BITE HETTIE

DYNAMICS IS THE STUDY OF

FORCES

A FORCE IS A PUSH OR PULL

FORCE IS A VECTOR
S UNIT NEWTON I 1

TYPES OF FORCES
CONTACT FORCES TOUCHING
APPLIED FORCE Fa A FORCE USED
TO HELP MOVE AN OBJECT
EXAMPLE
PUSHING A Box
FORCE OF FRICTION E A FORCE
THAT OPPOSES SLIDING MOTION
BETWEEN SURFACES
NORMAL FORCE Fn THE FORCE
A SURFACE EXERTS ON AN
OBJECT TO SUPPORT IT THE
NORMAL FORCE ALWAYS ACTS
SERPENDCULAR TO THE SURFACE
 TENSION FT THE PULL EXERTED
BY A STRING ROPE OR CABLE
SPRING FORCE Fs THE FORCE A
SPRING EXERTS TO RESTORE IT TO
ITS NORMAL SHAPE
AT A DISTANCE FORCES NOT
TOUCHING
GRAVITATIONAL FORCE AKA
WEIGHT Fs THE ATTRACTION
BETWEEN TWO OBJECTS
GENERALLY EARTH AND AN OBJECT

Fg mg Fg GRAVITATIONAL
FORCE 1 I
m MASSI g
g GRAVITATIONAL
FIELD STRENGTH
9.8

ELECTROSTATIC FORCE
MAGNETIC FORCE
FREE BODY DIAGRAMS
A FREE BODY DIAGRAM IS USED TO
SHOW THE MAGNITUDE AND
DIRECTION OF ALL THE FORCES
ACTING ON AN OBJECT
USE A DOT OR BOX TO REPRESENT
THE OBJECT
USE ARROWS TO REPRESENT THE
FORCES
ARROWS POINT OUTWARDS FROM
THE OBJECT
THE LENGTH OF AN ARROW SHOWS
THE SIZE OF THE FORCE
FORCES MUST BE LABELLED
IF YOU ARE UNSURE OF WHAT FORCES ARE ACTING
ON AN OBJECT A ROUGH RULE IS EVERYTHING
TOUCHING THE OBJECT PLUS GRAVITY

EXAMPLE
DRAW A FREE BODY DIAGRAM FOR THE
FOLLOWING SITUATIONS
a A BOOK A REST ON A TABLE
 b A MAN PUSHING A BOX

c A BASEBALL PLAYER SLIDING TO

SECOND BASE

N.FI TfEfEoRCEfFneIYs THE SUM

OF ALL THE FORCES
THE NET FORCE IS NOT A REAL
FORCE IT IS NOT SHOWN ON A
FREE BODY DIAGRAM
REMEMBER FORCES HAVE DIRECTION THIS MEANS
THAT YOU ADD FORCES IN THE SAME DIRECTION AND
SUBTRACT FORCES IN THE OPPOSITE DIRECTION
 EXAMPLE
WHAT IS THE NET FORCE
a
Fn to N
y
tFg lo N

b Fn 80 N

20
q
Ff Fa 50 N

g ooo N

FN 60N
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N
I 50 N
Ff
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Fg GO N
NEWTON'S LAWS
FIRST LAW LAW OF INERTIA
IF ALL THE FORCES ACTING ON
A BODY ARE BALANCED THEN
THE OBJECT WILL NOT CHANGE
SPEED OR DIRECTION cos oo
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SECOND LAW Five ma

IF THERE IS AN UNBALANCED
FORCE ACTINGOBJECT ON AN
IT WILL ACCELERATE IN THE
DIRECTION OF THE NET FORCE
IN INVERSE PROPORTION TO ITS
MASS Ogs Eggs 85

THIRD LAW ACTION REACTION

IF OBJECT A EXERTS A FORCE
ON OBJECT B THEN 13
EXERTS AN EQUAL FORCE
BACK UPON A IN THE
OPPOSITE DIRECTION
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 TWO POSSIBILITIES
Five O
BALANCED FORCES
NEWTON'S FIRST LAW APPLIES
NO ACCELERATION
FN ET F O
UNBALANCED FORCES
NEWTON'S SECOND LAW
APPLIES
THE OBJECT ACCELERATES

ET NET FORCE c
Five moi m MASSI g
a ACCELERATION I

EXAMPLE
A 2500kg ROCKET PROPELLED
PROJECTILE IS AIMED UPWARDS AND
HAS A THRUST OF 35000N FROM
ITS ENGINES ASSUMING NO AIR
RESISTANCE AT WHAT RATE DOES
IT ACCELERATE
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YOU MAY SOMETIMES NEED TO

USE KINEMATICS TO SOLVE
DYNAMICS PROBLEMS
THE LINK BETWEEN NEWTON'S
SECOND LAW AND THE KINEMATICS
EQUATIONS IS ACCELERATION
 EXAMPLE
A 2200 kg CAR IS TRAVELLING AT 12 s
THE CAR BRAKES AND COMES TO
REST OVER A DISTANCE OF 8 O m
WHAT IS THE FORCE OF FRICTION AS
THE CAR BRAKES

FRICTION

Ff µFn
Ff FORCE OF FRICTION I
M COEFFICIENT OF
J
GREEK LETTER FRICTION
PRONOUNCED
mm w Fn NORMAL FORCE 1 I
 FRICTION ALWAYS ACTS AGAINST
MOTION INTENDED MOTION

TO DETERMINE IT LOOK AT THE

FORCES PERPENDICULAR TO THE
SURFACE THESE FORCES ARE
BALANCED I E EE O
5E I E
SU O
O OU ng 3U O S

STATIC FRICTION IS USED WHEN

AN OBJECT IS NOT MOVING
AT REST IF WILL ALWAYS GROW
TO MATCH ANY PULL UNTIL A
MAXIMUM IS REACHED
Ff FA

Ff FA
Ff FA
FA
l
SLIPS AND
MAX Ff µsFn STARTS MOVING

80 C's c

IF YOU WANT TO FIND THE MINIMUM FORCE

REQUIRED TO MOVE AN OBJECT FROM REST USE
THE COEFFICIENT OF STATIC FRICTION Us AND AN
ACCELERATION OF ZERO
 KINETIC FRICTION IS USED WHEN
AN OBJECT IS SLIDING OVER A
SURFACE
0
c S O 03J C S

MIX EMIN

oRcE OF FRICTION F

f O_O

APPLIED FORCE Fa

EXAMPLE
STUDENTS PLAN TO PUSH THE
PRINCIPAL'S CAR 25 00 Ks FROM ITS
PARKING SPOT
a IF
µs FOR ASPHALT AND RUBBER
IS 0.65 HOW MUCH FORCE WILL
THIS REQUIRE

3 00 no SO
00 3 3 C o
J D 3
00C S ICU
O O O
b THE CAR STARTS MOVING
FILTERSTUDENTS CONTINUE TO
PUSH THE CAR WITH THE SAME
FORCE IF THE CAR ACCELERATES
AT 0.50 me WHAT IS THE
COEFFICIENT OF KINETIC
FRICTION µ
 EXAMPLE
A BOX IS ON A RAMP IF THE
COEFFICIENT OF FRICTION
BETWEEN THE BOX AND THE
RAMP IS 0.30 AT WHAT RATE
DOES THE BOX ACCELERATE

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MULTI BODY SYSTEMS

450 A
MASSLESS
ROPE IS TRINI
massless
FRICTIONLESS
PULLEY µ 0.55

KEY IDEAS
BOTH MASSES WILL HAVE THE
SAME MAGNITUDE OF
ACCELERATION
ONE ROPE 1ST RING CAN ONLY
HAVE ONE TENSION
TENSION CAN ONLY PULL NOT
PUSH

TO SOLVE FOR ACCELERATION

ANALYZE THE SYSTEM AS A
WHOLE
TO SOLVE FOR TENSION ISOLATE
THE MASSES
 EXAMPLE
DETERMINE THE ACCELERATION OF
THE SYSTEM AND THE TENSION
OF THE ROPE

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EXAMPLE
DETERMINE THE ACCELERATION OF
THE SYSTEM AND THE TENSION
OF THE ROPE

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 EXAMPLE
DETERMINE THE ACCELERATION OF
THE SYSTEM AND THE TENSION
OF THE ROPE

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SPRINGS AND HOOKE'S LAW
EACH SPRING HAS AN EQUILIBRIUM
POSITION
HOOKE'S LAW THE RESTORING OF
FORCE A SPRING IS PROPORTIONAL
TO HOW MUCH THE SPRING IS
STRETCHED OR COMPRESSED

I s i r k roll
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SPI C I T 301 IMPRESSED
IQUI 3PIU105 TO lil
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o that
QUI 3PM I If I 1 lil

THE SPRING CONSTANT K IS

DEPENDENT ON THE SPRING
GREATER VALUE MEANS
STIFFER SPRING
 EXAMPLE
DETERMINE HOW FAR THE SPRING
IS STRETCHED FROM ITS EQUILIBRIUM
POSITION

Gq K 450 Fn

test
 UNIVERSAL GRAVITATION
THERE IS A GRAVITATIONAL
FORCE BETWEEN ANY TWO
MASSES

tg GRAVITATIONAL
FORCE 1 I
Fg Gmr G GRAVITATIONAL
CONSTANT
OFTEN WRITTEN AS N
6.67 10
Fg Fm
m Mz MASSES O
r DISTANCE
BETWEEN THE
CENTRES OF
MASS

EQUIVALENT TO
ACCELERATION
DUE TO GRAVITY
THE GRAVITATIONAL FIELD
STRENGTH IS THE GRAVITATIONAL
FORCE ACTING ON EACH
KILOGRAM OF MASS
 EQUIVALENT
0 Is2

9 GRAVITATIONAL I
is
GFI FIELD STRENGTH
g m
IT GRAVITATIONAL
FORCE I 1
m MASS FIELD I g
G GRAVITATIONAL
CONSTANT
6.67 10 Tig
TYPICALLY A LARGE Y MASS GENERATING
BODY E.G PLANET
T IE FIELD g
r DISTANCE FROM
THE CENTRE OF
MASS til

EXAMPLE
WHAT IS THE FORCE OF GRAVITY ON
A 75 kg ASTRONAUT 1000 KM
ABOVE THE EARTH HOW DOES THIS
COMPARE WITH THE FORCE OF
GRAVITY ON THE SURFACE OF
EARTH
RADIUS OF EARTH 6380 km
MASS OF EARTH 5.98 10 kg
 EXAMPLE
WHAT IS THE FORCE OF GRAVITY
BETWEEN YOU AND THE PERSON
BESIDE YOU
 EXAMPLE
SHOW THAT THE ACCELERATION
DUE TO GRAVITY IS 9.8 ON THE
SURFACE OF EARTH