_ _ _

___(_)_ __ ___ _ __ | | ___ _ __ _ __ ___ ___| |_ __ _ _ __ ___ ___

/ __| | '_ ` _ \| '_ \| |/ _ \| '_ \ | '_ \ / _ \/ __| __/ _` | '__/ _ \/ __|
\__ \ | | | | | | |_) | | (_) | | | | | |_) | (_) \__ \ || (_| | | | __/\__ \
|___/_|_| |_| |_| .__/|_|\___/|_| |_| | .__/ \___/|___/\__\__, |_| \___||___/
|_| |_| |___/

Simplon/Postgres

1. Installing
2. Direct vs. PgSqlManager
3. Setup connection
4. Usage: Direct access
4.1. Query
4.2. Insert
4.3. Update
4.4. Replace
4.5. Delete
4.6. Execute
5. Usage: PgSqlManager
5.1. Query
5.2. Insert
5.3. Update
5.4. Replace
5.5. Delete
5.6. Execute
6. IN() Clause Handling
6.1. The issue
6.2. The solution
7. CRUD Helper
7.1. Intro
7.2. Requirements
7.3. Flexibility/Restrictions
7.4. Conclusion
7.5. Examples
7.6. Example Custom Vo
8. Exceptions

Dependecies

 PHP >= 5.3

 PDO
1. Installing
Easy install via composer. Still no idea what composer is? Inform yourself here.

{
"require": {
"simplon/postgres": "*"
}
}

2. Direct vs. PgSqlManager

I implemented two different ways of interacting with Postgres. The first option is the usual one
which interacts directly with the database. Following a straight forward example to show you
what I mean:

$dbConn->fetchRow('SELECT * FROM names WHERE name = :name', array('name' =>

'Peter'));

In constrast to the prior method the PgSqlManager uses a Builder Pattern to deal with the
database. What advantage does that offer? Well, in case that we want to do more things with our
query before sending it off we encapsule it as a Builder Pattern. From there on we could pass
it throughout our application to add more data or alike before sending the query finally off to the
database. Again, a quick example of how we would rewrite the above direct query:

$sqlBuilder = new \Simplon\Postgres\Manager\PgSqlQueryBuilder();

$sqlBuilder
->setQuery('SELECT * FROM names WHERE name = :name')
->setConditions(array('name' => 'Peter'));

$pgSqlManager = new \Simplon\Postgres\Manager\PgSqlManager($dbConn);

$pgSqlManager->fetchRow($sqlBuilder);

3. Setup connection
The library requires a config value object in order to instantiate a connection with Postgres. See
how it's done:

$config = array(
// required credentials

'host' => 'localhost',

'user' => 'rootuser',
'password' => 'rootuser',
 'database' => 'our_database',

// optional

'fetchMode' => \PDO::FETCH_ASSOC,

'charset' => 'utf8',
'port' => 3306,
'unixSocket' => null,
);

// standard setupPostgres
$dbConn = new \Simplon\Postgres\Postgres(
$config['host'],
$config['user'],
$config['password'],
$config['database']
);

The following code shows all possible parameters to setup a connection:

\Simplon\Postgres\Postgres::__construct(
$host,
$user,
$password,
$database,
$fetchMode = \PDO::FETCH_ASSOC,
$charset = 'utf8',
array $options = array('port' => 3306, 'unixSocket' => '')
);

In case that you wanna use the PgSqlManager there is one piece missing:

$pgSqlManager = new \Simplon\Postgres\Manager\PgSqlManager($dbConn);

4. Usage: Direct access

4.1. Query

FetchColumn

Returns a selected column from the first match. The example below returns id or false if
nothing was found.

$result = $dbConn->fetchColumn('SELECT id FROM names WHERE name = :name',

array('name' => 'Peter'));

// result
var_dump($result); // '1' || false

FetchColumnMany
Returns an array with the selected column from all matching datasets. In the example below an
array with all ids will be returned or false if nothing was found.

$result = $dbConn->fetchColumnMany('SELECT id FROM names WHERE name = :name',

array('name' => 'Peter'));

// result
var_dump($result); // ['1', '15', '30', ...] || false

FetchColumnManyCursor

Returns one matching dataset at a time. It is resource efficient and therefore handy when your
result has many data. In the example below you either iterate through the foreach loop in case
you have matchings or nothing will happen.

$cursor = $dbConn->fetchColumnMany('SELECT id FROM names WHERE name = :name',

array('name' => 'Peter'));

foreach ($cursor as $result)

{
var_dump($result); // '1'
}

FetchRow

Returns all selected columns from a matched dataset. The example below returns id, age for the
matched dataset. If nothing got matched false will be returned.

$result = $dbConn->fetchRow('SELECT id, age FROM names WHERE name = :name',

array('name' => 'Peter'));

var_dump($result); // ['id' => '1', 'age' => '22'] || false

FetchRowMany

Returns all selected columns from all matched dataset. The example below returns for each
matched dataset id, age. If nothing got matched false will be returned.

$result = $dbConn->fetchRowMany('SELECT id, age FROM names WHERE name

= :name', array('name' => 'Peter'));

var_dump($result); // [ ['id' => '1', 'age' => '22'], ['id' => '15', 'age' =>
'40'], ... ] || false

FetchRowManyCursor

Same explanation as for FetchColumnManyCursor except that we receive all selected columns.

$result = $dbConn->fetchRowMany('SELECT id, age FROM names WHERE name

= :name', array('name' => 'Peter'));
foreach ($cursor as $result)
{
var_dump($result); // ['id' => '1', 'age' => '22']
}

4.2. Insert

Single data

Inserting data into the database is pretty straight forward. Follow the example below:

$data = array(
'id' => false,
'name' => 'Peter',
'age' => 45,
);

$id = $dbConn->insert('names', $data);

var_dump($id); // 50 || bool

The result depends on the table. If the table holds an autoincrementing ID column you will
receive the ID count for the inserted data. If the table does not hold such a field you will receive
true for a successful insert. If anything went bogus you will receive false.

Many datasets

Follow the example for inserting many datasets at once:

$data = array(
array(
'id' => false,
'name' => 'Peter',
'age' => 45,
),
array(
'id' => false,
'name' => 'Peter',
'age' => 16,
),
);

$id = $dbConn->insertMany('names', $data);

var_dump($id); // 50 || bool

The result depends on the table. If the table holds an autoincrementing ID column you will
receive the ID count for the inserted data. If the table does not hold such a field you will receive
true for a successful insert. If anything went bogus you will receive false.
4.3. Updating

Simple update statement

Same as for insert statements accounts for updates. Its easy to understand. If the update
succeeded the response will be true. If something went wrong you will receive false.

$conds = array(
'id' => 50,
);

$data = array(
'name' => 'Peter',
'age' => 50,
);

$result = $dbConn->update('names', $conds, $data);

var_dump($result); // true || false

Custom update conditions query

Same as for insert statements accounts for updates. Its easy to understand. If the update
succeeded the response will be true. If something went wrong you will receive false.

$conds = array(
'id' => 50,
'name' => 'Peter',
);

// custom conditions query

$condsQuery = 'id = :id OR name =: name';

$data = array(
'name' => 'Peter',
'age' => 50,
);

$result = $dbConn->update('names', $conds, $data, $condsQuery);

var_dump($result); // true || false

4.4. Replace

As Postgres states it: REPLACE works exactly like INSERT, except that if an old row in the table
has the same value as a new row for a PRIMARY KEY or a UNIQUE index, the old row is deleted
before the new row is inserted.
Replace a single datasets

As a result you will either receive the INSERT ID or false in case something went wrong.

$data = array(
'id' => 5,
'name' => 'Peter',
'age' => 16,
);

$result = $dbConn->replace('names', $data);

var_dump($result); // 1 || false

Replace multiple datasets

As a result you will either receive an array of INSERT IDs or false in case something went
wrong.

$data = array(
array(
'id' => 5,
'name' => 'Peter',
'age' => 16,
),
array(
'id' => 10,
'name' => 'John',
'age' => 22,
),
);

$result = $dbConn->replaceMany('names', $data);

var_dump($result); // [5, 10] || false

4.5. Delete

Simple delete conditions

The following example demonstrates how to remove data. If the query succeeds we will receive
true else false.

$result = $dbConn->delete('names', array('id' => 50));

var_dump($result); // true || false

Custom delete conditions query

The following example demonstrates how to remove data with a custom conditions query. If the
query succeeds we will receive true else false.

$conds = array(
'id' => 50,
'name' => 'John',
);

// custom conditions query

$condsQuery = 'id = :id OR name =: name';

$result = $dbConn->delete('names', $conds, $condsQuery);

var_dump($result); // true || false

4.6. Execute

This method is ment for calls which do not require any parameters such as TRUNCATE. If the call
succeeds you will receive true. If it fails an PostgresException will be thrown.

$result = $dbConn->executeSql('TRUNCATE names');

var_dump($result); // true

5. Usage: PgSqlManager
The following query examples will be a rewrite of the aforementioned direct access
examples. Remember: We need an instance of the PgSqlManager. Paragraph 3. Setup
connection shows how to get your hands on it.

5.1. Query

FetchColumn

Returns a selected column from the first match. In the example below id will be returned or
false if nothing was found.

$sqlBuilder = new \Simplon\Postgres\Manager\PgSqlQueryBuilder();

$sqlBuilder
->setQuery('SELECT id FROM names WHERE name = :name')
->setConditions(array('name' => 'Peter'));

$result = $pgSqlManager->fetchColumn($sqlBuilder);

// result
var_dump($result); // '1' || false
FetchColumnMany

Returns an array with the selected column from all matching datasets. In the example below an
array with all ids will be returned or false if nothing was found.

$sqlBuilder = new \Simplon\Postgres\Manager\PgSqlQueryBuilder();

$sqlBuilder
->setQuery('SELECT id FROM names WHERE name = :name')
->setConditions(array('name' => 'Peter'));

$result = $pgSqlManager->fetchColumnMany($sqlBuilder);

// result
var_dump($result); // ['1', '15', '30', ...] || false

FetchColumnManyCursor

Returns one matching dataset at a time. It is resource efficient and therefore handy when your
result has many data. In the example below you either iterate through the foreach loop in case
you have matchings or nothing will happen.

$sqlBuilder = new \Simplon\Postgres\Manager\PgSqlQueryBuilder();

$sqlBuilder
->setQuery('SELECT id FROM names WHERE name = :name')
->setConditions(array('name' => 'Peter'));

foreach ($pgSqlManager->fetchColumnMany($sqlBuilder) as $result)

{
var_dump($result); // '1'
}

FetchRow

Returns all selected columns from a matched dataset. The example below returns id, age for the
matched dataset. If nothing got matched false will be returned.

$sqlBuilder = new \Simplon\Postgres\Manager\PgSqlQueryBuilder();

$sqlBuilder
->setQuery('SELECT id, age FROM names WHERE name = :name')
->setConditions(array('name' => 'Peter'));

$result = $pgSqlManager->fetchRow($sqlBuilder);

var_dump($result); // ['id' => '1', 'age' => '22'] || false

FetchRowMany
Returns all selected columns from all matched dataset. The example below returns for each
matched dataset id, age. If nothing got matched false will be returned.

$sqlBuilder = new \Simplon\Postgres\Manager\PgSqlQueryBuilder();

$sqlBuilder
->setQuery('SELECT id, age FROM names WHERE name = :name')
->setConditions(array('name' => 'Peter'));

$result = $pgSqlManager->fetchRowMany($sqlBuilder);

var_dump($result); // [ ['id' => '1', 'age' => '22'], ['id' => '15', 'age' =>
'40'], ... ] || false

FetchRowManyCursor

Same explanation as for FetchColumnManyCursor except that we receive all selected columns.

$sqlBuilder = new \Simplon\Postgres\Manager\PgSqlQueryBuilder();

$sqlBuilder
->setQuery('SELECT id, age FROM names WHERE name = :name')
->setConditions(array('name' => 'Peter'));

foreach ($pgSqlManager->fetchRowManyCursor($sqlBuilder) as $result)

{
var_dump($result); // ['id' => '1', 'age' => '22']
}

5.2. Insert

Single data

Inserting data into the database is pretty straight forward. Follow the example below:

$data = array(
'id' => false,
'name' => 'Peter',
'age' => 45,
);

$sqlBuilder = new \Simplon\Postgres\Manager\PgSqlQueryBuilder();

$sqlBuilder
->setTableName('names')
->setData($data);

$id = $pgSqlManager->insert($sqlBuilder);

var_dump($id); // 50 || false
The result depends on the table. If the table holds an autoincrementing ID column you will
receive the ID count for the inserted data. If the table does not hold such a field you will receive
true for a successful insert. If anything went bogus you will receive false.

Many datasets

Follow the example for inserting many datasets at once:

$data = array(
array(
'id' => false,
'name' => 'Peter',
'age' => 45,
),
array(
'id' => false,
'name' => 'Peter',
'age' => 16,
),
);

$sqlBuilder = (new \Simplon\Postgres\Manager\PgSqlQueryBuilder())

->setTableName('names')
->setData($data);

$result = $pgSqlManager->insert($sqlBuilder);

var_dump($id); // [50, 51, ...] || false

The result depends on the table. If the table holds an autoincrementing ID column you will
receive the ID count for the inserted data. If the table does not hold such a field you will receive
true for a successful insert. If anything went bogus you will receive false.

5.3. Update

Simple update statement

Same as for insert statements accounts for updates. Its easy to understand. If the update
succeeded the response will be true. If something went wrong you will receive false.

$data = array(
'name' => 'Peter',
'age' => 50,
);

$sqlBuilder = new \Simplon\Postgres\Manager\PgSqlQueryBuilder();

$sqlBuilder
->setTableName('names')
->setConditions(array('id' => 50))
->setData($data);
$result = $pgSqlManager->update($sqlBuilder);

var_dump($result); // true || false

Custom update conditions query

Same as for insert statements accounts for updates. Its easy to understand. If the update
succeeded the response will be true. If something went wrong you will receive false.

$data = array(
'name' => 'Peter',
'age' => 50,
);

$sqlBuilder = new \Simplon\Postgres\Manager\PgSqlQueryBuilder();

$sqlBuilder
->setTableName('names')
->setConditions(array('id' => 50))
->setConditionsQuery('id = :id OR name =: name')
->setData($data)

$result = $pgSqlManager->update($sqlBuilder);

var_dump($result); // true || false

5.4. Replace

As Postgres states it: REPLACE works exactly like INSERT, except that if an old row in the table
has the same value as a new row for a PRIMARY KEY or a UNIQUE index, the old row is deleted
before the new row is inserted.

Replace a single datasets

As a result you will either receive the INSERT ID or false in case something went wrong.

$data = array(
'id' => 5,
'name' => 'Peter',
'age' => 16,
);

$sqlBuilder = new \Simplon\Postgres\Manager\PgSqlQueryBuilder();

$sqlBuilder
->setTableName('names')
->setData($data);

$result = $pgSqlManager->replace($sqlBuilder);

var_dump($result); // 1 || false
Replace multiple datasets

As a result you will either receive an array of INSERT IDs or false in case something went
wrong.

$data = array(
array(
'id' => 5,
'name' => 'Peter',
'age' => 16,
),
array(
'id' => 10,
'name' => 'John',
'age' => 22,
),
);

$sqlBuilder = new \Simplon\Postgres\Manager\PgSqlQueryBuilder();

$sqlBuilder
->setTableName('names')
->setData($data);

$result = $pgSqlManager->replaceMany($sqlBuilder);

var_dump($result); // [5, 10] || false

5.5. Delete

Simple delete conditions

The following example demonstrates how to remove data. If the query succeeds we will receive
true else false.

$sqlBuilder = new \Simplon\Postgres\Manager\PgSqlQueryBuilder();

$sqlBuilder
->setTableName('names')
->setConditions(array('id' => 50));

$result = $pgSqlManager->delete($sqlBuilder);

var_dump($result); // true || false

Custom delete conditions query

The following example demonstrates how to remove data with a custom conditions query. If the
query succeeds we will receive true else false.

$sqlBuilder = new \Simplon\Postgres\Manager\PgSqlQueryBuilder();

$sqlBuilder
->setTableName('names')
->setConditions(array('id' => 50, 'name' => 'Peter'))
->setConditionsQuery('id = :id OR name =: name');

$result = $pgSqlManager->delete($sqlBuilder);

var_dump($result); // true || false

6. IN() Clause Handling

6.1. The issue

There is no way using an IN() clause via PDO. This functionality is simply not given. However,
you could do something like the following:

$ids = array(1,2,3,4,5);
$query = "SELECT * FROM users WHERE id IN (" . join(',', $ids) . ")";

Looks good at first sight - not sexy but probably does the job, right? Wrong. This approach only
works with INTEGERS and it does not ESCAPE the user's input - the reason why we use PDO in first
place.

Just for the record here is a string example which would not work:

$emails = array('johnny@me.com', 'peter@ibm.com');

$query = "SELECT * FROM users WHERE email IN (" . join(',', $emails) . ")";

The only way how this would work is by wrapping each value like the following: '"email"'.
Way too much work.

6.2. The solution

To take advantage of the built in IN() Clause with escaping and type handling do the
following:

// integers
$conds = array('ids' => array(1,2,3,4,5));
$query = "SELECT * FROM users WHERE id IN (:ids)";

// strings
$conds = array('emails' => array('johnny@me.com', 'peter@ibm.com'));
$query = "SELECT * FROM users WHERE email IN (:emails)";

7. CRUD Helper
7.1. Intro
CRUD stands for Create Read Update Delete and reflects the for basic functions for persisent
storage.

I found myself writing more and more CRUDs for all my object/database interactions simply for
the reason of having a SINGLE POINT OF ACCESS when I was interacting with these objects for
above mentioned functions. Eventually, it has sort of a touch of a database model but with more
flexibility. Also, we keep writing VALUE OBJECTS and by that we keep the red line for all our
code base.

Note: VALUE OBJECTS are actually MODELS while models are not value objects. The reason for
this is that a value object is vehicle for all sorts of data while models are only vehicles for
database data. At least that's what it should be.

7.2. Requirements/Restrictions

There are really not many requirements/restrictions:

 Instance of PgSqlCrudManager - requires an instance of Simplon\Postgres.

 Value object needs to extend from PgSqlCrudVo
 Table name should be in plural or set it via PgSqlCrudVo::$crudSource within the
value object.
 Value object's instance variables must match the table's column names in CamelCase (see
example below).
 Each value object reflects ONE OBJECT only - Postgres::fetchRow() fetches your data.
 VARIABLE = COLUMN Don't set any property in your value object which doesn't reflect
your database table. If you have to, make either use of PgSqlCrudVo::crudColumns()
or PgSqlCrudVo::crudIgnore(). See Flexibility for description.
 In case of a PRIMARY KEY: if your field name differs from id you need to set it via
PgSqlCrudVo::crudPkName. This is necessary for auto-incrementing the PK field as well
as for receiving the lastInsertId.

7.3. Flexibility

 Set source: In case you have a table name which can't be easily pluralised (e.g.
person/people) you can set the source yourself via PgSqlCrudVo::$crudSource within
value object
 Set custom read query: In case you need a custom query to get your object you can set
it when you instantiate the object new PgSqlCrudVo($query) or simply within your
__construct() { parent::construct($query); }.
 Callbacks: You can implement two methods which will be called prior/after saving an
object: PgSqlCrudVo::crudBeforeSave($isCreateEvent) and
PgSqlCrudVo::crudAfterSave($isCreateEvent). The manager will pass you a
boolean to let you know what type of save process happens/happened. You could use this
e.g. to set automatically created_at and updated_at fields.
 Set columns: If you have to either match property- and column name or only want a
selection of your properties make use of PgSqlCrudVo::crudColumns() within your
 value object. It should return an array where the ARRAY KEY reflects the value object's
VARIABLE NAME and the ARRAY VALUE the COLUMN NAME. Example: array('createdAt'
=> 'created_at')
 Ignore properties: Considering the prior point you could do the reverse and simply
IGNORE VARIABLES. For that implement PgSqlCrudVo::crudIgnore() which should
return an array of properties you would like to ignore.
 No assumptions: There are no assumptions about primary keys or anything alike. You
set all conditions for reading, updating and/or deleting objects.
 Casted values: Thanks to your value object which is always in between you and your
database you can cast all values - good bye STRING CASTED ONLY values.

7.4. Conclusion

That's all what is needed - at least for now. It's simple, explicit and flexible enough not to
restrict you in your requirements respectively your creativity.

7.5. Examples

Enough talk, bring it on! Alright, what is needed? Lets assume we have a database table called
users and a value object called UserVo. Note: the value object name has to be the singular of
the table's plural name.

Here is the table schema:

CREATE TABLE users (

id serial NOT NULL,
name varying(50) NOT NULL DEFAULT '',
email varying(254) NOT NULL DEFAULT '',
created_at int(10) unsigned NOT NULL,
updated_at int(10) unsigned NOT NULL,
CONSTRAINT users_user_pkey PRIMARY KEY (id)
);

... and here is our value object for the given table:

class UserVo extends \Simplon\Postgres\Crud\PgSqlCrudVo

{
protected $id;
protected $name;
protected $email;
protected $createdAt;
protected $updatedAt;

// ... here goes getter/setter for the above variables

}

Now, lets do some CRUD, baby! For all processes we need an instance of our
PgSqlCrudManager:

/**
* construct it with an instance of your simplon/Postgres
*/
$PgSqlCrudManager = new \Simplon\Postgres\Crud\
PgSqlCrudManager($postgresInstance);

Create a user:

$userVo = new UserVo();

$userVo
->setName('Johnny Foobar')
->setEmail('foo@bar.com');

/** @var UserVo $userVo */

$userVo = $PgSqlCrudManager->create($userVo);

// print insert id
echo $userVo->getId(); // 1

Read a user:

// conditions: where id = 1
$conds = array('id' => 1);

/** @var UserVo $userVo */

$userVo = $PgSqlCrudManager->read(new UserVo(), $conds);

// print name
echo $userVo->getName(); // Johnny Foobar

Update a user:

// conditions: where id = 1
$conds = array('id' => 1);

/** @var UserVo $userVo */

$userVo = $PgSqlCrudManager->read(new UserVo(), $conds);

// set new name

$userVo->setName('Hansi Hinterseher');

// update
/** @var UserVo $userVo */
$userVo = $PgSqlCrudManager->update($userVo, $conds);

// print name
echo $userVo->getName(); // Hansi Hinterseher

Delete a user:

// conditions: where id = 1
$conds = array('id' => 1);

/**
* UserVo::crudGetSource() is the name of the table
* based on the value object's name
*/
$PgSqlCrudManager->update(UserVo::crudGetSource(), $conds);

7.6. Example Custom Vo

Setting a custom table name since the plural from person is not persons:

class PersonVo extends \Simplon\Postgres\Crud\PgSqlCrudVo

{
/**
* @return string
*/
public static function crudGetSource()
{
return 'people';
}

// ... here goes the rest

}

In case your column names are totally off there is a way to match them anyway against your
properties:

class UserVo extends \Simplon\Postgres\Crud\PgSqlCrudVo

{
protected $id;
protected $name;
protected $email;
protected $createdAt;
protected $updatedAt;

/**
* @return array
*/
public function crudColumns()
{
return array(
'id' => 'xx_id',
'name' => 'xx_name',
'email' => 'xx_email',
'createdAt' => 'xx_created_at',
'updatedAt' => 'xx_updated_at',
);
}

// ... here goes the rest

}

Sometimes there are some helper properties which are not part of your database entry. Here
is a way to ignore them:

class UserVo extends \Simplon\Postgres\Crud\PgSqlCrudVo

{
protected $id;
protected $name;
protected $email;
protected $createdAt;
protected $updatedAt;

// helper property: not part of the people table

protected $isOffline;

/**
* @return array
*/
public function crudIgnore()
{
return array(
'isOffline',
);
}

// ... here goes the rest

}

8. Exceptions
For both access methods (direct, PgSqlManager) occuring exceptions will be wrapped by a
PostgresException. All essential exception information will be summarised as JSON within the
Exception Message.

Here is an example of how that might look like:

{"query":"SELECT pro_id FROM names WHERE connector_type

= :connectorType","params":{"connectorType":"FB"},"errorInfo":
{"sqlStateCode":"42S22","code":1054,"message":"Unknown column 'pro_id' in
'field list'"}}

License
Simplon/Postgres is freely distributable under the terms of the MIT license.

Copyright (c) 2015 Tino Ehrich (tino@bigpun.me)

Permission is hereby granted, free of charge, to any person obtaining a copy of this software and
associated documentation files (the "Software"), to deal in the Software without restriction,
including without limitation the rights to use, copy, modify, merge, publish, distribute,
sublicense, and/or sell copies of the Software, and to permit persons to whom the Software is
furnished to do so, subject to the following conditions:
The above copyright notice and this permission notice shall be included in all copies or
substantial portions of the Software.

THE SOFTWARE IS PROVIDED "AS IS", WITHOUT WARRANTY OF ANY KIND,

EXPRESS OR IMPLIED, INCLUDING BUT NOT LIMITED TO THE WARRANTIES OF
MERCHANTABILITY, FITNESS FOR A PARTICULAR PURPOSE AND
NONINFRINGEMENT. IN NO EVENT SHALL THE AUTHORS OR COPYRIGHT
HOLDERS BE LIABLE FOR ANY CLAIM, DAMAGES OR OTHER LIABILITY,
WHETHER IN AN ACTION OF CONTRACT, TORT OR OTHERWISE, ARISING FROM,
OUT OF OR IN CONNECTION WITH THE SOFTWARE OR THE USE OR OTHER
DEALINGS IN THE SOFTWARE.