case study.

5. Critical - Research exhibits careful and precise judgment.

6. Methodical - Research is conducted in a methodical manner without bias using systematic method
and procedures.

7. Replicability - The research design and procedures are replicated or repeated to enable the
researcher to arrive at valid and conclusive results.

PROCESS OF MAKING A GOOD RESEARCH STUDY

Step 1. Define and develop your topic.

Step 2. Find background information about your chosen topic.

Step 3. Plan your research design including your sample.

Step 4. Gather necessary data using open ended questions and closed-ended questionnaire or paper
pencil test questionnaire.

Step 5. Process and analyse data using thematic analysis and statistical tools.

Step 6. Formulate new insights gained conclusions and recommendations.

Step 7. Define new problem.

ETHICAL CODES AND POLICIES FOR RESEARCH, RESNIK, 2007

- Honesty

- Objectivity

- Integrity

- Carefulness

- Openness

- Confidentiality

- Responsible Publication

- Responsible Mentoring

- Respect Colleagues

- Legality

- Social Responsibility

- Non-discrimination

- Respect for Intellectual Property

- Human Subject Protection

Lesson 3

DIFFERENTIATE QUANTITATIVE FROM QUALITATIVE RESEARCH

> Quantitative research is a type of educational research in which the researcher decides what to study;
asks specific, narrow questions; collects quantifiable data from participants; analyzes these numbers
using. While, qualitative research is a type of educational research in which the researcher relies on the
views of participants; asks broad, general questions; collects data consisting largely words (text) from
participants; describes and analyzes these words for themes; and conducts the inquiry in a subjective,
biased manner.

> A quantitative research generates numerical data and hard facts. While, a qualitative research
develops understanding on human and social aspects.

Lesson 4

KINDS OF RESEARCH ACROSS FIELDS

1. ICT – It is a field that diverse set of technological tools and sources used to transmit, store, create,
share or exchange information.

2. STEM - It exposes complex mathematical and science theories and concepts which will serve as a
foundation for students’ college courses.

3. ARTS AND DESIGN – It is a field that provide students with knowledge of the different arts and design
forms, materials, media, and production in the creative industries.

4. HUMSS – It is a field that covers topics in the liberal arts, training students to think, write, and speak
about various humanistic and societal concerns.

5. SPORTS – It is a field that involves comprehension of the human movements.

6. AGRICULTURE - This field is designed to provide students with adequate knowledge and skills relating
to agriculture and aquaculture.