Variable Separable

Differential Equations
Topics
• First Order and First Degree ODE
• Types of Solution
• Variable Separable Differential Equations
• Solution to Variable Separable Differential Equations
Forms of First Order and First Degree ODE

Implicit form: F 𝑥, 𝑦, 𝑦 ′ = 0
1 + 𝑥 2 𝑦 ′ + 𝑥𝑦 = 0

Explicit form: 𝑦 ′ = 𝑓 𝑥, 𝑦
𝑥𝑦
𝑦′ =
1 + 𝑥2

Differential form: 𝑀 𝑥, 𝑦 𝑑𝑥 + 𝑁 𝑥, 𝑦 𝑑𝑦 = 0
𝑥𝑦𝑑𝑥 + 1 + 𝑥 2 𝑑𝑦 = 0
Types of Solution
• General Solution – A solution that contains arbitrary constants,
however, this arbitrary constants is not yet defined
• Particular Solution – A solution that no longer contains arbitrary
constants. Hence, the arbitrary constants are defined
Variable Separable Differential Equations
If by algebraic process, a differential equation written in any of the
above forms can be reduced to the form
𝐹 𝑥 𝑑𝑥 + 𝐺 𝑦 𝑑𝑦 = 0
Where F is a function of c alone and G is a function of y alone, we say
that the variables have been separated. Direct integration of the above
equation gives the general solution

න 𝐹 𝑥 𝑑𝑥 + න 𝐺 𝑦 𝑑𝑦 = 𝐶
Examples
2𝑦
𝑦′
• =
𝑥
𝑑𝑦 2𝑦
=
𝑑𝑥 𝑥
𝑑𝑦 𝑑𝑥 1
‫ ׬‬2𝑦 = ‫𝑥 ׬‬ ➔ ln 𝑦 = ln 𝑥 + 𝐶
2
ln 𝑦 = 2 ln 𝑥 + 𝐶 ➔ ln 𝑦 = ln 𝑥 2 +𝐶
2 +𝐶
𝑒 ln 𝑦 = 𝑒 ln 𝑥

𝒚 = 𝑪𝒙𝟐
Examples
• 𝑥𝑦𝑑𝑥 + 𝑦 2 − 1 𝑑𝑦 = 0
1
𝑥𝑑𝑥 + 𝑦 − 𝑑𝑦 = 0
𝑦
1
‫ 𝑥𝑑𝑥 ׬‬+ ‫ 𝑦 ׬‬− 𝑦
𝑑𝑦 = ‫ ׬‬0
𝑥2 𝑦2
+ − ln 𝑦 = 𝐶
2 2
𝑥 2 + 𝑦 2 − 2 ln 𝑦 = 𝐶
𝒙𝟐 + 𝒚𝟐 − 𝐥𝐧 𝒚𝟐 = 𝑪
Examples
• 2𝑥 𝑦 + 1 𝑑𝑥 − 𝑦𝑑𝑦 = 0 @ 𝑥 = 1, 𝑦 = 0
𝑦𝑑𝑦 𝑦𝑑𝑦
2𝑥𝑑𝑥 − =0 ➔ ‫ ׬‬2𝑥𝑑𝑥 − ‫𝑦 ׬‬+1 =𝐶
𝑦+1
2 𝑦𝑑𝑦
𝑥 − ‫𝑦 ׬‬+1 =𝐶 let: 𝑢 = 𝑦 + 1 ; 𝑑𝑢 = 𝑑𝑦
𝑢−1 𝑑𝑢 𝑢 1
𝑥2 −‫׬‬ =𝐶 ➔ 𝑥2 − ‫𝑢𝑑 𝑢 ׬‬ + ‫𝑢𝑑 ׬‬ =𝐶
𝑢 𝑢
𝑥 2 − 𝑢 + ln 𝑢 = 𝐶 ➔ 𝑥 2 − 𝑦 + 1 + ln 𝑦 + 1 = 𝐶
𝒙𝟐 − 𝒚 + 𝒍𝒏 𝒚 + 𝟏 = 𝑪 ➔ General Solution
Examples

𝑥 2 − 𝑦 + 𝑙𝑛 𝑦 + 1 = 𝐶 @ 𝑥 = 1, 𝑦 = 0
2
1 − 0 + 𝑙𝑛 0 + 1 = 𝐶

0=𝐶

𝒙𝟐 − 𝒚 + 𝒍𝒏 𝒚 + 𝟏 = 𝟏 ➔ Particular Solution
Examples
• 2𝑥𝑦𝑦 ′ = 1 + 𝑦 2 @ 𝑥 = 2, 𝑦 = 3
𝑑𝑦 ydy 𝑑𝑥
2𝑥𝑦 =1+ 𝑦2 ➔ =
𝑑𝑥 1+𝑦 2 2𝑥
ydy dx
‫ ׬‬1+𝑦2 = ‫ ׬‬2𝑥 let: 𝑢 = 𝑦 2 + 1 ; 𝑑𝑢 = 2𝑦𝑑𝑦
1 du 1
2
‫ = 𝑢 ׬‬2 ln 𝑥 + 𝐶
1 1
ln 𝑢 = ln 𝑥 + 𝐶 ➔ ln 𝑦 2 + 1 = ln 𝑥 + 𝐶
2 2
𝒚𝟐 + 𝟏 = 𝑪𝒙 ➔ General Solution
Examples
• 𝑦 2 + 1 = 𝐶𝑥 @ 𝑥 = 2, 𝑦 = 3
3 2 +1=𝐶 2
10 = 2𝐶
𝐶=5
𝒚𝟐 + 𝟏 = 𝟓𝒙 ➔ Particular Solution
Examples
• 𝑥3 + 2 𝑦 = 𝑥 𝑦4 + 3 𝑦′ @ 𝑥 = 1, 𝑦 = 1
𝑑𝑦 𝑥 3 +2 𝑦 4 +3
𝑥3 + 2 𝑦 = 𝑥 𝑦4 + 3 ➔ 𝑑𝑥 = 𝑑𝑦
𝑑𝑥 𝑥 𝑦
𝑥 3 +2 𝑦 4 +3
‫׬‬ 𝑑𝑥 = ‫׬‬ 𝑑𝑦
𝑥 𝑦
2 2 3 3
‫𝑥𝑑 𝑥 ׬‬ + ‫𝑥𝑑 ׬‬
𝑥
= ‫ 𝑦𝑑 𝑦 ׬‬+ ‫𝑦𝑑 𝑦 ׬‬
𝟏 𝟑 𝟏 𝟒
𝒙 + 𝟐 𝐥𝐧 𝒙 = 𝒚 + 𝟑 𝐥𝐧 𝒚 + 𝑪 ➔ General Solution
𝟑 𝟒
Examples
1 3 1 4
• 𝑥 + 2 ln 𝑥 = 𝑦 + 3 ln 𝑦 + 𝐶 @ 𝑥 = 1, 𝑦 = 1
3 4
1 1
1 + 2 ln 1 = 1 4 + 3 ln 1
3 +𝐶
3 4
1 1
+0= +0+𝐶
3 4
1 1 1
𝐶= − =
3 4 12
𝟏 𝟑 𝟏 𝟒 𝟏
𝒙 + 𝟐 𝒍𝒏 𝒙 = 𝒚 + 𝟑 𝒍𝒏 𝒚 + ➔ Particular Solution
𝟑 𝟒 𝟏𝟐
Examples
2𝑥 2𝑥 𝑒 2𝑥 𝑑𝑦
• 𝑦𝑒 𝑑𝑥 = 4 + 𝑒 𝑑𝑦 ➔ 𝑑𝑥 =
4+𝑒 2𝑥 𝑦
𝑒 2𝑥 𝑑𝑦
‫ ׬‬4+𝑒 2𝑥 𝑑𝑥 = ‫𝑦׬‬ let: 𝑢 = 4 + 𝑒 2𝑥 ; 𝑑𝑢 = 2𝑒 2𝑥 𝑑𝑥
1 𝑑𝑢 𝑑𝑦 1
‫𝑥𝑑 𝑢 ׬‬ = ‫𝑦 ׬‬ ➔ ln 𝑢 = ln 𝑦 + 𝐶
2 2
1
ln 4 + 𝑒 2𝑥 = ln 𝑦 + 𝐶 ➔ ln 4 + 𝑒 2𝑥 = 2 ln 𝑦 + 𝐶
2
2𝑥 2 +𝐶
ln 4 + 𝑒 2𝑥 = ln 𝑦 2 +𝐶 ➔ 𝑒 ln 4+𝑒 = 𝑒 ln 𝑦

𝟒 + 𝒆𝟐𝒙 = 𝑪𝒚𝟐 ➔ General Solution

Examples
• 𝑚𝑦𝑑𝑥 = 𝑛𝑥𝑑𝑦
𝑚 𝑛 𝑚 𝑛
𝑑𝑥 = 𝑑𝑦 ➔ ‫𝑥𝑑 𝑥 ׬‬ = ‫𝑦𝑑 𝑦 ׬‬
𝑥 𝑦
𝑚 ln 𝑥 = 𝑛 ln 𝑦 + 𝐶
ln 𝑥 𝑚 = ln 𝑦 𝑛 + 𝐶
ln 𝑥 𝑚 ln 𝑦 𝑛 +𝐶
𝑒 = 𝑒
𝑥𝑚 = 𝑦𝑛 ∙ 𝑒𝐶
𝒙𝒎 = 𝑪𝒚𝒏 ➔ General Solution
Examples
• 𝑥 cos2 𝑦 𝑑𝑥 + 𝑡𝑎𝑛 𝑦 𝑑𝑦 = 0
𝑡𝑎𝑛 𝑦
𝑥𝑑𝑥 + 𝑑𝑦 = 0
cos2 𝑦
‫𝑥𝑑𝑥 ׬‬ + sec 2 𝑦 tan 𝑦 𝑑𝑦
‫׬‬ = ‫׬‬0
let: 𝑢 = tan 𝑦 ; 𝑑𝑢 = sec 2 𝑦 𝑑𝑦
1 2 1 2 1 2
𝑥 + ‫𝐶 = 𝑢𝑑𝑢 ׬‬ ➔ 𝑥 + 𝑢 =𝐶
2 2 2
1 2 1
𝑥 + tan 𝑦 2 = 𝐶
2 2
𝒙𝟐 + 𝐭𝐚𝐧𝟐 𝒚 = 𝑪 ➔ General Solution
Examples
• 𝑥 + 2 𝑑𝑥 = 𝑥 + 3 sin 𝑦 cos 𝑦 𝑑𝑦
𝑥+2 𝑥+2
𝑑𝑥 = sin 𝑦 cos 𝑦 𝑑𝑦 ➔ ‫׬‬ 𝑑𝑥 = ‫ ׬‬sin 𝑦 cos 𝑦 𝑑𝑦
𝑥+3 𝑥+3
𝑥 2
‫׬‬ 𝑑𝑥 + ‫׬‬ 𝑑𝑥 = ‫ ׬‬sin 𝑦 cos 𝑦 𝑑𝑦
𝑥+3 𝑥+3
let: 𝑣 = 𝑥 + 3 ; 𝑑𝑣 = 𝑑𝑥 ; 𝑢 = sin 𝑦 ; 𝑑𝑢 = 𝑐𝑜𝑠 𝑦 𝑑𝑦
𝑣−3 𝑣 3
‫𝑣𝑑 𝑣 ׬‬ + 2 ln 𝑥 + 3 = ‫𝑢𝑑𝑢 ׬‬ ➔ ‫𝑣𝑑 𝑣 ׬‬ − ‫𝑣𝑑 𝑣 ׬‬ + 2 ln 𝑥 + 3 = ‫𝑢𝑑𝑢 ׬‬
1 2
𝑣 − 3 ln 𝑣 + 2 ln 𝑥 + 3 = u +𝐶
2
1 2
𝑥 + 3 − 3 ln 𝑥 + 3 + 2 ln 𝑥 + 3 = 𝑠𝑖𝑛𝑦 +𝐶
2
𝟏 𝟐
𝒙 − 𝒍𝒏 𝒙 + 𝟑 = 𝒔𝒊𝒏𝒚 +𝑪 ➔ General Solution
𝟐
Examples
𝑑𝑦
• 𝑥 2 𝑦𝑦 ′ = 𝑒 𝑦 ➔ 𝑥 2𝑦 = 𝑒𝑦
𝑑𝑥
𝑦𝑑𝑦 𝑑𝑥 𝑦𝑑𝑦 𝑑𝑥
𝑒𝑦
=
𝑥2
➔ ‫𝑥 ׬ = 𝑦 𝑒 ׬‬2 ➔ ‫ 𝑒𝑦 ׬‬−𝑦 𝑑𝑦 = ‫ 𝑥 ׬‬−2 𝑑𝑥
let: 𝑢 = 𝑦 ; 𝑑𝑣 = 𝑒 −𝑦 𝑑𝑦 ; 𝑑𝑢 = 𝑑𝑦 ; 𝑣 = −𝑒 −𝑦
𝑦 −𝑒 −𝑦 − ‫ ׬‬−𝑒 −𝑦 𝑑𝑦 = ‫ 𝑥 ׬‬−2 𝑑𝑥
1 1
−𝑦𝑒 −𝑦 − 𝑒 −𝑦 = − +𝐶 ➔ 𝑦𝑒 −𝑦 + 𝑒 −𝑦 = +𝐶
𝑥 𝑥
𝑦+1 1
= +𝐶 ➔ 𝑥 𝑦 + 1 = 𝑒 𝑦 + 𝐶𝑥𝑒 𝑦
𝑒𝑦 𝑥
𝒙 𝒚 + 𝟏 = 𝟏 + 𝑪𝒙 𝒆𝒚 ➔ General Solution
Examples
2𝑥 ′ 2𝑥 𝑑𝑦
• 𝑒 +4 𝑦 =𝑦 ➔ 𝑒 +4 =𝑦
𝑑𝑥
𝑑𝑦 𝑑𝑥 𝑑𝑦 𝑑𝑥
= ➔ ‫𝑦׬‬ = ‫ 𝑒 ׬‬2𝑥 +4
𝑦 𝑒 2𝑥 +4
𝑑𝑥 𝑑𝑥 𝑒 −2𝑥 𝑑𝑥
ln 𝑦 = ‫׬‬ 1 ➔ ln 𝑦 = ‫ ׬‬1+4𝑒−2𝑥 ➔ ln 𝑦 = ‫ ׬‬1+4𝑒 −2𝑥
+4
𝑒−2𝑥 𝑒−2𝑥
𝑑𝑢
let: 𝑢 = 1 + 4𝑒 −2𝑥 ; 𝑑𝑢 = −8𝑒 −2𝑥 ⇒ − = 𝑒 −2𝑥
8
𝑑𝑢 1
ln 𝑦 = ‫ ׬‬− 8𝑢 ➔ ln 𝑦 = − ln 𝑢 +𝐶 ➔ −8 ln 𝑦 = ln 1 + 4𝑒 −2𝑥 + 𝐶
8
ln 𝑦 −8 = ln 1 + 4𝑒 −2𝑥 + 𝐶 ➔ 𝑦 −8 = 1 + 4𝑒 −2𝑥 𝐶
1 1
= 1 + 4𝑒 −2𝑥 𝐶 ➔ = 1 + 4𝑒 −2𝑥 𝑦 8
𝑦8 𝐶
𝑪 = 𝒚𝟖 𝟏 + 𝟒𝒆−𝟐𝒙 ➔ General Solution
Examples
𝑑𝑦
• 𝑦 ′ = 𝑦 sec 𝑥 ➔ = 𝑦 sec 𝑥
𝑑𝑥
𝑑𝑦 𝑑𝑦
= sec 𝑥 𝑑𝑥 ➔ ‫𝑦׬‬ = ‫ ׬‬sec 𝑥 𝑑𝑥
𝑦
sec 𝑥+tan 𝑥
ln 𝑦 = ‫ ׬‬sec 𝑥 sec 𝑥+tan 𝑥 𝑑𝑥
sec2 𝑥+sec 𝑥 tan 𝑥
ln 𝑦 = ‫ ׬‬sec 𝑥+tan 𝑥 𝑑𝑥
let: 𝑢 = sec 𝑥 + tan 𝑥 ; 𝑑𝑢 = sec 𝑥 tan 𝑥 + sec 2 𝑥 𝑑𝑥
𝑑𝑢
ln 𝑦 = ‫׬‬ ➔ ln 𝑦 = ln 𝑢 + 𝐶 ➔ ln 𝑦 = ln sec 𝑥 + tan 𝑥 + 𝐶
𝑢
𝒚 = 𝒔𝒆𝒄 𝒙 + 𝒕𝒂𝒏 𝒙 𝑪 ➔ General Solution
Examples
• 𝑥𝑦 3 𝑑𝑥 + 𝑦 + 1 𝑒 −𝑥 𝑑𝑦 = 0
𝑦+1 𝑑𝑦 𝑦+1 𝑑𝑦
𝑥𝑒 𝑥 𝑑𝑥 + =0 ➔ ‫׬‬ 𝑥𝑒 𝑥 𝑑𝑥 +‫׬‬ =0
𝑦3 𝑦3
𝑥𝑒 𝑥 𝑑𝑥 + 𝑦𝑑𝑦 + 𝑑𝑦 =0
‫׬‬ ‫𝑦 ׬‬3 ‫𝑦 ׬‬3
‫ 𝑥𝑑 𝑒𝑥 ׬‬+ ‫ 𝑦𝑑 𝑦 ׬‬+ ‫ 𝑦 ׬‬−3 𝑑𝑦 = 0
𝑥 −2

let: 𝑢 = 𝑥 ; 𝑑𝑣 = 𝑒 𝑥 𝑑𝑥 ; 𝑑𝑢 = 𝑑𝑥 ; 𝑣 = 𝑒 𝑥
𝑥𝑒 𝑥 − ‫ 𝑥𝑑 𝑥 𝑒 ׬‬+ ‫ 𝑦 ׬‬−2 𝑑𝑦 + ‫ 𝑦 ׬‬−3 𝑑𝑦 = 0
𝑦 −2
𝑥𝑒 𝑥 − 𝑒𝑥 − 𝑦 −1 − =𝐶
2
𝒙 𝟏 𝟏
𝒙−𝟏 𝒆 − − =𝑪 ➔ General Solution
𝒚 𝟐𝒚𝟐
Examples
• 1 + ln 𝑥 𝑑𝑥 + 1 + 𝑙𝑛𝑦 𝑑𝑦 = 0 ➔ ‫ ׬‬1 + ln 𝑥 𝑑𝑥 + ‫׬‬ሺ1 +
𝑙𝑛𝑦ሻ𝑑𝑦 = 0
‫ 𝑥𝑑 ׬‬+ ‫ ׬‬ln 𝑥 𝑑𝑥 + ‫ 𝑦𝑑 ׬‬+ ‫ ׬‬ln 𝑦 𝑑𝑦 = ‫ ׬‬0
1
let: 𝑢 = ln 𝑥 ; 𝑑𝑣 = 𝑑𝑥 ; 𝑑𝑢 = 𝑑𝑥 ; 𝑣=𝑥
𝑥
1
let: 𝑢 = ln 𝑦 ; 𝑑𝑣 = 𝑑𝑦 ; 𝑑𝑢 = 𝑑𝑦 ; 𝑣=𝑦
𝑦
𝑥 𝑦
‫ 𝑥𝑑 ׬‬+ 𝑥 ln 𝑥 − ‫𝑥𝑑 𝑥 ׬‬ + ‫ 𝑦𝑑 ׬‬+ 𝑦 ln 𝑦 − ‫𝑦𝑑 𝑦 ׬‬ = ‫׬‬0
𝑥 + 𝑥 ln 𝑥 − 𝑥 + 𝑦 + 𝑦 ln 𝑦 − 𝑦 = 𝐶
𝒙 𝒍𝒏 𝒙 + 𝒚 𝒍𝒏 𝒚 = 𝑪 ➔ General Solution