Ba

C
Cc

_
AND by
E.J.Hoffschmidt

ANTITANK
W.H .Tantum IV
 GERMAN
TANK AND ANTITANK
IN WORLD WAR II

Edited by
E. J. Hoffschmidt & W. H. Tantum, IV

Sycamore Island Books

Boulder, Colorado
Copyright © 1979 by Paladin Enterprises, Inc.

All rights reserved. No portion of this book may be

reproduced in any form without the written permission of
the publisher, except by a reviewer, who may quote brief
passages in connection with a review.

Published by Sycamore Island Books, a division of Paladin

Enterprises, Inc., Post Office Box 1307, Boulder, Colorado
80306.

Distributed to the trade by Caroline House, Post Office Box

161, Thornwood, New York 10594.

Second edition.
First edition published in 1968 by WE, Inc., of Old
Greenwich, Connecticut.

ISBN 0-87364-151-5.

Printed in the United States of America.

 TABLE OF CONTENTS

Section Page
ds HISTORY AND DEVELOPMENT
Tanks, Armored Cars and Antitank Weapons 1

II. ARMORED VEHICLES

Tanks and Self- Propelled Guns D2

III. ARMORED CARS

Wheeled and Semitracked 198

IV. ANTITANK GUNS

Taper Bore, High Velocity and Super Heavy AT Guns 216

V. MISCELLANEOUS ANTITANK WEAPONS

Antitank Pistols, Rifles, Mines and Rockets 236

VI. UNIFORMS, BADGES AND SMALL ARMS 204

Ill
 Pz |
1935-1940

Pz Ill (Luchs)
1935-1942

Hetzer
1944
Pz Ill
1938-1945

Pz IV
1938-1945
JagdPz IV)
1942-1945 |

Panther
1943-1945

Tiger |
1942-1945

Tiger Il
1944-1945
 SECTION
HISTORY AND DEVELOPMENT
Tanks, Armored Cars and Antitank Weapons
Before giving the main development history, it is neces-
sary to explain the various code words used to describe tank
projects in the design and development stage by the various
departments concerned in their production, i.e., the Heeres-
waffenant and the manufacturing firms. In the first stages,
from 1933 to the outbreak of war, these code words (such as
“Landwirtschaftliche Schlepper” (La.S.) meaning “‘Agricultur-
al Tractor”, Bataillonsfuhrer Wagen” (B.W.) meaning “Battal-
ion Commander’s Vehicle” and “Zugftihrer Wagen” (Z.W.)
meaning “Troop Commander’s Vehicle’) were used to hide
the fact that any tanks were being built at all, and open refer-
ence was never made to tanks as such. With the operational
use of tanks in the Spanish War and the occupations of Austria
and Czechoslovakia, however, the need for secrecy came to an
end, and they became publicly known as “Panzerkampfwagen”
(Pz.Kpfw.) although the original code names died a very slow
death within the manufacturing firms.
A further system of code nomenclature was introduced
to cover the numerous experimental vehicles ordered by the
Heereswaffenant. Each design of prototype was given a four-
figure number, preceded by the letters “VK” (for Vollketten-
kraft-fahrzeug), to denote that it was a fully tracked experi-
mental vehicle. The first two figures represented the weight
class of the vehicle and the last two the number of the partic-
ular prototype — e.g. VK. 4501 would be the first prototype
of a tank with a designed weight of 45 tons. It is of interest to
note that the weight as specified by the Heereswaffenant was
nearly always exceeded by several tons in the production
vehicle. When the vehicle was finally taken into service it was
also allotted an Sd.Kfz. number (Sonder Kraftfahrzeug” num-
ber) to distinguish it in the Ordnance Vocabulary.
As orders to develop a tank in a given weight class were
generally given to at least two firms, the “VK” number was
usually followed by the initial letters, in brackets, of the firm
responsible for the design, to distinguish between the various
prototype vehicles.
As the War neared its end, the need for a completely new
series of tanks embodying the latest principles and refinements
was foreseen as a long term requirement by Wa.Pruf.6, and
accordingly, due to the increase of weight of heavy tanks to
100 tons or more and the consequent unwieldiness of the
“VK” numbers, a new system of code nomenclature was in-
troduced. This new system still indicated the desired minimum
weight class of the tank but did not take into account the
prototype number. The letters “VK” were dispensed with and
the letter E (significance unknown but possibly means
“Einheitsfahrgestell” (general purpose chassis) or “Entwick-
lung” (development) substituted. Thus, a vehicle in this latest
series known, say as “E 100” would be an experimental
vehicle with a specified minimum weight of 100 tons.
ONE
Tank production in Germany proper started when the
National Socialist regime came into being in 1933, although it
is believed that secret assembly of German tanks took place at
Kasan in Russia from 1926 to 1932, while various German
firms had designed prototypes in Germany from 1921 on-
wards. As stated in the introduction above, the first tanks
produced in Germany were known as “Landwirtschaftliche
Schlepper’’ (La.S.) or agricultural tractors, and in 1933, the
orders to design prototypes were given by the Heereswaf-
fenant (Wa.Prtif.6) to the firms of Krupp, M.A.N. Maschinen-
fabrik Augsburg — Nurnberg), Henschel, Daimler Benz and
Rheinmetall Borsig. Of the various designs submitted, the
Krupp vehicle was accepted, (Krupp-Traktor) and orders for
its production were given to Krupp, Henschell, Daimler Benz,
M.A.N. and probably others. The first order given to Henschel
was for 3 vehicles, and assembly of these commenced towards
the end of December, 1933. The first vehicle ran on the 3rd
February, 1934, and all three vehicles were inspected on 27th
April, 1934. By the end of July, 1934, orders had been placed
with Henschel for a total of 150 vehicles. This version of the
La.S. was known as the Model A, and a second version, known
as the Model B, was subsequently produced in the same year.
The La.S. later took the official name of Panzerkampfwagen I
(Pz.Kpfw.I Sd.Kfz 101), and was first used operationally in
the Spanish War. A further model, the Model C or Pz.Kfpw.-
I/n.A, was ordered by the Heereswafenant in September, 1939
under the nomenclature of VK 601. The chassis was designed
by Krauss - Mafei of Munchen and the superstructure and tur-
ret by DAimler Benz of Berlin. One prototype was produced,
but the further 40 vehicles ordered were subsequently can-
celled.
Meanwhile, in July, 1934, Wa.Pruf. 6 placed an order
for the design of a slightly bigger tank, in the 10-ton weight
class, with Henschel, M.A.N. and Krupp, each of whom de-
signed and produced prototypes. Trials of these prototypes
took place at Ulm Proving Ground under the supervision of
Wa.Prtif. 6 throughout 1935, as a result of which the M.A.N.
version was accepted and subsequently put into production.
This vehicle was known as the ‘La.S.100’ and was produced by
the same firms (excluding Rheinmetall Borsig) as was the La.S.
There followed a period of continual modification and im-
provement during which approximately 3000 vehicles were
produced by Henschel, Alkett, M.A.N. and M.I.A.G. (Muhlen-
bau und Industrie,A.G.) in five different models, with chassis
numbers as follows:—
Model a 1 No.s 20001 - 20025 )
alee 20026 - 20050 )
ried tee 20051 - 21000 ) M.A.N. version
Lit 21001 - 21100 )
aie 21101 - 23000)
 These models were followed in 1937 by the Model A and
in 1938 by Models B and C. Models D and E, designed by
Daimler Benz, appeared in 1939 with normal armament, but
by June, 1940 had all been converted to flamethrower tanks
and redesignated Pz.Kpfw.II (F). The Model F, incorporating
much thicker armour, was in production by June, 1941 and
was the last direct development of the La.S.100. On being
taken into operational use, the La.S.100 became known as the
Pz.Kpfw.II (Sd.Kfz.121). The total number of Pz.Kpfw.I and
Pz.Kpfw.II tank chassis (of which many were used as S.P.
mountings) produced in the period 1940 - Jan, 1944 inclusive
was 632, with a maximum monthly average of 25 in 1942.
A further development of the Pz.Kpfw.II, Models D and
E, the VK 1601, was designed by Daimler Benz in September,
1939. A prototype of this vehicle, having thicker armour, a
redesigned turret (the basis of the Panther Model D turret) and
a suspension consisting of 5 twin overlapping rubber tyred
bogie wheels per side was produced, but was not accepted,
owing to the comparatively weak fire power (2 cm. Kw.K.30
and coaxial H.G.) for the weight of 16 tons. This vehicle was
subsequently converted into an A.R.V. and was captured in
21 A.Gp. Area in January, 1945. A second prototype, the
VK 1602, mounted a 5 cm Kw.K39/1 in place of the 2 cm.
KwK.38. However, this project, to have been called ‘Leopard’
(light), never progressed beyond the wooden mock-up stage. Orders for the development of a tank in the 15-ton
A lighter vehicle of similar design and with 2 cm. main arma- weight class had meanwhile been placed by Wa.Priif. 6 with
ment was accordingly designed in the autumn of 1941 by M.A.N. Daimler Benz and Rheinmetall Borsig in 1936. The
Daimler Benz and M.A.N., known as the VK.901. 3 prototypes three resulting prototypes were tested at Kummersdorf and
were produced but were again turned down, this time as being Ulm (nr. Muensingen) Proving Grounds from late 1936 to the
too light for reconnaissance. Wa.Prtif.6 then set a weight of 13 end of 1937. Production of the Daimler Benz design, known
metric tons in a new order, again given to Daimler Benz (turret as the Z.W. (Zugftihrerwagen), was entrusted to Henschel,
and superstructure) and M.A.N. (hull and chassis) for the M.A.N. and Daimler Benz. There followed a period of contin-
VK 1301, a vehicle which was externally almost identical to uous development, 5 models, A, B, C, d and E (of each of
the VK 901. A mild steel prototype was produced at the end which only small numbers were produced) making their ap-
of April, 1942, was accepted, and from it the VK 1303 (or pearance by 1939. It is believed that 10 of the Model A, 15
Lynx) went into production in August 1942. On being taken Model C, 55 Model D (converted to Commander’s tanks) and
into service, this vehicle became known as the Pz.Kpfw.II 100 Model E were produced. Production of the Model F, of
Model L. The original contract was for 800 vehicles, of which which 450 were produced, started in 1939, Models G and H
the first 100 were to mount the 2 cm Kw.K.38 and vehicles appeared in 1941, Models J, L and M in 1942 and Model N
from number 101 onwards (from April, 1942), the 5 cm. (mounting the 7.5 cm. Kw.K L/24) in 1943. The ‘ZW’ was
Kw.K.39 (1/60) as main armament. This latter version which first used operationally in Poland in September, 1939 and be-
was to have been called the ‘Leopard’ (light) (VK 1602) was came known as the Pz.Kpfw.III (Sd.Kfz.141). The total num-
never produced, however, and the turret (slightly modified) ber of Pz.Kpfw.III produced from 1940 to August, 1943, in-
was subsequently used for the 8 wheeled Armoured Car ‘Puma’ clusive, was 5,644, 20 being produced in the last month, and
(Sd.Kfz.234/2) and also as a model for the small-fronted the maximum production of 213 vehicles was attained in 1942.
‘Panther’ turret (Panther ‘schmal’ turm). 131 ‘Lynx’ vehicles In the spring of 1935, Krupp, Rheinmetall Borsig and
were scheduled to be produced by 12 May, 1943. A further M.A.N. submitted tentative designs for a tank in the 20-ton
version of the Pz.Kpfw.II weighing 22 tons, mounting a long weight class, the VK 2001 or BW (Bataillonsftihrer Wagen), of
7.5 cm. gun (Kw.K.41) and to be known as ‘Leopard’ (heavy) which the Krupp version was accepted by the Heereswaf-
was intented to be produced from October, 1943, but pro- fenamt. The prototype underwent trials at Ulm and Kummers-
duction was never started as this vehicle too nearly resembled dorf in 1937, in which year the Krupp design was put into
existing vehicles such as the Pz.Kpfw.IV and Panther. production. Three models (A, B and C) had been produced by
1939, Models B and C being battle-tested in the Polish Cam-
paign. The resulting modifications were incorporated in the
Model D, which was produced in late 1940. Models E and FI
appeared in 1941, Models F2 and G, mounting the 7.5 cm.
Kw.K 40 (L/43), in 1942. The BW, which was now known as
the Pz.Kpfw.IV (Sd.Kfz.161) was still further upgunned in
Models H, produced in 1943, and J, produced in 1944, the
length of the 7.5 cm. Kw.K.40 being increased from 43 to 48
calibres. Comparatively small numbers only were produced of
Models A, B and C (200, 100 and 200 respectively). Of the
other models, however, from 1940 to February, 1945 inclu-
sive 280 were produced in 1940, 480 in 1941, 964 in 1942,
3073 in 1943, 3366 in 1944 and 343 in January and Febru-
ary, 1945. The maximum monthly production was 334, at-
tained in June, 1944. It should be borne in mind, however,
that a considerable proportion of these vehicles was converted
to S.P. carriages. Another VK 2001 was designed in 1942 by
Daimler Benz, the main features of which were later incorpor-
ated in their VK 3001 prototype, but was not accepted by the
Heereswaffenamt for production.
TiceR TANK CAPTURED
The next tank to be introduced into service was the
Pz.Kpfw. Tiger Model E, originally ordered by Wa.Pruf. 6 as a
45-ton tank under the code name of VK 4501. The design
was placed with two firms, Henschel u. Sohn G.m.b.H., of
Kassel and Dr.Ing. h.c.F. Porsche, K.G. of Stuttgart/Zuffen-
hausen. The origin of the final Henschel design can be traced
back to the end of 1937, when Henschel were ordered to
design and construct a 30 - 33 ton tank to be called the
D.W.1. (Durchbruchswagen 1.). After one chassis had been
built and trials commenced Wa.Pruf.6, in 1938, ordered the
design and construction of a 65-ton tank, the VK 6501 (also
known as the ‘SW’ or Pz.Kpfw. VIII), during which time work
on the D.W.1. was suspended. Two prototypes were built and
partial trials had been carried out when the order was cancel-
led, and trials of the D.W.1. were subsequently resumed until
1940, in which year Henschel developed from it a further
tank, in the same weight class, known as the D.W.2. One pro-
totype chassis was built and trials on this chassis were carried
out until 1941, but it never went into production. A further
order for another design of tank in the same weight class was
IN TUNISIA
then received in 1941 from Wa.Pruf. 6 under the code name of
VK 3001, an order which was also given to Porsche K.G.,
Daimler Benz and M.A.N. The Henschel version was a develop-
ment of the D.W.2, and 4 prototypes, differing only in detail,
were produced 2 in March, 1942 and 2 in October of the
same year. Simultaneously an order for a 36-ton design, the
VK 3601 had been placed, and a prototype of this vehicle was
also produced in March, 1946. Design work on these projects,
however, had to stop when the order for the VK 4501 was
placed late in 1941. As the prototypes of this vehicle were
ordered by Speer to be ready in time for Hitler’s birthday on
20th April, 1942, design time was limited and Henschel de-
cided merely to incorporate the best features of the above-
mentioned experimental tanks into a vehicle of the specified
size and weight, known as the VK 4501 (H) or Pz.Kpfw. VI
H).
is The history of the VK 4501 (P) designed by Porsche
dates back to the order, given to Porsche K.B., Henschel,
Daimler Benz and M.A.N., for the design of a 30-ton vehicle,
the VK 3001. A prototype was designed and produced by
Porsche and became colloquially known within the firm as the
‘Leopard’, Before assembly had been completed, the order
was cancelled by the Heereswaffenamt on the personal deci-
sion of Hitler that it required an 8.8 cm gun instead of the
7.5 cm. (L/48) gun for which it was originally designed. A new
design (colloquially known as Tiger) was therefore ordered
under the code name of VK4501 (or Type 101 in Porsche
nomenclature), although permission was given to complete the
running trials of ‘Leopard’ as it incorporated several. novel
design features such as petrol-electric drive, longitudinal tor-
sion bar suspension, etc. As the ‘Leopard’ running trials were
successful, it was decided to incorporate the electric trans-
mission and the suspension in the VK 4501 (P), a prototype of
which was completed on the 17th April, 1942.
PANTHER
4
The demonstration of the VK’s 4501 (H) and (P) duly
took place before Hitler at Rastenburg on the 20th April, 1942
as a result of which (and subsequent) trials the Henschel
vehicle was adjudged to be superior and an order for its pro-
duction, to start in August, 1942, was given. As however, an
initial order for the construction of 90 Porsche vehicles was
well under way, it was decided to complete this contract and
convert the vehicles into S.P. carriages for the 8.8 cm. (L/71)
gun, the resulting equipment being known, at first, as the
‘Ferdinand’ (after Dr. Ferdinand Porsche) and later as ‘Ele-
fant’. The Henschel design later became known as the Pz.
Kpfw. Tiger, Model E (Sd.Kfz.181), and, in the two years
(August 1942- August, 1944) of its production life a total of
1350 vehicles out of the 1376 ordered were produced, chassis
numbers ranging in a continuous series from 250001 to
251350. Maximum production in any one month was attained
in April, 1944, when 104 tanks were produced. It is of interest
to note that the specified weight of 45 tons was exceeded, in
the production model, by as much as 11 tons with the vehicle
in action.
The next tank to be introduced into service was the
Pz.Kpfw. Panther (Sd.Kfz.171), developed from the VK 3001
(D) and VK 3002 (MAN) designed by Daimler Benz and
M.A.N. respectively, in 1941. The VK 3001 (D) was based on
the T.34, and was approximately the same size although
mounting a 7.5 cm. (L/48) gun. The Daimler Benz design was
chosen by Hitler personally in March, 1942 as being the better
of the two, although stating that an increase in armament to
a 7.5 cm. (L/70) gun was desirable, and an initial order for
200 such modified vehicles was given. However, the M.A.N.
design was subsequently accepted by Wa.Pruf. 6 and was put
into production as the Pz.Kpfw. Panther. The Panther weighed
45 tons in action, and was at first (November and December,
1942) produced only by M.A.N. and Daimler Benz; M.N.H.
TANK
and Henschel (200 vehicles only, produced in 1943) coming
into production in January, 1943. Production by M.A.N.
started in November, 1942, and by May, 1943 the combined
monthly production had reached 324 vehicles. A monthly
production average of 154 vehicles in 1943 and 330 in 1944
was maintained. The total number produced up to and includ-
ing February, 1045 (in which month 135 were built) was 4814
vehicles. 3 models of this tank were operationally used, Models
D, A and G in that order, differing slightly as regards auxiliary
armament, armour thickness, etc., and, in addition an A.R.V.
based on the Panther chassis, known as the Pz. Berge.Wg.Pan-
ther, was also produced in small numbers. The production
figures of this latter vehicle are included in the overall Panther
figures given above.
Meanwhile in the Autumn of 1942, Wa.Pruf. 6 had given
Henschel the order to design a heavier development (the VK
4503) of the Pz.Kpfw. Tiger Model E, incorporating thicker
armour, sloped plates as on the Panther and Russian T. 34,
and an 8.8 cm. (L/71) gun as main armament. Porsche also
redesigned his ‘Tiger’ to conform to this new specification, the
new design being known as the Type 180. His first design, with
the turret forward and engine at the rear was turned down due
to the large overhang of the gun, so a second type with a rear
turret and forward engine was submitted. This was also turned
down due to the shortage of copper (required in the electric
transmission) and Porsche turned his full attention to the
CO
°
2790
Eas iA
m— 1230 —ewe— 1100 —+ |
3670 ——————K“-]
A cross section view of the PZ KPFW
‘Maus’ (Type 205) mentioned in Section 4. Design work by
Henschel was duly completed and a prototype Pz.Kpfw. Tiger
Model B or Tiger II (Sd.Kfz.182), as this vehicle became
known, was finished in October, 1943, three months behind
the original schedule due to the insistence of Wa.Pruf. 6 that
for simplification of production, the vehicle should incorpor-
ate several components and design features of the experiment-
al M.A.N. Panther II. Production of the Tiger Model B started
in December, 1943, when one vehicle was produced. The first
50 vehicles to be completed were fitted with spare turrets
originally intended for the Porsche Tiger (Type 180) but
rendered superfluous by the rejection of the latter vehicle. The
remaining production vehicles were fitted with a modified
turret, specially designed for the Tiger Model B, having thicker
armour and eliminating the re-entrant angle under the trun-
nion axis. Production of this tank by Henschel continued up
to the time of the German surrender. By 31st March, 1945,
485 vehicles had been completed as against 412 scheduled, the
maximum production attained in any one month being 84 in
August 1944. The total order was for 950 tigers Model B, to
have been completed by September, 1945, and to attain this
figure Henschel had to sub-contract to Nibelungenwerke of
St. Valentin the production of 100 vehicles, to commence in
May 1945S. Chassis numbers allotted to the Tiger B commenced
at 280001 and, in a continuous sequence, had reached 280485
on 31st March, 1945.
OCCT |
5860
90346
10085
\
INVee
lia
arg he
Ct—i
aN
‘“Maus”’, all Dimensions are in millimeters.
5
 Foreign tanks used by the Germans were chiefly those
types designed and produced in countries under German oc-
cupation, very little use being made of British, American, or
Russian vehicles captured in action. Tanks taken into use were
generally those to which no similar type already existed in the
German Army, and, on being taken into service, the nomen-
clature of the country of origin was dropped in favour of the
German ‘“‘Kremde Gerat” number of the particular vehicle.
The German Heereswaffenamt had anticipated such a situation
by classifying all foreign weapons and equipment (“Fremden
Gerats”) by a number, followed in brackets by the initial letter
of the country of origin.
The foreign tank most used by the German Army was
the Czech “L.T.H.” light tank, known by the Germans as the
Pz.Kpfw. 38 (t). This vehicle, modified in various forms, was
used throughout the war either as a tank or as an S.P. carriage
all production taking place at the Skoda Works near Pilsen.
No other foreign tank was employed on such a scale, but
limited use was made of certain French vehicles such as the
Char B, Hotchkiss H.39, Renault A.M.C. 35 and R. 35,
Hotchkiss H.35, F.C.M., and Somua S.35 and S.40, as tanks
(chiefly in the Balkans and Norway) and as S.P. Carriages.
Apart from those unsuccessful designs mentioned in
development history which were in the direct line of develop-
ment of tanks taken into operational use, many other designs
were produced from 1921 onwards to Wa.Pruf. 6 and OKH
specifications or as provate ventures, which were never fully
developed or taken into service.
Among the earliest and most important of these was the
so-called ‘Pz.Kpfw.V’ and its successor, the ‘Pz.Kpfw.VI’,
23-ton tanks of which propaganda photographs were seen in
1938-1939 and again in the Norwegian campaign. The Pz.
Kpfw.V. and VI are believed to have been designed in 1933,
and 5 built, by Rheinmetall Borsig and Krupp, and were of-
ficially known as ‘Nb.Fz’ (neubaufahrzeuge). They were de-
signed with a main turret and two auxiliary turrets rather on
the lines of the Vickers ‘Independent’ tank and had little, if
any, resemblance to earlier German designs. The armour was,
however, very thin, and the armament too light for the overall
vehicle weight, and a large crew was needed. The Nb.Fz. was
never taken into service, except as a training vehicle at Putlos
tank training school, a platform from which the Fuhrer made
speeches, and as a propaganda weapon in the Norwegian
Campaign.
A heavier version of the Pz.Kpfw.I n.A. (VK 601),
known as the VK 1801 or Pz.Kpfw.I n.A. (verst.), was ordered
in December, 1939 and a complete prototype was delivered by
Krauss - Mafei and Daimler Benz in June, 1940. The produc-
tion series of 100 vehicles was subsequently cancelled, how-
ever.
Probably the tank which came nearest to being taken
into service was the super-heavy (180 ton), Porsche-designed
‘Maus’ (formerly ‘Mammut’), which had a long and chequered
production career. The order for the design of a tank in the
150-ton weight class appears to have been given verbally to
Dr. Porsche by Hitler on the 8th June, 1942 as some compen-
sation for the rejection by the Heereswaffenamt of the
Porsche ‘Tiger’. Design work was accordingly started under the
project number of Type 205, several features (notably the
longitudinal torsion bar bogie type of suspension and the
petrol-electric drive) of the Porsche Tiger being incorporated.
A model of this vehicle was shown to Hitler on the 4th Jan-
uary, 1943, but, due to various modifications ordered in the
armament, and delays in the supply of the engine, production
was delayed. Assembly of the first prototype was begun by
Alkett on Ist August, 1943, and it had its first trial run on
23rd December, 1943, with a massive weight in place of the
turret. Trials then took place at Boblingen (near Stuttgart)
until May 1944, when, on receipt of the turret and armament
from Krupp’s final assembly was begun and finished by 9th
June. A second prototype had also been built, meanwhile, and
arrived at Boblingen on 20th March, 1944. Due to the deter-
ioration in the war situation, however, work on the project
was stopped and both prototypes were sent to Kummersdorf
in October/November, where they were blown up before the
proving ground there was overrun. Several hulls and turrets
were found both on the Krupp proving ground at Meppen,
where a specimen of the main armament in a proof mounting
was also found, and in the Krupp’s works at Essen after Ger-
many’s surrender, and it appears that production of at least
10 prototype vehicles was originally intended.
The ‘Maus’ project appears to have been an unofficial
one, the usual channels being short-circuited and the order
given direct by Hitler to Porsche. The Heereswaffenamt, how-
ever, also had two projects for super-heavy tanks, one, the
E.100, forming part of a whole new series of tanks to be in-
troduced in late 1945/46 and the other ‘Lowe’ (Lion), or
VK 7001 designed by Krupp. Both were ordered as a counter-
blast to the ‘Maus’ and were intended to mount the same main
armament as that tank. The VK 7001 (also known as ‘Tiger-
Maus’) never progressed beyond the drawing board, and con-
sisted essentially of a Royal Tiger modified to mount the 12.8
cm (L/55) and coaxial 7.5 cm. guns of the ‘Maus’. The E.100,
a heavier (140 tons) vehicle designed by Adler in co-operation
with Henschel, was a new design, larger than, but bearing some
resemblance to the Royal Tiger, and a prototype was, at the
surrender, in process of assembly on the Henschel proving
ground at Haustenbeck.
The series of tanks of which the E.100 formed part con-
tained five other vehicles, the E.5 (weight in action approx.
5 tons), the E.10 (in the Pz.Kpfw.38(t) Class) the E.25 (in the
PzKpfw.III and IV class), and the E.50 (in the Panther/Tiger
Class) and the E.75 (Royal Tiger class). The complete series
was intended to replace all existing tanks and to make use of
standardized components, although they never progressed
further than the drawing board. The E.10 is believed to have
been designed by Wa.Pruf. 6 and Klockner - Humboldt - Deutz,
the E.25 by Argus, and the E.50 by Argus and/or Auto-Union.
As an interim measure, to increase production of tanks
in the Pz.Kpfw. III and IV class, the Pz.Kpfw. III/IV was de-
signed, embodying the components of the III and IV. A large
scale production of this vehicle was intended, but the pro-
gramme was cancelled owing to the war situation before any
had been completely assembled.
Further development of the Panther was also intended,
and a small-fronted turret modelled on that (mounting a 5 cm.
gun) of the VK 1602 was developed by Daimler Benz for the
Panther Model F. This turret gave greater protection for the
same weight. Numerous other refinements, such as a 1.32
metre-base range-finder and the latest type of periscopic sight
(T.W.Z.F.), were also incorporated, and it was intended ul-
timately to mount the 8.8 cm. Kw.K.43 (L/71) in a larger tur-
ret. Only mock-ups and demonstration models of this turret
were, however, produced.
Before the E.5 was projected, there were two other
definite projects for a light, two-man tank in the 3-5 tons
weight class, known as the VK 301 and VK 501. These were
believed to have been designed by Weserhutte and Bussing
NAG respectively. In addition, approximately 20 other de-
signs for similar vehicles had been tentatively produced and
subsequently rejected by Wa.Pruf. 6.

and
The curved barrel device shown here was designed to cover blind spots on a tank. It could be rotated 360°
actually fired bullets around corners.

the tanks.
The MP43 and MP44 were widely used to arm tank crews and infantry that supported
7
 Armament
Briefly, the story of the development of German tank
armament from 1933 to 1945 is one of continuous increases
in calibre, weight of projectile and barrel length (and conse-
quently, muzzle velocity). The main armament, in general,
consisted of a high velocity anti-tank gun with a coaxial 7.92
mm. M.B., while an Auxiliary M.G. was usually ball-mounted
in the front vertical (or glacis) plate.
The Pz.Kpfw.I, being a light tank, was armed with two
turrent-mounted coaxial 7.92 mm. M.Gs. 13, while in the
Pz.Kpfw.II the left-hand M.G. was increased in calibre to 2.cm.
(2 cm. Kw.K.30 or 38). The early models (A,B, C and D) of
the Pz.Kpfw.III mounted a 3.7 cm.Kw.K (same ammunition
and ballistics as 3.7 cm.Pak) with two coaxial 7.92 mm. M.Gs.
34 in the turret, and one M.G. 34 in a gimbal mounting on the
offside of the front vertical plate. In Models E to early J in-
clusive, the main armament was increased to 5 cm, in calibre
(5 cm. Kw.K (L/42)) with only one coaxial M.G. 34, while in
later Models J to M inclusive, a longer 5 cm. gun (the 5 cm.
Kw.K. 39 (L/60)) was substituted. This had the chamber
lengthened to take the 5 cm. Pak 38 cartridge. Final develop-
ment of the Pz.Kpfw.JII main armament came with the Model
N, which mounted the short, low velocity, 7.5 cm. Kw.K
(L/24) rendered superfluous by the up-gunning of the later
Models of the Pz.Kpfw.IV.
3-7 cm. (1-45 1n.) A.TK.
The early models of the next tank to be introduced, the
Pz.Kpfw.IV, mounted the 7.5 cm. Kw.K (L/24) as stated
above, together with a coaxial M.G. 34 and, in the case of
Models A, D, E and F, an auxiliary hull-mounted M.G. 34.
With the introduction of Models F2 and G the length of the
7.5 cm. gun was increased to 43 calibres (7.5 cm. Kw.K. 40
(L/43)), thus altering its role from that of a low velocity H.E.
firing weapon to high velocity anti-tank. Models H and J of
this tank mounted a gun with an even longer barrel, 48 cal-
ibres long, the 7.5 cm. Kw.K.40 (L/48)). The Kw.K.40 appears
to have been designed to give the same ballistics as the Pak 40,
but with a short, necked cartridge case instead of the long
parallel-sided case of the A.T. gun.
The Pz.Kpfw.Panther replaced the Pz.Kpfw.III and IV in
the armoured divisions, and although heavier than its prede-
cessors, it retained the calibre of 7.5 cm. for its main arma-
ment (7.5 cm. Kw.K.42 (L/70)). The length of the gun (70
calibres) was however, considerably greater than that of the
latest Pz.Kpfw.IV. A coaxial 7.92 mm. M.G. 34 was also pro-
vided in all models, but the hull M.G. was omitted in the
earliest model, the Model D.
GuN (3:7 cm. Pak)
 3 cm ARROWHEAD AMMUNITION
5 cm Pzagr. patr. 40 Pak

This fixed round of ammunition is fired from the old model of SPECIFICATIONS
German 5 cm short-barrel tank gun. The projectile has a plastic
Weight of complete round.................... 5 lb., 3 oz.
needlepoint ballistic cap, a mild steel projectile body, a tungsten
carbide core, and a tracer. The cartridge case contains a propelling Weight of projectile as fired.......... 1 lb., 15.86 oz.

charge of diethylene glycol dinitrate tubular stick powder, and a Weight of tracer composition (kind not

charge of nitrocellulose granular igniter powder. An electric Mesa We) oi iho scacteteensasdersaeteteasecan
oe 0.12 oz.

primer containing a quickmatch and black powder charge is also Weight of primer composition (quick-
used. match and black powder)...........cccccecee 0.07 oz.

Weight of igniting charge (nitrocellulose

The center of the projectile body is trimmed down, lightening
Granular) eoresece eect densctsesvivessscswweeeoae 0.45 ox.
the round and giving the ammunition an extremely high muzzle
velocity. Armor-penetrating qualities are very good, but can be Weight of propellani...................0. 1 lb., 2.69 oz.

used only for short ranges due to the instability of the projectile in Length of complete round (overall)... 14.480 ins.

flight. On impact with armor plate, the plastic ballistic cap shat-
Length of projectile w/tracer cup............ 5.75 ins.
ters and the tungsten carbide core is the only part that penetrates.
Length of cartridge case............ccccceeee 11.342 ins.

The projecile is unusual in that the forward bearing surface

Diameter of bourrelet.................:0cc000 1.950 ins.
acts as the rotating band, and the rear bearing surface as the bour-
Diameter of rotating band............00........ 2.269 ins.
relet. The rear bearing surface is in two parts, due to the crimping
groove dividing it. Diameter of body midway of projectile 1.258 ins.
 It is of interest to note here that the Germans found it
necessary to provide a muzzle brake for all tank guns of 7.5
cm. calibre and above with a calibre-length of more than 40
when mounted in turrets, where recoil is relatively short. In
early designs, a spherical single-baffle brake was used, but
these were later replaced by a double baffle type, the inner
baffle having a renewable insert.
With the introduction of the slower, heavy tank Pz.Kpfw.
Tiger Model E, a change from 7.5 cm. to 8.8 cm. was made in
the calibre of the main armament with the mounting of the
8.8 cm. Kw.K36 (L/56), while the subsidiary armament again
consisted of one coaxial 7.92 mm. M.G. 34 and a similar gun
in a ball mounting in the front vertical plate. The 8.8 cm.
calibre main armament and the subsidiary armament were re-
tained in the Tiger Model E’s successor, the Pz.Kpfw. Tiger
Model B, although in the latter vehicle, the calibre length of
the 8.8 cm. gun was increased to 71 (8.8 cm. Kw.K.43(L/71)).
This gun represents the largest calibre and calibre length em-
ployed operationally by the Germans in a tank mounting. The
Pz.Kpfw. ‘Maus’, ‘Lowe’, and ‘E.100’ were, however, to have
mounted the 12.8 cm. Kw.K.82 (L/55) or 15 cm. Kw.K.44
(L/38) and a coaxial 7.5 cm. Kw.K.44 (L/36.5), while 7.5 cm.,
8.8 cm., 10.5 cm. and even 15 cm. guns with calibre lengths up
to 100 were in various stages of design, construction or trial.
All German tank guns had similar main features, such as
electric primer firing, recoil gear consisting of hydraulic buffer
and hydro-pneumatic recuperator, semi-automatic breech oper-
ation with spring opening and closing and vertical sliding
wedge breech blocks. All guns (except the 12.8 cm. Kw.K.82
(L/55)) employed fixed Q.F. ammunition of H.E. (fuzed D.A.
or Graze) and APCBC shell types. In most cases, composite
rigid, tungsten-carbide-cored projectiles were also originally
provided, although supply of these projectiles was stopped
later in the war owing to shortage of tungsten-carbide. In the
Sight Mounts for Antitank Guns
7.5 cm Pak 41
Sight Mount for 7.5/5.5 cm A. T. Gun
10
case of the lower velocity guns, hollow charge and smoke
ammunition was also fired. Balance of the main armament
was achieved artificially by a coil-spring cylinder or a torsion
bar in earlier vehicles (up to the Pz.Kpfw. Tiger Model E) and
by a hydro-pneumatic cylinder in subsequent tanks.
Sighting of the main armament was accomplished by
means of an articulated stationary-eyepiece, moving and
illuminated graticule, telescope, monocular-in the case of the
Pz.Kpfw. I, Il, UI and IV, binocular in the Pz.Kpfw. Tiger
Model E, Panther Model D and the first fifty Tiger Model B,
with a magnification of approx. 2.5, field of 25° and an exit
pupil diameter of 5 - 6 mm. On later models of the Panther,
and the remainder of the Pz.Kpfw. Tiger Model B, the binocu-
lar sight was abandoned in favour of a monocular, dual-magni-
fication telescope also a stationary eyepiece type. For future
vehicles, a standard periscopic sight, the W.Z.F. (Winkelziel-
fernrohr) or T.W.Z.F. (when used in turrets) had been put into
production, as well as a standard design of built-in stereoscopic
range-finder. It was ultimately intended to stabilize the sight
in elevation, and, if possible the turret, armament and sight in
azimuth and elevation.
Full provision for indirect fire was never made on Ger-
man tanks, although a clinometer was provided on the P2z.
Kpfw.IV Models F2 and G and the Pz.Kpfw. Tiger Model E.
Traverse indicators marked in clock hours from 1 to 12 were
also provided for the commander (a ring in the cupola, driven
from the turret rack) and the gunner (a small single or double
dial, also driven from the turret rack). In some tanks the
traverse indicator and a second dial, sub-divided into 100 mils
for indirect fire.
A sighting vane or fixed open sight was usually provided
on the turret roof in front of the commander. Ball mounted
M.G’s were invariably sighted by the cranked moving eyepiece
telescope K.Z.F.2.
8.8 cm Pak 43/41
Sight Mount for 8.8 cm A. T. Gun
|
|

; 8.8 cm A.P.C.B.C.,H.E. AMMUNITION

8.8 cm Pzgr. patr.

The German 8.8 cm A.P.C.B.C., H.E. ammunition consists of an

ammor-piercing capped projectile of conventional design, crimped
SPECIFICATIONS
na primed brass cartridge case. The projectile is loaded with a
Type of ammunition............00....0 A.P.C.B.C., H.E.
TNT bursting charge and fuzed with a base-detonating fuze con-
taining a tracer. The brass cartridge case holds a double base,
Weight of complete round...............cccccceeee 32.74 lb.
3ingle-perforated propelling charge with a nitrocellulose powder
gniter and a short percussion type primer.
Weight of projectille...............cccccsecsscssecees 20.71 lb.

The projectile as fired weighs 20.71 pounds. Both the pro- Weight of bursting charge.......... 37 Ib. (1.8% of
ectile body and the armor-piercing cap are made of steel. The
wt. of proj.)
zap is soldered to the body, and a sheet steel windshield is at-
vached to the cap by a series of spot welds. The large fuze body
Weight of propellant...
ee 2,471 grams
»ecupies a considerable part of the explosive cavity which is
/:omparatively large for an armor-piercing projectile. The weight
Weight of fuze with tracer and detonator
of the explosive charge is approximately 1.8% of the total weight
=of the projectile. The bursting charge is contained in an aluminum assombly.os.ncaccee
a eee 2.18 lb.
sase conforming to the contour of the cavity except that the for-
ward end is flat. A molded plastic button which conforms to the
contour of the cavity is located between the front of the charge
sase and the small forward end of the cavity. This button acts as a
cushion for the charge upon impact of the projectile on the target.
A tar-like compound fills the space between the projectile walls
ind the aluminum charge case to prevent the case from slipping
zpon rotation of the projectile.

11
 Armour and Construction
Generally speaking, the aim of the German tank de-
signer with regard to armour was always to make the front of
the tank immune to its own gun (the calibre and length of
which were stated first in the specification) at any given range
and the sides and rear immune at longer ranges only. Thus we
find a continuous strengthening of German tank armour with
each new tank introduced, and not infrequently, with new
models of existing tanks. This strengthening was obtained in
earlier tanks by face-hardening, bolted or welded appliqué
armour and spaced plates. In later designs, thicker, well-sloped
homogeneous rolled armour was employed, all joints being
welded and interlocked, or pegged. This armour as a whole was
softer than earlier, and thinner, homo-armour, and no face
hardening was employed.
As protection against hollow charge projectiles, mild
steel skirting plates, or wire mesh on the Pz.Kpfw.IV Model J,
were introduced. The use of cast armour was restricted to gun
mantlets, ball-mounting housings and other small parts.
12
Power Plant
With the exception of the Pz.Kpfw.I Model A, which
employed a 60 H.P. Krupp engine, the power plant of all
operational German tanks was designed by Maybach Motor-
enbau G.m.b.H. of Friedrichshafen and built by Maybach and
Nordbau of Berlin. This Maybach monopoly was no doubt
due to the friendship between Dr. Maybach and Kniepkamp of
Wa.Pruf 6. All Maybach tank engines were of water-cooled
carburetted petrol type, those fitted to the Pz.Kpfw.I and II
being of 6-cylinder in line, and later ones of 12-cylinder Vee
arrangement. The largest engine used operationally, the HL
230 mounted in the Tiger and Panther tanks,-had an output of
594 BHP at 2,600 r.p.m.
Probably due to the Maybach monopoly in tank engines,
later tanks such as the 56-ton Tiger Model E and the 67-ton
Tiger Model B were seriously under-powered, the engine being
the same as that used in the 45-ton Panther. At the end of the
war, numerous firms (including BMW, Klockner - Humboldt -
Deutz, Simmering, Daimler Benz and M.A.N. - Argus) were in
the process of designing engines with an output of 1,000 HP.
or more, among the types projected being air cooled and water
cooled C.J. and I.C. engines, of in-line, “V’, ‘H’ and ‘X’ form
with from 8 to 24 cylinders. None of these designs was suf-
ficiently advanced for employment in tanks, however, and the
“Maus” was powered by a modified Daimler Benz MB 517
motor boat engine. Maybach were also in the process of
boosting the HL 230 engine by petrol injection, to give 900
metric H.P., this boosted engine being known as the HL 234.
Dr.Ing.h.c.F. Porsche K.G. was also working on a gas turbine
power plant for AFVs, but this project had not progressed
very far.
Transmission
With the exception of the Porsche ‘Leopard’, ‘Tiger’ and
‘Maus’, which had electric transmissions, all operational Ger-
man tanks had conventional mechanical transmission, final
drive and steering.
As in engines, Maybach enjoyed a monopoly in gear-
boxes, which were made by their subsidiary Zahnradfabrik, of
Friedrichshafen. The Pz.Kpfw. I, II, IV and Panther, as well
as certain Pz.Kpfw.III’s were fitted with hand-operated crash
(or synchromesh on Panther) gearboxes. The remaining Pz.
Kpfw.III’s were provided with a Maybach ‘Variorex’ multi-
speed, pre-selective, vacuum-operated gearbox, which, however,
was not a success owing to the limited power available with
unassisted vacuum operation. Both models of the Pz.Kpfw.
Tiger were provided with a development of the ‘Variorex’
gearbox, the Olvar, operated hydraulically instead of by
vacuum.
Experiments were made on various vehicles with a
torque-converter transmission by Voith of Heidenheim but this
type of transmission was never taken into general use.
Suspension
German designers appear to have used most kinds of
springing media in their tank suspensions. Semi-elliptic leaf
springs were employed on the Pz.Kpfw. I, II, early Pz.Kpfw.
IIl’s and Pz.Kpfw. IV, lateral torsion bars were fitted to the
latest Pz.Kpfw. II (Lynx), later Pz.Kpfw. III (from Model E
onwards), Tiger Models E and B, and the Pz.Kpfw. Panther,
longitudinal torsion bars (springing two wheels) on the Porsche
‘Leopard’, ‘Elefant’ and early ‘Maus’, volute springs on the
‘Einheitsfahrgestell’ for the Pz.Kpfw. III/IV and the later
‘Maus’, helical springs on the ‘E.100’ and belleville washers
on the E.10, 25, 50 and 75.
 During the greater part of the War, the torsion bar was
the most favoured springing medium. Helical and volute
springs, and belleville washers were, however, being developed
for incorporation in projected tanks.
Independent suspension with medium sized bogie wheels
and return rollers was used on the Pz.Kpfw. I, II andlII, 2-
wheeled bogies were favoured for the Pz.Kpfw. IV, the Porsche
tanks and the Pz.Kpfw. III/IV and independent large disc
wheels overlapped (Tiger Model B) or interleaved and over-
lapped (Tiger Model E and Panther), without return rollers,
were incorporated in later designs.
Later tank designs favored the larger independent
Bogie wheels were, in all tanks up to the Pz.Kpfw. Tiger
Model E, provided with rubber tyres. In subsequent tanks
(including late Pz.Kpfw. IV and Tiger Model E), steel-tyres,
resilient bogie wheels were used.
Tracks
German designers favoured the cast manganese steel type
of track link of skeleton (early) or recessed (later) form. Centre
guided tracks of single-link design were employed on all early
tanks — the Pz.Kpfw. Tiger Model B and ‘Maus’ however,
employed an asymmetrical two-link track. Pin retention was
either by S-pin, split pin or circlip and washer.
The early German tanks favored small bogie wheels
with tread return rollers as seen on above and to the left.
disc wheels as shown above.
 SELF-PROPELLED EQUIPMENT
Before discussing the development of German self-
propelled artillery during the war, it is necessary to explain
their German nomenclature, as this is a guide to the class and
role of the equipment referred to.
To begin with, as the Germans mounted most of their
standard guns on S.P. carriages in addition to their normal
field or tank mountings, it was found necessary to give such
guns a special distinguishing nomenclature for ease of refer-
ence. Thus, all guns modified for mounting in a self-propelled
role were distinguished by the abbreviation (Sf.’) or (‘Sfl.’)
(Selbstfahrlafette, meaning ‘self-propelled mounting’) in brack-
ets after the ordinary nomenclature, eg. 7.5 cm. Pak 39 (L/48)
(Sf.).
In addition, in certain cases the nomenclature of the
gun in its field (e.g.Pak) or tank (e.g. Kw.K) role was modified
to indicate its role when self-propelled. Thus the Pak (Panzer-
abwekrkanone or anit-tank gun) was changed to Pjk (Panzer-
jagerkanone) when mounted on a tank destroyer, or STu.K
(Sturmkanone) when mounted as an assault gun.Other abbrev-
iations used in self-propelled gun nomenclature were ‘Stu.H.’
and ‘Stu.Mrs.’ (Assault howitzer).
Although chassis consisted almost entirely of standard
tank and semi-tracked vehicle hulls and chassis, certain dis-
tinctive names were needed for modified chassis. Thus we have
a complete series of tank destroyer equipments all of which
are based on modified tank chassis, known by the abbreviation
‘Pz.Jag.’(Panzerjager-tank hunter, in place of ‘Pz.Kpfw.’(tank).
Another abbreviation, used for certain earlier S.P. carriages for
large calibre guns is ‘Gw.’ or ‘Geschutzwagen’ (gun carriage),
again in place of ‘Pz.Kpfw.’.
In the case of certain assault equipments, the gun nomen-
clature was frequently used to cover the complete equipment
(i.e. Stu.G. and Stu.Mrs.). In addition, each equipment taken
into service was allotted an ‘Sd.Kfz.’ number of its own,
within the band allotted to the tank or vehicle forming the
basis of the equipment.
(/lg GR TRF EGTT AFIS REI
‘ | KA
—4-7 cM. (1°85 IN.) SELF-PROPELLED
German ideas and methods with regard to S.P. guns
underwent considerable modification between the introduc-
tion of the first assault equipment (Sturmgeschutz, — 7.5 cm.
K.(L/24) on Stu.G.HID in 1940, and the end of the war.These
changes may be directly traced to the German War situation at
the time and the changes in the tactical roles of such equip-
ment mentioned above, the chassis of the~then obsolete Pz.
Kpfw.I was utilised for the improvised mounting of the 15 cm.
heavy infantry howitzer 15 cm. s.I.G.33 and the 4.7 cm. Czech
A.tk. gun (4.7 cm. Pak.(t)). From this period almost to the end
of the War, S.P. equipments were of two main types: (i) those
specifically designed for the purpose or (ii) those improvised,
to make possible the S.P. mounting of as many guns as pos-
sible in the shortest possible time. Both types were based on
existing tank chassis, the first on current designs and the sec-
ond on obsolescent designs of chassis. The 7.5 cm. K(L/24)
on Stu.G.III falls into the first class, and remained in service
(apart from modifications in the armament) until the end of
the War. In the Second class fall all the equipments introduced
up to December 1942, many of which were based on the
chassis of the French ‘Lorraine’ tractor, the Czech Pz.Kpfw.
38(t) and various semi-tracked vehicles. These equipments are _
characterized by their slightly- or un-modified tank chassis,
their light, bulletproof, open-topped superstructures and the
armament, practically unmodified from the field mounting
version. The specifically-designed equipments are characterized
by their thick armour and roofed-in fighting compartments,
low silhouettes and the modified or re-designed tank chassis on
which they are based.
From January, 1943, equipments introduced into service
were divided fairly evenly between the first and second types,
the latter coming well to the fore in the last part of 1944
early °45 as the need for as many mobile, heavily armoured
A.tk. guns as possible became more urgent.
In addition to classification by overall type of design,
equipments may be classified according to the type of arma-
(AGN
A.TK. GUN (4-7 cM. Pak (t) (SFL))
14
 Ammunition

Length of Weight of
complete Fuze projectile Identification
’; round
‘
'
y
} A.P. tracer shell F 18°68 ins. Base 3:64 lb. Three black bands on nose of shell,
case stamped 4-7 cm. Pak (t) Pzgr.
‘
H.E. shell ... aie 22-46 ins. Nose 5-07 lb. Dark grey shell, case stamped 4:7 cm.
Pak (t) Spregr.

A.P. 40 shot 5 18-72 ins. None 1-81 Ib. Projectile black, case stamped 4 cm.
Vz. 36.

ment carried i.e., whether low velocity HE firing, high velocity
anti-tank, or AA weapons. In the period Sept. 1939 - Dec.
1943, when the war situation was more favourable, the need
for the first two types was about equal and that of the last
type almost non-existent. Approximately equal proportions of
the first two types and a very small number of the third were
therefore employed, but in the subsequent phase up to the end
of the war the emphasis was placed more and more on A.tk.
and AA equipments with a consequent falling-off in the num-
ber of low velocity H.E. firing types.
The most outstanding development in S.P. gun design,
planned for production in 1945, was the rigid mounting, (i.e.
less recoil system) of the gun in the vehicle front plate. Several
guns were to have been so mounted. including the 7.5 cm.
Pak 39/1(L/48) in the Pz.Jag.38(t) and 38(d), the 7.5 cm.
Pak 42 (L/70) in the Pz.Jag 38(d), the 10.5 cm. Stu.H.42
(L/28) in the Pz.Jag 38(t) and the 8.8 cm. Pak 43 (L/71) in the
‘Jagdpanther’. The rigidly-mounted 7.5 cm. Pak 39/1 (L/48)
on Pz.Jag 38(t) chassis was just about to commence produc-
tion at the close of the war.
As will be seen from the above reference, the introduc-
tion of a new S.P. gun carriage, the Pz.Jag 38(d) was also
contemplated. This was a purely German redesigned and en-
larged version of the Pz.Jag 38(t), powered by a new Tatra
diesel engine, of which very large production was intended and
which bore little resemblance to any existing tank chassis.
A project for combining the fire power and mobility of
an S.P. gun with the traverse of a tank gun and the low sil-
houette of a gun on its field carriage was the series of “Waf-
fentrager” or gun carriers also planned for production in late
1945. These equipments consisted of anti-tank, field or medium
guns mounted, on their field carriages, on lightly armoured
chassis built up of standard (38(t), 38(d) or Pz.Kpfw.IV) com-
ponents, in such a manner as to give, in most cases, 360°
traverse. In addition, the gun was demountable to permit of
firing from its field carriage on the ground. Most of these
projects never progressed further than the drawing board, but
a few reached the mock-up stage and one or two (such as the
‘Grille’ equipment, consisting of a 17 cm. gun (17 cm. K.) on
a lengthened Royal Tiger chassis) had advanced to the build-
ing of a prototype by the end of the war.
A further naval development, sponsored by the German
Navy from 1939 onwards, was the series (typified by the R2.
of which a photograph is included with in ) of S.P. coast
defence guns R1 to R14. These guns ranged in calibre from
15 cm. to 38 cm. and were fired from the tracked carriage on
a 360°traverse turntable.

15
ARMOURED CARS
As with tanks and S.P. guns, each type of armoured car
was distinguished by a ‘Sonderkraftfahrzeug’ number (abbrev-
jated to Sd.Kfz.) indicating that it was a special purpose Army
vehicle and serving to identify it in the Ordnance Vocabulary.
In addition, the fact that it was an armoured car was indicated
by the abbreviation Pz.Sp.Wg., standing for Panzerspahwagen
(Armoured Car). The German nomenclature also distinguished
any vehicle which had more than four wheels by the inclusion
of the words ‘6 rad’ or ‘8 rad’ indicating a 6- or 8-wheeled
vehicle respectively.
As armoured cars were produced on a relatively small
scale as compared to tanks and S.P. guns, correspondingly
little development and production data has come to light. The
scope of this section will be limited, therefore, to a chrono-
logical account of the types introduced into service, together
with photos and specifications and approximate dates of
introduction.
If allied tanks and S.P. guns were consistently outgunned
by their German equivalents, it is true to say that the reverse
was the case with allied and German armoured cars. The
Germans held the belief that speed, lightness and maneuvra-
bility were the criterions of good armoured car design, and to
this end sacrificed both fire power and armour protection,
the latter right through the war and the former until the intro-
duction of the high velocity § cm tank gun 39/1 mounted on
(C
SQ
Barre! locking catch Oe
Recocking
Firing plunger
—2°S cm. (1:10 tm.)
the new 8-wheeled armoured car chassis in mid-1944, This was
both the first and, as it turned out, the last German attempt to
mount a gun of calibre larger than 2 cm. in a turret with 360°
traverse On a true armoured car. While it is true that the 2.8
cm. heavy A.TK. rifle 41 (2.8 cm.s.Pz.B.41) had been mounted
on the 4-wheeled armoured car Sd.Kfz.221 as far back as 1942,
the low velocity 7.5 cm. K.37 (L/24) had been mounted on
the old version of the 8-wheeled armoured car (Sd.Kfz.233)
in 1943, and the low velocity 7.5 cm. K.51 (L/24) and high
velocity 7.5 cm. Pak 40 (L/46) had been mounted on the new
8-wheeled car chassis (Sd.Kfz.234) in 1944 and 1945 respect-
ively, these vehicles must be classified as self-propelled guns
rather than as armoured cars by virtue of their limited-
traverse mountings.
The first armoured car taken into service with the Ger-
man Army was the Kfz.13, a light, four-wheeled vehicle intro-
duced about 1934 and already obsolete by the outbreak of
war. Little is known of this vehicle, as no specimen was ever
captured, neither were many documents dealing with it ever
found. It was, however, apparently unique among German
armoured cars in that it was not mounted on a standard Army
car chassis. The superstructure was open-topped, and the arm-
ament consisted only of one 7.92 mm. M.G. 13 ona pedestal
mounting in the fighting compartment, with a light bullet-
proof shield. A crew of 2 was carried. A wireless version of
this vehicle (Known as the Kfz.14) was also produced.
Breech block |
return spring
Extractor /ever
/ever
A. TK. Gun Moprt 41 (Pz. B. 41) Brercu
MECH ANISM
 By the outbreak of war, German policy had changed and
two complete ranges of armoured cars, one a light and the
other a heavy series, had taken the place of the Kfz.13, now
relegated to training uses. The new series of light cars (Sd.
Kfz.221 series) were all based on the Auto-Union A.G. Werk
Horsch 801 4-wheeled general purpose chassis (Einheitsfahr-
gestell I fur s.Pkw. also Einheitsfahrgestell II fur s.Pkw.), also
used as a basis for certain light lorries and personnel-carrying
vehicles, while the heavy (Sd.Kfz.231) series had as a basis a
six-wheeled Bussing NAG chassis known as the ASP. Corres-
ponding vehicles in the two series mounted similar armament,
but differed slightly in armour protection, the light series
having an armour basis of 5-8 mm. and the heavy series, one of
5-15 mm. The light series was retained in production right
through the war, but the various six-wheeled vehicles were re-
placed by a new heavy series based on an 8-wheeled Bussing
NAG chassis between mid-1940 and mid-1941. The six-
wheeled vehicles were then used for training purposes and the
8-wheeled cars assumed the Sd.Kfz. numbers of their six-
wheeled counterparts, thus rendering necessary ‘6 rad’/‘8 rad’
distinguishing suffixes in the ordnance vocabulary nomen-
clature.
The 8-wheeled (Sd.Kfz.231) series were in turn rendered
obsolete at the beginning of 1944 by the introduction of a new
8-wheeled series, incorporating a Tatra diesel engine and several
other improvements such as increased armour protection and
armament, bearing the Sd.Kfz. series number 234. The final
development of this latter chassis came with the mounting on
it of the 7.5 cm. Pak. 40, to Hitler’s personal order, in Novem-
ber, 1944.
Due to the relatively small allocation of firms to the
design and building of armoured cars and the greater interest
Tanks, Armored Cars and Motorcycle troops carried the “Blitze Kreig”
Europe in the early stages of the war.
17
of the Heereswaffenamt in the design and development of
tanks and self-propelled guns, comparatively little information
on projected designs and unsuccessful projects has come to
light. In fact, it is probable that, apart from one or two
‘private ventures’ by small firms outside the armoured car
production ‘ring’, no further armoured car projects were of-
ficially contemplated before the end of the war.
Of the ‘private ventures’, the most persistently pushed
and therefore the one about which the most is known, was a
project by Hans Tripple of Tripplewerk, Molsheim for a light
4-wheeled amphibious armoured car known as “‘Schildkrote”
(Turtle), based on the Trippel amphibious passenger car S.G.6.
three prototypes of this vehicle were produced, their design
and production being spread over a long period (1941 - Oct 42)
due to delays in the granting of the priorities required to ob-
tain material for their construction. These prototypes differed
slightly from each other in armament, engine and armour
arrangement, but were all based on the S.G.6 chassis, describ-
ed in the ‘Wheeled Vehicles’ section of this publication.
Armament varied from one 7.92 mm. M.G. 81 on the Schild-
krote I to a 20 mm. M.G. 151 or 7.92 mm. M.G. 81 with
coaxial 7.92 mm. M.G. 34 on the Schildkrote II and a 20 mm.
M.G. 151 only on the Schildkrote III. Armour basis on the
Schildkrote I was 7 - 7.5 mm. and was increased to 10 mm. for
subsequent prototypes. None of these designs was successful,
however, and the idea appears to have been reluctantly drop-
ped after the end of 1942. A photograph of the Schildkrote II
is included for information.
The Austro-Daimler ‘wheel cum-tracks’ vehicle was also
used in small numbers, as an armoured and unarmoured
vehicle. The armoured version of which a photo is included,
was known as the ‘le.gep. Beob. Kw. Sd.Kfz.254.’
through
 THE DEVELOPMENT OF GERMAN
INTRODUCTION
At the close of the 1914-18 war no purely anti-tank
weapon had been produced by either Germany or the Western
Allies. It was fully appreciated, however, that the tank had
come to stay as a major weapon of war and that appropriate
counter-measures would need to be taken, in order to neutra-
lise the initial success which it had enjoyed. It was also evident
that the further development of the tank in regard to its
mobility, armour and armament would be given high priority
by foreign armies when making specifications for further
armament requirements.
The fundamental requirement for an anti-tank gun was
that it should fire a projectile capable of penetrating the pro-
tective armour of the tank before exploding. This demanded
the construction of a gun with a high muzzle velocity to give
a high striking velocity, and of a projectile sufficiently robust
to penetrate the armour without breaking up. As a result of
the essentially high velocity, the time of flight of the projec-
tile was reduced and its trajectory became almost flat. Both of
these features were an advantage for an anti-tank gun, since it
was to be employed against a moving target and also because,
in its early conception, the anti-tank gun was essentially a
light and comparatively close quarter weapon.
German anti-tank gun development was governed from
the outset, very naturally, by the assumed strength of armour
to be penetrated. As this was always increasing the perform-
ance of each new gun developed was correspondingly higher
than its predecessor. To achieve this progressive increase in
armour penetrating performance, development fell roughly in
the following categories:—
(a) Increase in gun calibre.
(b) Internal barrel construction.
(c) Ammunition design.
Generally speaking, the development and design of anti-
tank guns ran concurrently with that of tank guns and self
propelled anti-tank guns. That is to say, a 7.5 cm anti-tank gun
on a field carriage would have its counterpart as an SP anti-
tank gun and/or tank gun. Apart from the calibre, the ord-
nance may differ either in length, type of breech mechanism
or chamber capacity and often in all three.
Common to all, however, were the projectiles used,
although the design of cartridge case would vary according to
the dimensions of the chamber of the particular piece.
INCREASE OF GUN CALIBRE
The German first line anti-tank gun at the outbreak of
war in 1939 was the 3.7 cm weapon. Increase of calibre was
progressive throughout the war, except in one or two special
projects, the 5 cm appeared during the closing months of
1940, the French 75 mm on a 5 cm carriage during the sum-
mer of 1941. Towards the end of 1941 the Germans brought
their 7.5 cm Models 40 and 41 into operational use. The
model 41 was of a new type having a muzzle squeeze bore or
cone bore attachment in an effort to increase the muzzle
velocity with a new type of projectile. This led to the intro-
duction about this time of two equipments with cone bore
18
ANTI-TANK ARTILLERY
barrel construction, which were retrograde equipments as re-
gards size or calibre. These were the 2.8/2.0 cm (i.e. 2.8 cm at
the commencement of rifling and 2 cm at the muzzle) and the
4.2 cm anti-tank weapon. (The latter being 4.0 cm at the
commencement of the rifling and 3.0 cm at the muzzle.)
The 7.5 cm Model 40, like its predecessor the 5 cm
Model 38, proved to be a good weapon and capable of de-
feating the armour then in use; but thickness of armour in-
creased, therefore the size and performance of the anti-tank
gun had to increase. The year 1943 saw the appearance of the
celebrated 8.8 cm anti-tank and tank guns. These were a
development from the much talked of 8.8 cm Flak (A.A.)
guns. There was no finality in size and the latter stages of the
war saw the introduction of the 12.8 cm tank and assault guns
and with them the 12.8 cm anti-tank gun Model 44.
December 1944 saw the introduction into the service of
the 8 cm P.W.K 8.H.63, a smooth bore infantry gun firing a fin
stabilized projectile of 9.59 Ibs and having a very satisfactory
anti-tank performance when using the hollow charge projectile.
INTERNAL BARREL CONSTRUCTION
The ceaseless endeavour to improve velocity and thus
penetration, led to the development of the cone bore weapons,
referred to in the previous paragraphs. It was found that a
higher velocity could be obtained by using a special type of
skirted projectile in conjunction with a cone bore barrel, i.e. a
larger diameter at the commencement of rifling that at the
muzzle. In some cases an ordinary parallel barrel was used in
conjunction with a cone bore length, which screwed on to the
muzzle.
Smooth bore barrels were also developed for use with
special fin stabilized hollow charge projectiles. This type of
weapon did not require a high velocity, indeed a higher velo-
city decreased the efficiency of the weapon when firing hol-
low charge projectiles.
AMMUNITION DESIGN
In addition to the ordinary armour piercing projectiles
three new types of projectiles were developed for anti-tank
work in an additional effort to increase velocity and thereby
penetration. The fourth gave increased lethality without in-
creased velocity. This type burned through the armour.
(a) Skirted projectile for use with cone bore barrels.
(b) Discarding Sabot projectiles.
(c) Composite Rigid and
(d) Hollow charge projectile.
. The projectiles (a), (b) and (c) worked to the principle
that for a given weight the greater the area within reason at the
base of the projectile, for the chamber gases to exert their
pressure on, the greater would be the resultant muzzle velo-
cities. The hollow charge projectile which burns through the
armour has a more efficient lethality at lower velocity. This
gives time for the fuze to initiate the explosive and so produce
the burning jet to impinge on the armour before the rear end
of the projectile reaches the armour.
 (a) The skirted projectiles increase the area at the base
of the shell by the use of an extended skirt at the
base and another one at the shoulder to ensure cor-
rect centering in the bore and thus stability or
steadiness. During the passage of the projectile
through the cone bore the skirts are squeezed in
wards into the annular recesses in the main body of
the projectile. The effect of this is that when the
projectile reaches the muzzle the skirts are conform-
ing to the general outline of the main body of the
projectile, having been reduced to the diameter of
the bore at the muzzle.
(b) Projectiles of the discarding sabot type use the nor-
mal parallel bore barrel but after leaving the muzzle
discard rings or one of many different type of jack-
et, the result being a smaller and streamlined pro-
jectile of high velocity.
(c) The composite rigid projectiles, as their name im-
plies, are of composite material construction to give
large area and relatively light weight. It carries an
inner pointed core of specially hardened steel, or
The Stick Bomb with its hollow charge converted the
19
some such like material, to give high penetration
performance. The whole of the projectile travels to
the target. The cap of the composite material jacket
is normally made of some light metal, which will
add some measure of protection and lubrication to
the pointed core during penetration.
All these projectile types have the disadvantage
that the effective fighting range is very limited,
approximately up to 2000 yards, above this range
the velocity and effectiveness falls away fairly rapid-
ly, owing to the relatively light weight of the pro-
jectile.
(d) The hollow charge projectile is much more effec-
tive when it is fin stabilised i.e. not spin stabilised as
when ejected from a rifled gun; the spin of the pro-
jectile degrades the performance.
In the following pages each equipment will be
covered in fair detail. Equipments will not be taken
in their chronological order of appearance but in
sequence according to size, although as stated be-
fore, with one or two exceptions the sequence is the
sequence is the same under both headings.
obsolete 37mm Cannon to an effective antitank weapon.
2.8 cm. S.P2 B.41. (1.1 inch/.787 inch A.Tk. Gun Model 41) 2.8 cm S Pz B. 41 (Airborne Version) See Fig. 164
See Fig. 163
The main differences between the airborne model and
1. This light quick firing anti-tank gun was an excep- the older ground equipment are:—
tionally good weapon judged by the standards existing at the (a) The whole of the carriage is of light tubular metal,
time of its introduction into the German Service. It was de- with small wheels having pneumatic tyres.
scribed by some as the first really “secret”? weapon brought (b) There is no protective armour for the crew.
into service during the war. Be that as it may, it saw the intro- (c) The total weight of the airborne is 260 Ibs as against
duction by the Germans of a new principle in artillery weap- 501 lbs of the ground equipment. The outstanding
ons — the use of the tapered or cone bore. It fired a special fact is that, though the barrel and cradle remained
skirted type of projectile at an extremely high muzzle velo- unchanged, there was almost a 50% saving in total
city. The first indication of its high velocity was given in a weight. Both equipments used the same ammunition
captured German note book which gave the muzzle velocity as consisting of A.P. and H.E. The A.P. projectile was
6,250 ft. secs. This was subsequently proved to be inaccurately constructed in five parts viz:—
high, the correct velocity being around about 4,600 ft. sec. (i) Magnesium alloy ballistic cap.
The barrel which tapers from a diameter of 28 mm (ii) Front steel skirt.
(1.1 ins) at the commencement of the rifling to 20 mm (.79 (iii) Rear Steel Skirt.
ins) at the muzzle, becomes unserviceable after about 500 (iv) Cemented carbide A.P. core.
rounds have been fired. (v) Lead sleeve.
The equipment is exceptionally light and is essentially The propellant used was graphited tubular nitro-
an infantry anti-tank weapon mounted on a carriage which cellulose powder moderated with ethylcontralite.
has free elevation and traverse, i.e. the gun can be elevated and
traversed by pressure of movement applied to handgrips in-
stead of having to turn the normal type of handwheels. Data 2.8 cm S.Pz B. 41
Calibre 1.1/.787 ins. (28/20 mm)
Length of ordnance 67.51 ins. (1714 mm)
a Rifling Right Hand increasing
Ammunition oe :
Nomenclature — 2.8 cm Pzgr Patr 41 Rifling length 50 ins. (1270 mm)
M. :V. Proj.
—= 4599
4)
f/s_(.1305
(1402 Kg.
m.s.) aTaverse
= Seeat lull
aariee
elevatio
a
Meson to) a g) Traverse horizontal 90°
Nomenclature — 2.8 cm Sprgr Patr 41 Elevation 50 to +450
M. V. — 4593 f/s (1400 m.s.) # Recoil Normal 9.49 ins. (241 mm)
Wt. of Proj. — 3.02. (.085 Kg.) Recoil Max. 11.02 ins. (280 mm)
+ Estimated M. V. Overall length of equipment _— 8 Ft. 10 ins. (2690 mm)
Overall height 2 Ft. 9 ins. (838 mm)
Overall width 3 Ft. 2 ins. (965 mm)
Wt. of equipment complete 505 lbs (229 Kg.)

Armour Penetration
Firing 2.8 cm. Pzgr Patr 41
Range—yds. Penetration—Normal in mm.—30°
100 94 69
200 86 65
300 79 60
400 te 56
500 66 52
600 60 48
700 54 44
800 49 41

20
—2:8 cm. (1-10 1n.) A. TK. Gun Moper 41 (Pz. B. 41)
 3.7 cmPak 35/36 (1.46 inch Anti-Tank Gun Model 35/36)
See Fig. 165.

1. This was Germany’s first line anti-tank gun at the (b) Ammunition
outbreak of world war II. The weapon is thought to have been
Nomenclature — 3.7 Pak Pzgr
developed about 1933/4 and it is probable that it was used
M. V. — 2499 f/s (762m.s.)
operationally by the German forces who took part in the
Wt of Proj. ~ 1 Ib. 8 oz. (.68 Kg.)
Spanish civil war. This undoubtedly gave the Germans a con-
siderable amount of operational experience in the use of the Nomenclature — 3.7 cm Pak Pzgr 40
equipment, and in 1939 it was undoubtedly as good an anti- M. V. =") 3378 t/s (1030:m-s:)
tank gun as any in use by the armies of the major powers. Wt. of Proj. — 12% ozs. (.354 Kg.)
It was used with considerable success in the campaign Nomenclature — 3.7 cm Sper
against Poland, aithough it must be said that the Polish equip- Wt. of Proj. ~ 1 Ib. 6% ozs. (.625 Kg.)
ment was too limited to withstand the new German Blitzkreig
technique then, and later in France, demonstrated Nomenclature — x 3.7 cm Stiel Gr 41
to an as-
tonished world. M. V. — 360 f/s (110 m.s.)
Consideration of the fact that this equipment was de- Wt. of Proj. — 18 Ib. 14 ozs. (8.5 Kg.)
veloped as early as 1933/4 shows that the weapon was of (c) Armour Penetration
sound basic design to remain the front line weapon until the
Firing 3.7 cm Pak Pzgr Firing 3.7 cm Pak Pzgr 40
latter months of 1940, although it was considered by some
experts to have been a comparative failure against the French Range Penetration inmm Range Penetration in mm
tanks. yds Normal 30° yds Normal 30°
Two factors contributed to the lengthly retention of this 200 56 42 100 79 68
equipment; they were:— 400 51 38 200 ae 61
(a) The introduction of improved A.P. ammunition, 500 48 36 300 65 55
A.P. 40 which increased the penetration perform- 600 46 34 400 58 49
ance of the weapon by about 30%. * Fin stabilized hollow charge round of mortar bomb shape,
(b) The inability of the Germans to produce a better fitted with short rod for firing from the muzzle.
and heavier weapon, until the latter months of 1940
when the 5 cm Pak 38 was introduced into service. 4.2 cm le Pak 41 (1.65 inch light Anti-Tank Gun Model 41).
The 3.7 cm Pak 35/36 was not an outstanding weapon See Fig. 166.
and indeed, the penetration performance of the gun, at angles
of attack other than normal, was considered disappointing. 1. This cone bore weapon was introduced into service
The efficiency of the equipment rested very much on its at about the same time as the other guns of similar type i.e.
good mobility. It was normally towed on its two wheeled the 2.8 cm S Pz B 41, already referred to, and the 7.5 cm
carriage but could be transported in a light motor vehicle. Pak 41.
This gun was mounted on a modified 3.7 cm Pak car-
The equipment was near ideal for airborne use as its riage, the principle of the cone bore being, as stated before,
total weight was only approximately 8 cwts. the development of higher velocity than that normally ob-
The ammunition used consisted of the standard types of tained from the orthodox parallel bore.
H.E. and A.P. and a combination of the two, with and without The nomenclature of 4.2 cm is not in accordance with
tracers. the sizes of bores which have been measured and it is assumed
that the calibre specification was changed from the 4.2 cm
Data: 3.7 Pak 35/36 originally specified. As an example of the precise diameters of
(a) Calibre 1.46in. (37mm) an almost new barrel the measurements were 4.061 cm (1.599
Length of ordnance 65.5 in. (1665 mm) inches) at 1 inch from commencement of rifling and 29.41 cm
Rifling r-h. Uniform (1.158 inches) at % inch from muzzle.
Rifling Length 51.19 (1301 mm) This equipment was beautifully well balanced and _in-
No. of grooves 16 corporated several new features in gun and carriage construc-
Chamber capacity 380 c.c. tion, the most notable being in the springing of the carriage.
Traverse 60° This consisted of a laminated square section bar, 1% inches
Elevation 252 square formed by 6 layers of %4 inch x 1% inch spring steel
Recoil normal 22.05 (560 mm) welded at one end. Only one other German artillery equip-
Overall length of equipment 11 Ft. 2 in. (3400 mm) ment, within the writer’s knowledge, has this laminated type
Overall height 3 Ft. 10 in. (1170 mm) of torsion bar suspension, the equipment being the 8 cm
Overall width 5 Ft.5 in. (1650 mm) smooth bore anti-tank weapon (8 cm PAW 600); indeed this
Wt of equipment complete 952 lbs. (432 Kg.) latter equipment is unique in that its equilibrator also makes
use of a laminated bar of similar assembly.

21
 5 cm Pak 38 (1.97 inch Anti-Tank Gun Model 38) See Fig. 167.

The equipment is designed for one man control of 1. Design of the 5 cm Pak 38 had commenced in 1938
sighting, elevating, traversing and firing and unlike the 3.7 cm but production was not sufficiently advanced in the early part
Pak equipment, is fitted with a double shield. of 1940 to permit of introduction into service and employ-
The big improvement in muzzle velocity, about 35 per ment in the campaign against France. This equipment finally
cent over that of the 3.7 cm was somewhat offset by the replaced the 3.7 cm Pak during the latter months of 1940. Its
smaller emergent projectile i.e. 2.9 cm as compared with 3.7 design incorporated the use of a muzzle brake to restrict re-
cm, and also of lighter weight. coil and the employment of a torsion bar sprung carriage with
The ammunition used is all, of course, of the type suit- solid rubber tyred wheels. These two features were employed
able for use in cone bore, ie. skirted projectiles, similar in in the design of all subsequent single axle field and anti-tank
construction to that fired by the 2.8 cm S Pz B 41. weapons and contributed considerably in keeping down the
overall weight of an equipment. firstly in allowing the use of a
smaller and therefore lighter recoil mechanism and a lighter
Data: 4.2 cm le Pak 41 carriage. This was assisted by the spring suspension since a
lighter carriage could be used because a large part of the
(a) Calibre 1.65/1.18 ins. (42/30 mm) travelling stresses were absorbed by the said spring suspen-
(Actual 405/29.4mm sion. Introduced about the same time were two tank guns of
Lengeth of Ordnance 88.58 ins. (22.50 mm) differing lengths, all three guns used the same types of am-
Rifling Right Hand increasing munition thereby effecting a standardization of ammunition
Rifling Length 66.93 ins. (1700 mm) production.
No. of grooves 12 The 5 cm Pak 38 was decidely a very good anti-tank
Length of Chamber 16.69 ins. (424 mm) weapon judged by the standards of 1941, indeed, the German
Traverse 41° Air Force thought highly of it, and, having had a ring semi-
Elevation iNew) automatic feed fitted to it, mounted the gun and super-
Overall length of equipment 13 Ft. (3690 mm) structure in aircraft such as the JU 88. During the latter
Overall height 3 Ft. 11% ins. (1210 mm) months of the war the equipment came full circle and arrange-
Wt of equipment complete 992 Ibs (450 Kg.) ments were made to mount the aircraft version on a Flak
mounting and use it as a stop gap AA weapon, to replace the
(b) Ammunition comparative failure — the 5 cm Flak 41.
Nomenclature M. V. Wt of Proj. The weapon fires AP shell, HE shell and AP 40 shot. The
4.2cmPzgr 41 4149 f/s(1265 m.s.) 11% ozs. (.336 Kg.) latter is a light shot with a ballistic cap, and incorporating a
4.2 cm Sper 41 10 ozs. (.280 Kg.) tungsten carbide core which has a good AP performance at
ranges under 500 yards.
(c) Armour Penetration Good as this weapon was, it was soon to be supplanted,
Firing Pzgr 41 but never completely replaced, by the subsequently famous |
7.5 cm Pak 40 and to a lesser extent by the 7.5 cm Pak 41
Range Yds. Penetration Normal in mm 30°
(a cone bore).
0 124 95
250 105 83
Barrel. Breech mechanism spring case
500 87 iy |
750 60 62 |
|
1000 60 =e) |
|

(d) Details of Ammunition

Type — AP Tracer Pzgr 41
Weight of Complete Round — 3 Ib. 4 ozs. (1.48 kg)
Length of Complete Round — 18.1 inches (46 cm)
Weight of Projectile — 11 ozs. 336 gms
Fuse Marking — None. Cap painted olive green.
Type — HE Sper 41
Weight of Complete Round — 3 lbs. (1.36 kg)
Length of Complete Round — 17.9 inches (45.6 cm)
Weight of Projectile — 9 ozs. 280 gms
Fuse Marking — Nose Percussion AZ 5073

-5 cM. (1-97 1n.) A.TK. Gun (5 cm. Pax 38)

22
 (b) Ammunition
Nomenclature — 5 cm Pak 38 Pzgr
M. V. — 2700 f/s (823 m.s.)
Wt. of Proj. — 4Ibs. 15% ozs. (2.25 Kg.)
Nomenclature — 5 cm Pak 38 Spgr
M. V. — 1800 f/s (549 m.s.)
Wt. of Proj. — 4lbs. 5 ozs. (1.96 Kg.)
| iS Nomendature — 5 cm Pak 38 Pzgr 40
—5 em. (1.97 in.) A.Tk. Gun (5 em. Pak 38) M.V. — 3930 f/s (1198 m.s.)
Wt. of Proj. — 2 Ibs. 2% ozs. (.975 Kg.)
Data: 5 cm Pak 38
(a) Calibre 1.97 ins. (50 mm)
Length of ordnance 124.96 in. (3173 mm.) (c) Armour Penetration
Rifling R.H. increasing Firing 5 cm Pak 38 Pzgr Firing 5 cm Pak 38 Pzgr 40
Rifling length 93.75 ins. (2381 mm) Range Penetration in mm Range Penetration in mm
No. of grooves 20 yds Nomal 30° — yds Normal 30°
Length of chamber 17.48 ins. (444 mm) 0 99 We 0 165 143
Traverse 65° 250 88 67 250 141 109
Elevation —8° to +279 500 78 61 500 120 86
Recoil normal 27.56 ins. (700 mm) 750 69 56 750 101 69
Recoil max 28.74 ins. (730 mm) 1000 61 50 1000 84 a5
Overall length of equipment 15 Ft. 7 ins. (4750 mm) 1250 53 45 1250 70 aa
Overall height 3 Ft. 7% ins. (1105 mm) 1500 47 40
Overall width 6 Ft. 0% ins. (1830 mm)
Wt of equipment complete 2174 lbs (986 Kg.) (d) Rate of Fire 12 rpm.

A German Antitank Gun crew in action, passing 5 em shells for the widely used
Pak 38) Cannon.
7.5 cm PAK 41 ARMOR-PIERCING AMMUNITION
7.5/5.9 cm Pzgr. Patr. 41 (W)

COMPLETE ROUND

ses:-
CE
Ld

=
eg
/
C1
Mea

M4
OQeedtpcscese
IGNITER PROJECTILE
CHARGE CARTRIDGE CASE

Jf OUTER CASE Wa
TRACER TUNGSTEN CARBIDE CORE SCREW HEAD BALLISTIC CAP

This round is designed for use in the 7.5/5.5 cm Pak 41 SPECIFICATIONS

tapered bore antitank gun described on page 123 of this volume. Total weight of round ..0........ceeeeeneees 16.65 Ib.

Total length jofiround) =.) 29.8 ins.

It is an armor piercing tracer projectile of Gerlich design with the
Weight of projectile: ....5...::se:2ccescceecescssosensees 5.68 lb.

nomenclature 7.5 cm Pzgr. Patr. 41 (w).

Weight of tungsten carbide core ................ 2.01 Ib.

Diameter. Of Core -..sscc-cosesscersouscasoncevessesussvazte 1.16 ins.

The projectile consists of an outer case, a tungsten carbide
Weight of propellant charge ..................0000 5.4 Ib.
core 1.16 inch in diameter, a screw head, a ballistic cap, and a

tracer. It is fired from a regular cartridge.

24
 7.5 cm Pak 40 (2.95 inch Anti-Tank Gun Model 40) (b) Ammunition
See Fig. 168.
Nomenclature — 7.5 cm Sprgr Patr 34
As soon as the Russian campaign started it became ap- M. V. ~ 1803 f/s (S50 m.s.)
parent that the 5 cm guns did not have a sufficiently high Wt. of Proj. — 12 lbs. 10% ozs. (5.74 Kg.)
performance to deal effectively with the Russian armour
encountered. Nomenclature - 7.5 cm Pzgr Patr 39
Contracts had been placed in 1939 with Krupp and M. V. — 2598 f/s (792 m.s.)
Rheinmetall Borsig for the design and production of a 7.5 cm Wt. of Proj. - 15 Ibs. (6.8 Kg.)
anti-tank gun. Neither equipment was ready for full scale Nomenclature — 7.5 cm Pzgr Patr 40
production in time for the first Russian campaign and in order MV. — 3060 f/s (933 m.s.)
to reduce the heavy handicap under which the German anti- Wt. of Proj. =. /46s3(32 Ke.)
tank artillery found itself, when confronted with the heavy
Russian Armour, it was decided to use or modify such cap- (c) Armour Penetration
tured enemy artillery weapons as could be used in an anti-tank Firing 7.5 cm Pzgr Patr 39 —-Firing 7.5 cm Pzgr Patr 40
role. These equipments will be dealt with according to size in
Range Penetration in mm Range Penetration in mm
subsequent sections; meanwhile the design of the 7.5 cm Pak
yds Normal 30° yds Normal 30°
40 and the 7.5 cm Pak 41 designed respectively by Rhein-
metall Borsig and Krupp, was being hurried along on top 0 149 vil 0 176 1S7,
priority. Both equipments came into service towards the end 500 135 106 $00 154 115
of 1941. 1000 121 94 1000 133 96
Although the two 7.5 cm equipments were built to 1500 109 83 1500 its) 80
approximately the same specifications, the two firms employ- 2000 98 73 2000 98 66
ed different methods of approach in order to attain the re- 2500 83 53
required performance. Rheinmetall Borsig produced a standard A limited number of hollow charge projectiles was used
parallel bore gun similar in design to the 5 cm Pak 38, while in this weapon at a lower velocity than that used for AP and
the Krupp gun barrel was made in two sections, the rear HE. (Not considered a standard projectile.)
portion being a standard parallel bore, and the front section,
screwed to the muzzle end of the rear section, being a smooth 7.5 Pak 41 (2.95 inch Anti-Tank Gun Model 41) See Fig. 169.
bore muzzle squeeze, the emergent calibre of which was 5.5
cm. Of the two guns the 7.5 cm Pak 40 was adopted as the The 7.5 cm Pak 41 also went into production at the same
standard anti-tank weapon and was used consistently and with time as the Pak 40, but only a limited number were ordered
success throughout the rest of the war. Its penetration per- and some 150 equipments were made in all, after which it was
formance of 94 mm/30° attack/1000 metres was considered decided to discontinue production altogether. The reason for
very satisfactory at the time and both designers and users were this was that the design of the gun barrel, a cone muzzle
pleased with the results obtained. This opinion was modified squeeze, necessitated the use of a skirted tungsten cored AP
later on when the overall weight of the equipment (1 ton shot and because the supply of Wolfram, used for the produc-
8 cwts) was thought to be excessive. It was made particularly tion of tungsten steel, was severely restricted by the end of
apparent when, during the months of winter and spring re- 1941; development and production of tungsten cored ammu-
treat which followed in Russia, large numbers of serviceable nition and equipments, requiring its exclusive use, were drop-
guns had tobe abondoned, owing to the inability of the gun ped. Otherwise the Pak 41 was considered to be a well de-
crews to man-handle them over the heavy terrain. signed and practical equipment and it was the opinion of
many technicians at the time that, had it not been for the
difficult Wolfram position, this gun would have taken prece-
Data: 7.5 cm Pak 40
dence over the 7.5 cm Pak 40 as the main front line anti-tank
(a) Calibre 2.95 ins. (75 mm) weapon at that time. It had the advantage of having a higher
Length of ordnance (incl. penetrative performance at ranges up to 1000 metres but at
muzzle brake) 145.67 ins. (3700 mm) greater ranges its performance fell off steeply, due to the
Rifling R.H. increasing lightweight of shot, and did not equal that of the Pak 40. The
Rifling length 96.85 ins. (2461 mm) life of the muzzle squeeze attachment was approximately 500
No. of grooves 32 rounds, but it could be readily changed in the field although
Length of chamber 28.19 ins. (716 mm) the extra time and expense required in manufacture were not
Chamber capacity 213.6 c.ins. (3500 c.c.) in its favour. The few guns that were produced were issued to
Traverse 65° special duty regiments and employed until available stocks of
Elevation —5° to +22° ammunition were used up.
Recoil normal 34.06 ins. (865 mm) The carriage, like that of the 7.5 cm Pak 40, was very
Recoil max. 35.43 ins. (900 mm) well designed. It was low in silhouette, sturdy of construction
Overall length of equipment 20 Ft. 3% ins. (6185 mm) and, for the calibre of the gun, a lightweight. It was during this
Overall height 4 Ft. 1 in. (1245 mm) period of 1940/41 that the Germans produced several sturdy
Overall width 6 Ft. 10 ins. (2080 mm) low and lightweight carriages for other equipments; quite a
Wt of equipment complete 3306 Ibs. (1500 Kg.) “vintage” period for carriages.
ANTITANK GUN
7.5 cm Pak 40

TAPERED BORE ANTITANK GUN

7.5/5.5 cm Pak 41

woslPml
<
 The ammunition was, of course, the standard skirted
75 mm Pak 97/38 (2.95 inch Anti-Tank Gun Model 97/38).
type; the AP kind consisted of the usual pointed core variety
See Fig. 170.
with sleeve jacket, forward and rear skirts, and screwed head
covered by a ballistic cap.
This equipment consisted of the French 75 mm Field
Hollow charge projectiles, although used with the Pak 40
Gun Model 97 mounted on the German 5 cm Pak 38 carriage.
were not used with this weapon.
Hollow charge ammunition was used for anti-tank work but
the gun never achieved great success and was not liked by the
Data: 7.5 cm Pak 41
troops owing to its instability in action.
(a) Calibre 2.95/2.17 ins. (75/55 mm) 76.2 mm Pak 36 ( 3 inch Anti-Tank Gun Model 36).
Length of ordnance 170.08 ins. (4320 mm) See Fig. 171.
Rifling R.H — increasing twist
Rifling length 94.88 ins. (2410 mm)
As a result of their earlier successes in the War against
No. of grooves 28 Russia; the Germans captured considerable quantities of a
Length of chamber 21.26 ins. (540 mm)
standard Russian field gun — the 76.2 mm Field Gun Model
Traverse 60° 36 — which they took direct and modified into use in their
Elevation 16° 45°
own army under the nomenclature 76.2 mm FK 296 (r),
Recoil Normal 26.61 ins. (676 mm) (Field Gun 296 (Russian). Later, by increasing the chamber
Recoil Max 32.99 ins. (838 mm)
capacity, adding a muzzle brake and providing German am-
Overall length of equipment 24 Ft. 7 ins. (7490 mm)
munition they produced a gun much more useful for anti-tank
Overall height 5 Ft. 11 ins. (1800 mm)
work. The elevating handwheel was brought across to the left-
Overall width 6 Ft. 3 ins. (1900 mm)
hand side of the gun by means of a transverse shaft, enabling
Wt of equipment complete 2988 lbs. (1356 Kg.)
one man to control both elevation and transverse. The Ger-
mans gave the anti-tank version the nomenclature 76.2 mm
(b) Ammunition
Pak 36 and took it into service as a standard equipment.
Nomenclature — 7.5 cm Pzgr 41 (HK) Pak 41 The maximum horizontal range is about 10,000 metres
M. V. — 3690 f/s (1124 m.s.) (11,000 yards).
Wt. of Proj. —* 5 Ibs. 11% ozs.-(2.59 Kg.) The Russian 76.2 mm Model 39 Field Gun was also used
Nomenclature — 7.5 cm Pzgr 41 (n) Pak 41 (practice) in more limited numbers in the anti-tank role being given the
M. V. — 3969 f/s (1210 m.s.) nomenclature of Pak 39.
Wt. of Proj. — 5 Ibs. 7% oxa. (2.48 Kg.) The acquisition of the three above-mentioned anti-tank
equipments certainly helped the Germans over a sticky patch
(c) Armour Penetration during 1941 and 1942.
Firing 7.5 cm Pak 41 Pzgr 41
Range Normal 30° Data: 75 mm Pak 97/38 British Metric
0 245 200 (a) Calibre 2.95 ins. 7.5 cm
250 226 185 Length of ordnance without
500 209 171 muzzle brake 8 ft. 1lins. 2721 mm
750 192 L517 Rifling Uniform RH twist
1000 ye | 145 Rifling length
1250 162 133 No. of Grooves 24
1500 149 122 Length of chamber
1750 136 111 Chamber capacity
2000 124 102 Traverse 60°
Elevation —8° +250
UTILISATION OF CAPTURED GUNS IN AN ANTI-TANK Recoil normal
ROLE Recoil maximum
Overall length of equipment 15 Ft.3 ins. 4650 mm
The Germans quickly realised that, in both quality and Overall height 3 Ft.5%ins. 1050 mm
quantity their anti-tank artillery was inadequate to cope with Overall width 6 Ft. 1 in. 1850 mm
the situation that arose during the summer of 1941 when it Weight of equipment in
was brought up against the heavy Russian Armour. It was draught 1.3 tons 1246 Kg.
soon decided that every use must be made of such captured Weight in action 1.25 tons 1190 Kg.
weapons as were available. The types are too numerous to Maximum Range (Hollow
cover in adequate detail, therefore it is proposed to describe Charge) 2070 yds. 1900 metres
only the two weapons of which most use was made, vis: the Maximum (anti-tank) (HE) 3270 yds. 3000 metres
Russian 76.2 mm Model 36 and the French 75 mm Model 97, Maximum (anti-tank) (AP) 1417 yds. 1300 metres
both of which were given a German nomenclature. Sights and Carriage of 5 cm Pak 38.

27
(b) Ammunition used: 7.5 cm Pak 44. (2.95 ins. (2.95 ins./2.16 ins.) Anti Tank Gun
ELE. Model 44)
7.5 cm Sprenggranat patrone 233/1 (f)
7.5 cm Sprenggranat patrone 230/1 (f) This experimental equipment was under development
7.5 cm Sprenggranat patrone 231/1 (f) from 1942 until the advent of the 8 cm Smooth Bore Anti-
7.5 cm Sprenggranat patrone 236/1 (f) Tank Gun during 1945. It was a coned bore barrel weapon of
rather peculiar construction for this type of barrel, consisting
A.P. (Hollow Charge)
of the chamber, then a conical smooth bore portion, followed
7.5 cm Granat patrone 38/97 H L/B (f) by the rifled forward portion. The wear of the chamber and
7.5 cm Granat patrone 15/38 HL/B (£) conical part was not abnormal but the wear of the rifled por-
A.P. (Armour Piercing) tion was so excessive (about 200 rounds life) that this was
7.5 cm Kanonengranat patrone Panzer (P) made detachable for easy changing. Scoring and stripping of
lands occurred and various types of rifling were tried, includ-
(c) Muzzle Velocity ing one at 0° to 5° increasing.
The following barrel performance, attained experiment-
inOe 577 m/s 1788-1892 f.s.
ally, was claimed by Dr. GROTSCH the designer:—
Hollow Charge 450 m/s 1476 f.s.
Awe. 570 m/s 1870 f.s. Calibre 7.5/5.5 cm 2.95 ins./2.16 ins.
Muzzle Velocity with
Data: 7.62 cm Pak 36 hard core AP 1300 m/s 4265 fs.
Penetration (Range not
(a) Calibre 3 ins. (76.2 mm)
stated) 120mm _ 4.7 inches
Length of ordnance (incl.
Charge Weight 2 Kg. 4.4 Ibs.
muzzle brake) 164.56 ins. (4179 mm)
Muzzle Velocity with
Rifling Uniform R.H. twist
soft iron AP 1500 m/s 4920 f.s.
Rifling length 115.32 ins. (2930 mm)
Penetration at 60° (Range
No. of grooves 32
not stated) 120mm _ 4.7 inches
Length of chamber 28.27 ins. (718 mm)
Charge Weight ZOUKg. 5.5 lbs.
Chamber capacity 212.6 cins. (3485.c.c.)
Shell Weight 2.5 Kg. 5.5 Ibs.
Traverse 60°
Length of piece 1070mm_ 3 Ft. 6 ins.
Elevation —6° to +25°
35.43 ins. (900 mm) Chamber pressure 3000 At 19.7 tons sq. ins.
Recoil normal
Barrel life, rifled part 200 rds
Recoil max 39.37 ins. (1000 mm)
Overall length of equipment 24 Ft. 0% ins. (7320 mm) The carriage was of the split trail type, the forward ends
Overall height 4 Ft. 7 ins. (1400 mm) of the trail legs being connected to the axle assembly, or sup-
Overall width 6 Ft. 6% ins. (2000 mm) porting bracket, by longitudinal horizontal bearings. To
Wt of equipment complete 3770 Ibs. (1730 Kg.) change from the firing position to the travelling position and
vice versa, the trail legs are rotated. The axes of the bearings
(b) Ammunition being at an angle, rotation of the legs caused the axle-tree to
Nomenclature 7.62 cm Pzgr 39 be raised or lowered.
M. V. 2427 f/s (740 m.s.) On closing the trails, the C of G of the whole gun is
Wt. of Proj. 16 Ibs. 9% ozs. (7.54 Kg.) pushed forward over the wheel stub axles, in consequence of
Nomenclature 7.62 cm Pzgr 40 which the weight of the trail tow bar is reduced by about
M. V. 3249 f/s (990 m.s.) 20-30 Kg.
Wt. of Proj. 8 Ibs. 14% ozs. (4.05 Kg.) By raising the trails, a point is reached where the weight
at the trail tow bar is in effect zero. At the same time the
Nomenclature 7.62 cm Sprgr 39 ground clearance is increased, permitting rotation of trail legs.
M. V. 1803 f/s (550 m.s.) On opening the trails the adjustable tie bar connecting
Wt. of Proj. 13 Ibs. 11 ozs. (6.2 Kg.) the trails at their forward ends must be locked with a pin
thereby making the trail legs rigid with each other.
(c) Armour Penetration To close the trails it is only necessary to remove the pin
Firing 7.62 cm pzgr 39 Firing 7.62 cm Pzgr 40 locking the tie bar and to elevate the rear part of the cradle.
Range Penetration in mm Range Penetration inmm A downward pull forward at the muzzle causes the trails to
yds Normal 30° yds Normal 30° close of their own accord.
0 133 108 0 In explanation, it is to be noted that the trails rotate
500 clockwise, and anti-clockwise left and right respectively. A
1000 tongue on the outside of each trail rises within a vertical
1500 groove as the trails are opened.
2000 This system permits the ready manhandling of the
2500 equipment to an alternative site.

28
7.5 cm Pak 50 (2.95 inch Anti-Tank Gun Model 50) The cartridge case has a perforated disc fitted and crimp-
See Fig. 172. ed into its front end. This disc has a central external spigot
This short barreled anti-tank gun consisted of a shortened which fits into the hollow tail unit of the projectile.
version of the 7.5 cm Pak 40 barrel mounted on a slightly The ammunition is breech loaded. The projectile fits in
modified carriage of the 5 cm Pak 38. Both the muzzle brake the barrel, while the disc in the top of the cartridge case bears
and the breech mechanism are of somewhat different types to against the shoulder step in the chamber.
those used with the 7.5 cm Pak 40. Two types of muzzle On firing, the propellant gases pass through the eight
brake were found, both of square box shape, one having 3 perforations in the disc and the projectile is forced forward in
baffles and the other 5 baffles. A heavy collar is secured to the the same way as a mortar bomb, i.e. the guide band on the
barrel directly behind the muzzle brake. projectile acts as the gas seal. The cartridge case and perforated
The sighting consisted of a 3 x 8° telescope for direct disc remain unseparated in the breech.
fire and the auxiliary sight Aushilfsrichmittel for indirect fire. On firing, the venturi plate delays the build up of pres-
sure in the bore, thus making the bore pressure during shot
Data: 7.5 cm Pak 50 travel appreciably more constant than in the orthodox gun.
Calibre 7.5 cm 2.95 ins. For a specified muzzle performance the maximum bore pres-
Length of gun including sure is reduced, thus allowing lighter barrel construction. The
muzzle brake 2245 mm _7 Ft. 4 3/8 ins. high/low pressure system combined with a very efficient
Length of chamber 259mm _ 10 3/16 ins. muzzle brake allows the use of a lighter than normal carriage
Length of rifling 1435 mm _ 56 7/16 ins. in this equipment, the total weight of the 8 cm P.W.K. 8H63
Overall length (travel- is 11% cwt.
ling position) 4016mm _ 13 Ft. 2 ins.
Data: 8 cm PWK 8 H 63
Overall width 1855mm 6 Ft07/8 ins.
Overall height 1054 mm 3 Ft. 5% ins. (a) Calibre 8 cm 3.2 ins.
Elevation —8° +279 Length of Ordnance (less
Traverse 65° muzzle brake) 2951 mm_ 116.2 ins.
Chamber length 165.1 mm 6.5 ins.
Traverse So4
8 cm PAW 600 or PWK 8 H 63 (3.2 inch Smooth Bore Anti-
Elevation —6° +32°
tank Gun 8 H 63) See Figs. 173, 174.
Recoil normal 782 mm 31 ins.
This outstandingly modern equipment was intended to
Overall length of equip-
be a standard infantry anti-tank gun. Production of it com-
ment Firing position 5175 mm 16 Ft. 11 ins.
menced during December 1944 with a completion of 40
Overall height Firing posi. 1130mm 3 Ft. 8% ins.
equipments during the first month and an additional 220
Overall width Firing posi. 3166 mm 10 Ft. 3% ins.
weapons during the following three months. The production
Weight in action 600 Kg. 11% cwts.
target aimed at was considerably higher than the achieved
output.
(b) Performance
Two different carriages were produced both mounting
the same type gun. The first carriage was extremely light, and (i) Ammunition — 8 cm Hollow Charge Shell
it is believed that it was found to be too frail for the job of (8 cm W:H1 Gr Patr 4462)
work it had to do. This possibly experimental carriage had Weight of Projectile 2.7 Kg. 5.94 Ibs.
several unique features, indeed the construction of the cradle Muzzle Velocity 520 m/s 1704 f.s.
and equilibrator was a complete departure from orthodox Penetration 140 mm 5.5 inches
design. The equilibrator, or elevating balancing spring, con- Maximum Battle Range 750 metres 820 yards
sisted of a laminated iron torsion bar in a tubular housing Fighting Range 600 metres 660 yards
about which the rear of the cradle pivotted as about a trun- 50% zone at 820 yds 1 metre x 1.09 yds x
nion. The cradle is of cage construction and houses the recoil 1 metre 1.09 yds
system. Another laminated iron torsion bar, housed in the
axle assembly, provides the carriage suspension. (ii) Ammunition — 8 cm HE Shell (8 cm W.Gr Patr 5071)
The later carriage is of more robust and orthodox con- Weight of Projectile 4.46 Kg. 9.59 Ibs.
Muzzle Velocity - Low
struction, but it’s aggregate weight is very little more than that
of the first carriage. Charge 220 m/s 720 f.s.
Max. Range - Low Charge 3400 metres 3720 yds
The smooth bore barrel has a chamber the construction Muzzle Velocity - Medium
of which is worthy of note. There is a distinct step in the Charge 320 m/s 1050 f.s.
chamber, formed by the end of the barrel within an extension Max. Range - Mec. Charge 5600 metres 6124 yds
piece chamber. The latter appears to be shrunk on to the Muzzle Velocity - Super
barrel. This type of chamber is used with a special type of Charge 420 m/s 1380 f.s.
ammunition having a fin stabilised mortar bomb shaped pro- Max. Range - Super Charge 6200 metres 6780 yds
jectile with a special construction cartridge case assembly. Nose Percussion Fuze AZ 5075 St

ag
 Clasing spring case retaining catch. Safe and Fire lever.
Plunger. » » » » 5
> Connecting tug fe
i recuperator. ci

Breech mechanism
lever retaining catch.
Safety catch
operating plunger.

AFRIKA KORPS’S 88-MM. GUNS

8.8 cm Pak Weapons (3.46 inch Anti Tank Artillery)

In 1940, the firms of Rheinmetall Borsig and Krupp had
been ordered to develop an anti-aircraft gun, of 8.8 cm calibre,
capable of ground as well as high angle employment to super-
cede the standard 8.8 cm Flak 36. The Rheinmetall gun was
completed first and accepted for production as the 8.8 cm
Flak 41. It was then decided that the Krupp version should
continue to be developed as an anti-tank gun as well as for
mounting in tanks. It appeared in service as an anti-tank gun
in 1943. The standard field carriage was of the cruciform
platform type and was transported on two single axle limbers Actuating
or transporters similar to the normal AA mounting. This had eas Breech block. BREECH CLOSED.
all round traverse and was designed:—
Collar.
8.8 cm Pak 43 (3.46 inch Anti-Tank Gun Model 43)
See Fig. 175.
This equipment is an exceptionally good weapon, has
a very low silhouette and extremely efficient traversing gear RECUPERATOR
incorporating a pedal operated release to give free traverse.
Swing over jack pads at the extremities of the side
members of the cruciform platform enabled the weapon to be
brought into action very rapidly without lowering the plat-
form and taking the transporter limbers from the equipment.
The gun was fired by electric firing operated by the layer at
the elevating handwheel. The firing circuit embodied both
elevation and traverse circuit breaking switches which pre-
vented the gun from being fired if it was at an elevation above
28 degrees and at the same time had the breech of the gun
over a leg of the cruciform platform
The semi-automatic gear is very efficient and positive
and this weapon was one of the very few German equipments
which employed a vertical sliding block.
-8-8 cm. (3-46 IN.) MULTI-PURPOSE GuN (8-8 cm. FLAK 36).
 An ingenious bracket on the’saddle operates the gradu-
ated control of the recoil by a push-pull action. 8.8 cm Pak 43/41. (3.46 inch Anti-Tank Gun Modd 43/41)
The barrel is of the two section type and recoils through See Figs. 176, 177.
a sleeve type cradle. Either, owing to the slow production of the cruciform
In action the top of the well sloped shield is about 5 ft. platform of the Pak 43, or, more likely, due to the urgency of
8 ins. from the ground. the war situation, which demanded the rapid employment of
as many of the finished guns as could be put into the field, the
Data: 8.8 cm Pak 43 gun was also mounted on a single axle field carriage and the
equipment designated the 8.8 cm Pak 43/41.
(a) Calibre 3.46 ins. (88 mm) The carriage was of the split trail type, the trail legs
Length of ordnance (incl.
were similar to those of the 10.5 cm light Field Howitzer
muzzle brake) 260.23 ins. (6610 mm) Model 18 (a standard weapon). There is no doubt but that the
Rifling: Uniform r.h. twist construction of the carriage was a stop gap emergency mea-
Rifling length 201.75 ins. (5125 mm) sure, and was a composite one made up of components from
No. of grooves 32 various standard equipments including the wheels used with
Chamber length 33.88 ins. (859 mm) the 15 cm medium Field Howitzer.
Chamber capacity 549 cu.ins. (9000 c.c.) Compared with the low silhouette of the Pak 43, the
Traverse 360° Pak 43/41 equipment looked high and clumsy, which indeed
Elevation —8° to +40° it was.
Recoil normal 29.5 ins. (750 mm) The breech mechanism was of the normal horizontal
Recoil Max 47.25 ins. (1200 mm) sliding block type and used a semi-automatic gear much in-
Overall length of equipment 30 Ft. 2 ins. (9200 mm) ferior to that of the Pak 43.
Overall height of equipment 6 Ft. 9 ins. (2050 mm) The tank and assault guns in this 8.8 cm series have
Overall Width of equipment 7 Ft. 2% ins. (2200 mm) approximately the same performance and fire the same am-
Wt of equipment complete 11,025 Ibs. (5000 Kg.) munition as the field versions Pak 43 and 43/41. Some of the
barrels are of monoblock one piece construction, others of the
(b) Ammunition divided monobloc barrel type. The third model was also of
Nomenclature — 8.8 cm Sprgr Patr Kwk 43 divided monobloc barrel construction but the length of rif-
M. V. — 2298 f/s (700 m.s.) ling was increased and this model formed the armament of the
Wt. of Proj. — 201b. 5% ozs. (9.4 Kg.) Tiger B Tank (KwK 43), the Elephant SP equipment (Pak
Nomenclature — 8.8 cm Sprgr Patr 43 KwK 43 43/2) and the Jagd Panther SP weapon (Pak 43/3).
M. V. — 2460 f/s (750 m.s.)
Wt. of Proj. — 201b. 5% ozs. (9.4 Kg.) Data: 8.8 cm Pak 43/41
Nomenclature ~ 8.8 cm Pzgr Patr 39-1 KwK 43 (a) Calibre 3.46 ins. (88 mm)
M. V. — 3282 f/s(1000 m.s.) Length of ordnance (incl.
Wt. of Proj. - 22 Ib. 14% ozs. (10.4 Kg.) muzzle brake) 260.23 ins.(6616 mm)
Rifling increasing r.h. twist
Nomenclature — 8.8 cm Pzgr Patr 39/43 Kwk 43
Rifling length 201.75 ins. (5125 mm)
M. V. 19 *3282 f/s(1000-m-s:)
No. of grooves OZ
Wt. of Proj. =» =22 1b. 9'0z7 (10.16 Kg.)
Chamber length 33.88 ins. (859 mm)
Nomenclature — 8.8 cm Pzgr Patr 40/43 Kwk 43 Chamber capacity 549 cu. ins. (9000 c.c.)
M. V. — 3708 f/s (1130 m.s.) Traverse 56°
Wt. of Proj. 16 lb. 1% ozs. (7.3 Kg.) Elevation —5° to +38°
Nomenclature — 8.8 cm Gr Patr 39 H1 KwK 43 Recoil normal 26.77 ins. (680 mm)
M. V. — 1968 f/s (600 m.s.) Recoil max 28.35 ins. (720 mm)
Wt. of Proj. ~ 16 lb. 14 ozs. (7.65 Kg.) Overall length of equipment 30 Ft. 1 in. (9144 mm)
Overall height of equipment 5 Ft. 8 ins. (1981 mm)
(c) Armour Penetration Overall width of equipment 8 Ft. 3% ins. (2527 mm)
Wt. of equipment complete 9656 Ibs. (4380 Kg.)
Firing 8.8 cm Pzgr 39/43 Firing 8.8 cm Pzgr 40/43
Range Penetration inmm _ Range Penetration inmm (b) Ammunition
yds Normal 30° yds Normal 30° Nomenclature — 8.8 cm Sprgr Patr KwK 43
0 225 198 0 311 265 M. V. — 2298 f/s (700 m.s.)
500 207 182 500 274 226 Wt. of Proj. — 201b. 5% ozs. (9.4 Kg.)
1000 190 167 1000 241 192 Nomenclature — 8.8 cm Sprgr Patr 43 Kwk 43
1500 174 133 1500 211 162 M. V. — 2460 f/s (750 m.s.)
2000 159 139 2000 184 136 Wt. of Proj. — 20 lb. 5% ozs. (9.4 Kg.)
2500 145 127 2500 159 114

31
 p Elevation Firing lever.
receiver.
Rammer,

‘Bearin

Nee Position for loading tray:

Pal baie A
Q.E. Scale a ‘ : ‘ og
reader arm. re wii A: é eee 4
Sight Traversing * s
iA hand wheel

Elevating
hand wheel.

ross ©
elling © DETAIL OF LEFT SIDE
ee

—8:8 cm. (3-46 IN.) MULTI-PURPOSE GUN Equipment Sight

(8:3 cm. FLAK 36). DeEtTaIL oF RIGHT SIDE
8.8 cm Pak 43 (i) Zieleinrichtung 43 S Vo with
(Cruciform mounting) telescope 3 x 8° or 3 x 89/11.
Nomenclature — 8.8 cm Pzgr Patr 39-1 Kwk 43 Open sights, Auxiliary sight 38
M.V. — 3282 f/s (1000 m.s.) (Aushilfsrichtmittel 38)
Wt. of Proj. — 22 1b. 14% ozs. (10.4 Kg.)
or
Nomenclature — 8.8 cm Pzgr Patr 39/43 Kwk 43
(ii) Winkelzielfernrohr % (periscope
M. V. — 3282 f/s (1000 m.s.)
sight). Open Sights. Auxiliary
Wt. of Proj. — 22 1b.9 ozs. (10.16 Kg.
sight 38.
Nomenclature — 8.8 cm Pzgr Patr 40/43 Kwk 43 8.8 cm Pak 43/41 (iii) For direct laying only Zillein- |
M. V. — 3708 f/s (1130 m.s.) (Splitrail field carriage richtung 43 SVo with telescope |
Wt. of Proj. — 16 lb. 1% ozs. (7.65 Kg.) mounting) 3 x 8° or 3.x 89/1] Gram
sights.
(c) Armour Penetration and
Firing 8.8 cm Pzgr 39/43 Firing 8.8 Pzgr 40/43 For direct or indirect laying
Range Penetration inmm Range Penetration inmm (iv) Zieleinrichtung 34 with panora-
yds Normal 30° yds Normal 30° mic sight 32 or 36. (Rbl 32 or |
0 225 198 0 311 265 36).
500 207 182 500 274 226
1000 190 167 1000 241 192 (b) Zieleinrichtung 43 S Vo (for 8.8 cm Pak 43)
1500 174 153 ee0G 211 162 This sight has four range scales graduated as fol-
2000 io 139 2000 184 136 ows:—
2500 145 121 42500 159 114 Pzgr 39/43 - APHE. 0-4000 m. Red figures. In 200 m. intervals.
Pzgr 40/43 - AP40. 0-2400 m. Green figures. In 200 m. Inter.
Sights for German 8.8 cm 43 Series Atk Guns Sprgr 43 - HE. 0-3500 m. Black figures. In 100 m. intervals. —
GR 39 H1-HC. 0-2500 m. Yellow figures. In 100 m. intervals.
(a) The following information, received from France,
is extracted from an official German document dated July The HE Scale is graduated for the later type ammunition
1944. Sighting gears used with the two model of 8.8 cm (M.V. 750 m.s.)
A-Tk Gun are as follows:

32
 ANTITANK GUN
8.8 cm Pak 43
At one stage of development, in order to gain experience
in the field the 12.8 cm gun was mounted on improvised car-
riages using the carriages of captured foreign equipments.These
carriages were the French 155 mm GPF-T and the Russian 152
mm Gun Hotitzer Model 37, the hybrid equipment being
known as the 12.8 cm K 81/1 and K 81/2 respectively; 51 of
the latter type were issued to the troops.(See Figs-178 & 179.
As a result of the satisfactory performance of the 8.8 cm
Pak 43 in action it was decided that the 12.8 cm gun should be
mounted on a cruciform platform with front and rear travel-
ling bogies or axle assemblies.
Both Krupp and Rheinmetall prototypes were produced
and the final decision of the Ordnance Directorate is not re-
corded. The first Krupp prototype restricted maximum eleva-
tion and appears to have considered almost exclusively the
Anti-Tank role. The later model allowed elevation from —5°
to +45° and therefore could be classified as a dual purpose
Field/Anti-Tank weapon.
The 12.8 cm gun on the cruciform carriage was known
as the 12.8 cm K 43, 12.8 cm K 44, and 12.8 cm K 81 at
various stages of development, the nomenclature is extremely
confusing in the various documents recovered from the files of
the designers and the official German ordnance publication.
33
12.8 cm Pak K 44 Krupp Model (5 inch Anti-Tank Gun 44
Krupp Model) See Fig. 180.
This equipment has the clean cut outline and low con-
struction of a very business like weapon, dual purpose field
and anti-tank.
The barrel is of monobloc construction with a breech
and electric firing mechanism of simple design.
The carriage body is quite low and has rear trunnions. It
has four rollers in its underface to assist in traversing the
superstructure.
The shield sweeps back at a large angle to the vertical.
An interesting new feature is the use of vertical spades
on the cruciform platform to assist in preventing ground re-
coil.
The wheels are raised clear of the ground when in the
firing position, the axle assemblies being moved vertically by
pinion gear and twin arc racks operated by winch crank type
handles.
12.8 cm Pak K 44 Rheinmetall Model (5 inch Anti-Tank
Gun 44 Rheinmetall Model) See Fig. 181.
 This equipment has several very interesting features Data: 12.8 cm Pak K 44 Krupp Model
which differ from those of the 12.8 cm Pak K 44 Krupp Model.
The most striking feature is the employment of a four (a) Calibre pistes ene
wheeled bogie assembly fitted to the carriage body which acts Length of barrel Seo aTin 260.7 ins.
as the rear transporter. This is retained in action in a raised Rifling — System PPS in-
position, and, traversing with the superstructure, adds front creasing right hand twist
oe and therefore stability to the equipment when in 1 in 27 to 1 in 24.76

A portion of the rear member of the platform is folded reas es ea Saou i a aS

ony:
The equpment is very low in action.
niepes
iH th
[52h
6.anh
OGM
(025 a
The mobility and speed into action of this equipment Tendon 38 rates ‘15 ee
does not appear to be so good as the Krupp equipment. Maxamum Teavere ; 360°
The ball race which is interposed between the platform Rates oh Teenie
and superstructure of this equipment to facilitate traversing of handwheel High he 1° 36?
is much superior to the short pivot and four rollers with roller toe 48?
pathway of the Krupp Model. Pronounced indentations on the Maximum Elevation 450 27
roller pathway indicated roller hammering during travel. This Py entaSBeax ere.
appeared to be the principle weakness of the Krupp model, iatuinior Handwhecniee= 1907?
plus signs of rushed design in the axle assembly shifting gear. : Lowe 30?
Elimination of these two faults would have increased the Mainan baprettion 70 §]?
superiority of the Krupp model over that of the Rheinmetall Maxine ee 1300 mm 51.5 ins
Borsig effort; indeed, it would have made the Krupp weapon Nee ncaa 700 mm 97. 5 ine
almost their most outstanding weapon of the war. FepoNcene i ‘
The carriage springing of both models was of the torsion - Peet ue rall 10.900 mm 35°9”
bar type, that of the Krupp model being more efficient. Heiaeer erail 1830 mia 6°0”
There are slight dimensional and weight differences be- Wadi overall 6195 mm 00°1”
tween the Krupp and Rheinmetall models and a data sheet for Travelling Position —
the Krupp model only is shown. Length overall 10,900 mm 35°9”
Height overall 2160 mm Tle
Width overall 2480 mm i
Weight — Gun complete 3353 Kg. 3.3 tons
” — Gun & carriage comp. 10,160Kg. 10 tons

Ammunition (Separate Loading)

(i) H.E.— 12.8 cm Sprgr L/4.5
Projectile Wt. 26.3 Kg. (57.3 Ibs.)
M.V. — 920 m/s (3018 f.s.)
Range — 21,000 metres (23,000 yds.)
(ii) HE. — 12.8 cm Sprgr L/5
Projectile Wt. 28 Kg. (61.7 lbs.)
M.V. — 920 m/s (3018 f.s.)
Range — 24,400 metres (26,700 yds.)
(iii) APCBC/HE — 12.8 cm Pzgr 43
Projectile Wt. 28.3 Kg. (62.4 lbs.)
M.V. — 920 m/s (3018 f.s.)
Penetration — 202 mm/1000m/30°
(8 ins./1094 yds/30°)

This penetration fulfilled the specification for armour

penetration laid down by the German General Staff in
1944, which was that the minimum penetration to be
88mm Flak Cannon depressed for antitank fire. _ attained in the future anti-tank equipments was 200 mm
* at 1000 metres at 30°.

34
ALLIED ARMOR Versus GERMAN
At the outset, it seemed clear that a major part
of the American effort should be to keep the British
lend-lease tanks and trucks in operation, especially
the tanks. In the fall of 1941 Lt. Gen. Sir Claude J.E.
Auchinleck, British commander in chief in the Middle
East, was preparing to move into the Libyan desert to
challenge Rommel’s Afrika Korps. During the build-
up for the operation, Auchinleck had received some
470 British tanks (300 of the cruiser type, 170 of the
more heavily armored “I” or Infantry type), and 300
American Stuart light tanks, but he was still below
the strength he thought necessary. Every tank count-
ed, for it took many weeks for a new tank to come
from England and longer still for one to arrive from
the United States.
After spending a morning in the desert near
Cairo watching a British brigade demonstrating its
new American Stuart tanks, Auchinleck reported to
Prime Minister Churchill that the men were delighted
with the reliability and endurance of the Stuarts
“when compared with our own tanks, and are frankly
amazed at the length of time they can be kept in
work without having to go into the shops to be over-
hauled.” The British tanks required frequent over-
hauls, and when a tank landed back in the shops, it
was usually out of action for about three months,
since the Royal Army Ordnance Corps workshops
were short of experienced tank mechanics and had
no repair equipment other than what had been
brought from England. There was no engineering
industry to speak of in the Middle East.
The Ordnance Section rendered important serv-
ice in the long run by providing expert firsthand in-
formation to the technicians in the United States on
friendly and enemy equipment at a date early enough
to permit improvements in American Weapons des-
tined for Europe in 1944. The great battles of 1941
and 1942 in the Western Desert, beginning with the
so-called Winter Battle around Sidi Rezegh airfield
near Tobruk between late November 1941 and Jan-
uary 1942, were an excellent proving ground.
Some early information was sent to the United
States by the American military attache at Cairo,
Col. Bonner F. Fellers, who witnessed the beginning
of the Winter Battle and talked to British comman-
ders, but his reports were based largely on British
sources — unofficial sources for the most part, be-
cause the British were reluctant to release official
records on such touchy matters as the performance of
American tanks as compared with their own. The
35
ARMOR
Ordnance members of the Military North African
Mission, on the other hand, carefully studied the
crippled tanks brought back to the British shop at
Tel-el-Kebir, visited the battlefields, and even man-
aged to send important German equipment to the
United States for testing by Ordnance at Aberdeen
Proving Ground.
The most important enemy weapon shipped to
the United States from North Africa at this early date
was the multi-purpose German 88-mm. gun. Devel-
oped primarily as an anti-aircraft (Flugabwehrkanone
or Flak) gun at the end of World War I, the 88 with
its long range, its flat trajectory, and its excellent
sights was also extremely useful as a weapon against
ground forces, especially as an anti-tank (Panzerab-
wehrkanone or Pak) gun. It had been tested in various
employments in 1938-39 during the Spanish Civil
War, but under such good security that foreign ob-
servers (including American) could learn little about
it.
In its anti-tank role the gun made its first real
impression on the British when Rommel used it to
repel tank attacks in the June 1941 Eighth Army
—8.8 cm. (3.46 in.) Multi-purpose Gun
BATTLEAXE operation at Halfaya Pass. The British
discovered then that it could penetrate the thick-
skinned Matilda infantry tank at distances up to
2,000 yards. After the battle a member of Rommel’s
staff overheard a captured British tank driver under
interrogation expressing his indignation:
“In my opinion,” said the Englishman, with an
unfriendly glance at a near-by 88, “‘it is unfair to use
‘flak’ against our tanks.”
A German artilleryman who was sitting on his
haunches near by, listening to the interpretation,
interjected excitedly, “Ja, and I think it most unfair
of you to attack with tanks whose armour nothing
but an 88 will penetrate.”
 —8-8 cm. (3-46 IN.) MULTI-PURPOSE GUN (8-8 cM. FLAK 36) IN TRAVELLING POSITION

TANK-TO-TANK BATTLES IN THE DESERT

A diabolical employment was made possible by
the fact that the Germans could fire the 88 from its
wheels. Several times (until the ruse was discovered),
Rommel enticed the British to attack the gun by
using as bait an innocent-looking convoy composed
of a few trucks, with an 88 hidden among them
under a paulin. Unmasking the 88, the Germans would
fire it from its wheels, still limbered up, and destroy
the attackers. After BATTLEAXE, the Germans pro-
vided the 88 with a half-tracked tow vehicle that
enabled it to get into action against ground targets
very quickly. They also became even more adept at
camouflaging it — no easy matter for such a big gun.
With only forty-eight of these guns, Rommel in
the first three days of the Winter Battle used them
with murderous effect against the British armored
forces. Major Colby, after a trip to the Western
Desert in late December, reported that the most
dangerous weapon to tanks was the 88-mm. gun,
firing armor-piercing (AP) ammunition. In a single
action, the attack on Sidi Omar 22 November 1941,
a British brigadier with 51 thick-skinned infantry
tanks lost 47, most of them to 88-mm. anti-tank fire.
By the end of the Winter Battle, out of 1,276 tanks
sent to Libya, 674 were damaged and 274 were des-
troyed. Rommel’s Afrika Korps had so crippled the
armor that the British could not resume the offensive
until May 1942.
On the relative merits of the German and Allied
tanks used in the desert campaigns, discussion raged
at the time in bivouacs and messes and on the ter-
races of Cairo, and continued long after the war to
rage on paper. A great deal of the argument concerned
the penetrative power of the tank guns employed in
the Winter Battle: the 2-pounder (40-mm.) guns on
the British tanks and the 37-mm. on the American
Stuarts versus the short-barreled, low-velocity 50-mm.
tank gun, Ksk (Kampfwagenkanone) on the main
German fighting tank, the Pzkw (Panzerkampfwagen)
Ill. Less was said about the short barreled, low-
velocity 75-mm. Kwk on the Germans’ secondary
tank, the Pzkw IV, because it normally fired high-
explosive (HE) rather than anti-tank ammunition.
A British authority on tanks, concluded that
the 2-pounder was a shade superior to the short
50-mm. Kwk and that the 37-mm. had considerably
better penetration. He based his conclusion on fig-
ures published in 1956 in Volume II of the official
British history, “The Mediterranean and Middle
East,” by Maj. Gen. I. S. O. Playfair. But General
Playfair in his Volume III, after further work on
captured German documents, revised his figures to
show that the 2-pounder was not superior to the
short 50-mm. Kwk and that the 37-mm. (using cap-
ped ammunition) was only slightly better than the

36
2-pounder. All figures on which these various calcula-
tions were made were for’penetration of homogene-
ous armor plate. Beginning in late 1941 many of the
Pzkw III’s and some of the Pzkw IV’s had extra
face-hardened plates that would defeat the 2-pounder
except at very short ranges. At the time of the Winter
Battle, Eighth Army tank gunners complained that
their 2-pounder shot bounced off German armor. A
U.S. expert, who tested all German and Allied tank
guns while he was in Egypt, contended that except at
very short ranges the British and American guns were
ineffective against both the Pzkw III and the Pzkw
IV, while the short 50-mm. Kwk and the short 75-
mm. Kwk as well, whose HE shells were capable of
damaging tracks and bogeys at 2,000 to 3,000 yards,
did much damage to all Allied tanks except the
Matildas.
When the desert battles were resumed at the
Gazala Line with Rommel’s attack in late May 1942,
Eighth Army had 167 new American tanks of a type
far more effective than the light Stuarts, which by
then had come to be employed mainly as recon-
naissance and observation vehicles. The new tank was
the M3 Grant. Its appearance was rather singular.
Mounted in the Sponson (with very little traverse)
was the M2 75-mm. field gun with excellent high-
explosive effect; mounted in the turret was the 37-
mm. anti-tank gun. The Grant was the only tank to
fire both HE and AP ammunition. The British crews
liked it, and the Germans were surprised by the thick-
ness of its armor, which enabled it to get close enough
to inflict deadly shellbursts on infantry and gun
crews with its 75-mm. gun. One German anti-tank of-
ficer at Gazala considered the tank more nearly a
match for the Pzkw III and IV of the time than any-
THREE OF ROMMEL’S MARK III TANKS WERE
37
thing the British had yet sent into the desert. And the
supply seemed inexhaustible. In the British retreat —
“Gazala Gallop” that enabled Rommel to enter To-
bruk on 21 June 1942 — nearly half the 167 Grants
were destroyed, mostly by 88-mm. guns, but more
continued to arrive in Egypt, and by the time of the
E] ’Alamein in October 1942 there were 210 Grants
in Eighth Army. By then, Montgomery also had 270
of the best American tanks yet produced — the M4
Sherman, mounting the M3 75-mm. gun (with a some-
what longer barrel, though little more velocity, than
the Grant’s M2). The 75-mm. gun was mounted in the
first American 360-degree turret. Because of its rather
high silhouette, Rommel’s men referred to it as the
“high-doomed” Sherman, but they soon learned to
respect the “incredibly good” armor on its turret.
New German tanks had also begun to arrive in
the desert by May 1942. The first was the Pzkw III
Special, which had more firepower and better armor
and which arrived in sufficient numbers to participate
in the fighting at Gazala. It had the long-barreled 50-
mm. Pak 38 anti-tank gun, now designated the Kwk
39: it also had “spaced armor” (an extra 20-mm.
plate bolted four inches in front of the basic 50-mm.
plate on the mantlet), which made it remarkably re-
sistant to armor-piercing shot. By mid-June the Ger-
mans also had a few Pzkw IV Specials, mounting the
long-barreled, high-velocity Kwk 40 75-mm. gun —
the ominous forerunner of the formidable gun on the
Panther tank that was to be introduced in Italy. The
guns on both the “Specials” had considerably higher
muzzle velocity than those on either the Grant of the
Sherman, and also better ammunition. But these new
tanks were very scarce. At the start of the battle of
El "Alamein on 23 October 1942 the Germans had
KNOCKED OUT BY BRITISH 6-POUNDER GUNS
 only 88 Pzkw III Specials and 30 Pzkw IV Specials.
After El "Alamein U.S. experts spent consider-
able time examining wrecked tanks, concluding that
most of the German tanks destroyed in the battle had
either been hit during Montgomery’s “‘colossal’’ artil-
lery barrage at the start or had been set afire by their
own crews when they ran out of gas. Finding only a
few German tanks showing evidence of Allied tank
gun hits, they were convinced that in tank-to-tank
battles “the Germans had out-gunned us.”” However,
German tanks at El ’Alamein had been badly out-
numbered. Eighth Army started the battle with more
than 1,100 tanks and brought up 200 more during
the action, while Afrika Korps had barely 200 gun-
armed German tanks, plus 280 poorly armed, thin-
skinned Italian medium tanks that had little effect on
the outcome. Moreover the German tanks did not
have complete freedom of maneuver because of a
gasoline shortage, and their power plants were infer-
ior to those on American tanks. The mechanical re-
liability and mobility of the American tanks were
highly praised by the British, and Montgomery’s skill-
ful use of the plentiful Shermans in his desert victor-
ies at El "Alamein and after, backed by massive artil-
lery barrages, was so impressive that the U.S. Army
became committed to the Sherman as the main Amer-
ican tank of World War II.
ANTI-TANK WEAPONS AND AMMUNITION
Whatever the differences of opinion regarding
the tanks in the desert battles, there was general
agreement then and later that the German anti-tank
weapons were superior to those of the Allies. The
88-mm. was Rommel’s most spectacular weapon of
this type, but it was by no means his only effective
one. Beginning in May 1941 and continuing through
GERMAN ARMOR was.a formidable weapon
both offensively and defensively.
38
—5-cm Pak 38.
1942 the standard equipment of German anti-tank
batteries was the Pak 38, a long-barreled, high veloc-
ity 50-mm. gun with a penetration nearly half as
much again as the British 2-pounder anti-tank gun,
and a range in proportion. It also had an excellent
sight that gave it great accuracy and was so low to the
ground that it became almost invisible when dug a
foot deep into the sand and covered with a camou-
flage net.
The British brought to the desert warfare in
May 1942 a 6-pounder (57-mm.) anti-tank gun, which
had a performance about 30 percent better than that
of the Pak 38. Much was hoped from “these veno-
mous little cannons”, but because there had been too
little time for men to train with them, the weapons
did not always live up to expectations. In any case,
by the time the 6-pounder appeared the Germans had
a new anti-tank gun that considerably outmatched it.
A British patrol between the British and German
lines near Bir Hacheim in March 1942 was fired on by
a German patrol with a gun that seemed remarkably
accurate. After Rommel was driven off, leaving some
of his weapons behind, they found that the gun was a
76:2-mm. Russion piece that the Germans had cap-
tured by the thousands in the early part of the war
and adapted to their own use, primarily as a Pak gun.
By May 1942, 117 of them had arrived at Cyrenaica,
and some appeared at Gazala in a self-propelled ver-
sion mounted on 5-ton half-tracks or on tanks. At
El] Alamein the 76.2 effectively supplemented Rom-
mel’s dwindling supply of 88’s in late October 1942.
This light and efficient gun, sometimes referred to as
the 76.2-mm. Putilov.
The ammunition used in German anti-tank and
tank guns contributed much to their success. Calibers
of 50-mm. and larger had armor-piercing caps to help
penetration and ballistic caps to reduce air resistance
— a virtue possessed on the Allied side only by the
shot used in the American 37-mm. gun. Adapting
captured 75-mm. APCBC (armor-piercing-capped, bal-
listic-capped) ammunition for use in the American
Grant tank’s 75-mm. gun, which meant reworking the
rotating bands, was a major effort in the Royal Army
Ordnance Corps workshops in preparing for the May
1942 offensive. Other very effective German anti-tank
rounds were the AP-HE (armor-piercing, high-explo-
 sive) fired by the 88, which had an explosive as well
as a “hole-punching” effect, and the Panzergranate In September of 1942 a ship from America
(Pzgr) 40, a tungsten-carbide-cored AP shot fired by docked at Suez with some highly secret carto — 600
most German guns, though in small proportions be- bazookas. the first the men in the theater had seen.
cause of its scarcity. Then known only under the code name of THE
In the summer of 1942 the Germans began using whip, the bazooka (so called because of its resem-
“hollow charge” ammunition to increase the effect of blance to a musical instrument improvised by a popu-
their low-velocity guns. This type of ammunition lar radio comedian of the time) was a shoulder pro-
(which the Americans called “shaped charge”) de- jector launching an effective 2.36-inch, anti-tank
pends on its own explosive action rather than the rocket. For the first time in history a foot soldier had
kinetic energy of the projectile. It improved the a weapon specifically designed to penetrate armor.
armor-piercing action of the short-barreled 75-mm. During a demonstration the bazooka proved that at
Kwk on the Pzkw IV, and of the old French 75’s of very close ranges it could penetrate the 50-mm. armor
World War I vintage that the Germans had captured in plate of a Pzkw III.
large quantities at the beginning of World War II and After the demonstaation, the British concluded
converted to anti-tank use by mounting them on the that the bazooka was unsuitable for desert warfare,
since the desert provided none of the concealment,
Pak 38 carriage.
such as trees or bushes, that the bazooka operator
needed to hide him from small-arms fire until the
tank came close enough for his rocket to be effective.
Nose fuze
Therefore they decided, reluctantly, not to employ
bazookas in the Middle East, and the shipment was
presumably placed in storage. The first use in North
Africa was in the Tunisia Campaign in the spring of
1943. By then the new weapon was no longer a secret
to the Germans. Apparently the Germans captured a
bazooka in the Soviet Union very soon thereafter and
Air space Bursting charge copied it in a larger size, providing it with an 88-mm.
rocket. This copy, known as the Panzerchreck, was
superseded by the Panzerfause, which was to do much
damage in Europe in 1944-45.
In planning for the offensive, Eisenhower in-
Base fuze structed Patton to study the lessons already learned
Sleeve, to fit in Tunisia. One of the most important was how to
Over the barrel deal with German land mines — the bounding anti-
personnel mine and the big plate-shaped Teller anti-
tank mine, twice as heavy as the American and British
mine. The Germans had used mines lavishly and the
British Eighth Army had learned what they could do
Rod, to fit in the great tank battles in Egypt and Libya; the
inside the barrel Fins (six in number) American now saw how effective they were in guard-
ing the mountain passes in Tunisia. For their own
defenses at Kasserine, II Corps had had to bring to the
front all the anti-tank mines that were available in
Casablanca and Oran; 20,000 were flown to the most
forward airfield, Youks-les-Bains, in fifty-two plane-
loads.
In some respects there were sobering compari-
sons between U.S. and German equipment. American
tankers first encountered German armor in northern
Tunisia on 26 November 1942, when several 1st
—Stick bomb for use with 3.7-cm Pak.
Armored Division companies of M3 Stuart tanks am-
bushed a small German force of siz Pzkw IV Specials
with long, high-velocity 75-mm. guns and three or
more Pzkw III’s with the long 50-mm. guns. Swarm-
ing around the German tanks, the Stuarts with their
37-mm. guns firing on flank and rear at close range

ey
managed to knock out all the Pzkw IV’s and one of
the II’s. However, this was a victory of superior num-
bers rather than superiority of material. As in the
Western Desert, the Pzkw IV Specials outgunned not
only the little Stuarts but also the Shermans. During
the German attack in the Pont-du-Fahs area in mid-
January 1943, British anti-tank guns disabled
captured a tank more powerful than the Pzkw IV
Special — the low-silhouette, thick-skinned Pzkw VI
Tiger, armed with an 88-mm. gun. It was not used at
Kawserine. General von Arnim had only nineteen,
sent to him in November for combat-testing, and he
refused to release any of them to Rommel. The
Tigers were still full of bugs and had an inadequate
engine. Their greatest threat was their armament. The
troops in Tunisia had already learned to recognize and
respect the whip crack of the 88-mm. gun. On the
credit side for U.S. equipment at Kasserine was the
artillery, which put a great number of Rommel’s
tanks out of action, astonishing his panzer division by
its accurate and rapid fire. Some of the captured Ger-
mans asked to see the American 155-mm. “‘automatic
cannon.” On the whole, Rommel considered
Americans fantastically well equipped.
After Kasserine, Ordnance at the front profited
greatly from better organization in the rear. Ordnance
officers at AFHQ and SOS quickly dispatched from
Casablanca, by every available means of transporta-
tion, the weapons and tanks of the I Armored Corps
and other Fifth Army units. Trucks came from Casa-
blanca and Oran assembly lines, and the thousands of
wheeled trucks Somervell shipped from the United
States arrived in the special convoy on 6-7 March.
By 15 March the shortages in trucks, tanks, artillery,
and machine guns had been made up.
On the performance of weapons, Allied and
enemy, the Libyan desert rather than Tunisia
Americans had encountered three new German weap-
ons, the Pzkw VI Tiger tank; the Nebelwerfer, a five-
tube or six-tube cluster of rocket launchers mounted
on a gun carriage and fired electrically; and the long-
range 170-mm. gun. None had given very impressive
performances. The tank, described by a British cor-
respondent as a “legendary flop,” was used rather
gingerly, usually in conjunction with Pzkw IV or
Pzkw III tanks, and frequently broke down. The
Nebelwerfer, brought from the Russian front and
employed briefly at Kasserine, had little effect on the
campaign. Though the piercing screech of their long
150-mm. or 210-mm. rockets, earning for them the
nickname of “Screaming Meemies,” was hard on the
nerves, the models that appeared in Tunisia were in-
accurate. The 170-mm. gun, first encountered at
Maknassy in late March 1943, outranged any Ameri-
can artillery in Tunisia by about 5,000 yards, but its
ammunition was poor and scarce, and the gun seems
to have made little impression on most American
observers. One significant piece of news brought back
to the United States was that the Germans had a self-
propelled 88-mm. gun. Pictures of it were found on a
German captured in Tunisia.
The only serious resistance to the landings came
on D plus I when the Hermann Goering Division,
which was a tank division, arrived on the Gela plain
and and very nearly succeeded in breaking through to the
beachhead. The Germans were stopped by Ist Divi-
sion artillery and infantry with bazookas, powerfully
aided by the guns of the cruisers and destroyers off-
shore — the most effective large-scale use of naval
gunfire in land operations so far in the war. In the
afternoon, when Tiger tanks had come up — self-
propelled artillery and Sherman tanks, landed from
the reserve KOOL FORCE that came in with DIME,
knocked out about one-third of the German tanks,
including ten Tigers, and drove off the rest. The
beachheads were saved, and on 12 July Ist Division
took its main objective, the Ponte Olivo airfield.
The work of the bazooka in the landings and
throughout the campaign was watched with great in-
terest. One Ordnance observer claimed that bazookas
the accounted for Pzkw VI tanks on four occasions; an-
other claimed a Pzkw VI Tiger, though admittedly the
Tiger was knocked out by a lucky hit through the
driver’s vision slot. On the other hand, many officers
preferred the rifle grenade to the bazooka as a close-
range anti-tank weapon. An interesting discovery
made in Sicily was that the bazooka was effective as
a morale weapon against enemy soldiers in strong-
points and machine gun nests. It was no longer
thought of only as an anti-tank weapon, and in its
new role was so well liked by the troops that they
disregarded the restrictions on its use. At high tem-
peratures three barrel bursts did occur, but fortu-
nately no one was hurt.
the By early June 1944, the Allied forces in the
Mediterranean had encountered most of the weapons
that the Germans were counting on for the defense of
France. Land mines had been sown as lavishly in
Italy as in North Africa, with the addition of the
particularly vicious antipersonnel Schuetzenmine. In
Italy first appeared the Panther tank; the self-propel-
led 88-mm. gun, as well as a new model of the 88, the
Flak 41, which had a longer range, more muzzle velo-
city, and greater armor penetration than the Ameri-
can 90-mm. gun; and the miniature Goliath tank, a
small, crewless, remote-controlled explosives contain-
er. Except for the Goliath, which was a failure, this
was an impressive array of new weapons. The best
counterweapon the Allies had was still their field
artillery, received in Italy in larger calibers than had
yet been employed as field artillery in World War II.
The trial of new American weapons such as the
bazooka was inconclusive in the Mediterranean be-
cause the theater received them in early models be-
fore improvements had been made.TThe improved
models were reserved for Europe, as were the first
40
 -
a
The miniature “Goliath” tank was in reality a remotely controlled demolition
device. It was designed to be moved up to an enemy tank or pill box and exploded.
of the American multiple rocket launchers, inspired
by the German Nebelwerfer.
The Panther tank (Pzkw V), which the Germans
designed to supplant the Pzkw III and IV as their
main fighting tank, carried a 75-mm. gun (Kwk 42),
even longer than the long-barreled 75-mm. on the
Pzkw IV Special, with a muzzle velocity of 3,066 feet
per second as compared with the 2,050 muzzle velo-
city of the 75-mm. gun on the U.S. Mq4 Sherman tank.
In addition to an excellent suspension system, the
tank had a long, sloping frontal plate (copied from
the Soviet T34 tank) that was hard to penetrate. A
distinctive feature was the turret, with its sloping
walls. The Panther did not appear until the drive on
Rome had reached the Liri Valley. By that time, the
Germans’ supply routes had been so wrecked by
Allied bombing that gasoline was in short supply,
which severely limited tank operations. When the
Allies got to the Hitler Line in the mountains they
found installed there turrets taken from Panther
tanks.
Most of the Mediterranean campaigns had been
fought in the mountains, in country that was not, to
use a British word, “‘tankable.” It was mainly a war
of artillery, infantry — and mules. One of the most
surprising developments of the war was the necessity,
beginning in northern Tunisia, of supplying isolated
units by pack train. Scouring the countryside for
mules and equipment, each division organized its own
train of from 300 to 500 animals — “the most pecul-
iar collection of little jackasses, packsaddles, ponies,
and gear of all description.” From Sicily onward,
with one exception, the Germans had natural barriers
of swift rivers and high mountains of which they took
4]
full advantage, using snipers, machine pistols and guns,
artillery, blown bridges, and mines.
The exception was Anzio, and it was there in
the flat farmlands, where the terrain was more nearly
like that of the battlegrounds of France and Ger-
many, that the most fruitful lessons had been learned
about weapons. The Germans in their attempts to
drive the Allies from the beachhead had brilliantly
employed their self-propelled 88-mm. Hornets and
Elephants for harassing fire. They would bring the
guns up to the permiter of the beachhead, fire
twenty or thirty rounds, and then quickly withdraw
before the Allies could get the range. Self-propelled
artillery was not new to the Allies, who had been
using tank destroyers in that role for some time, but
until the beachhead experience with the German 88’s,
there was little interest in self-propelled heavy artil-
lery; most combat commanders preferred towed guns.
Many of the tanks equipped with hedgerow
cutters also carried on their fronts piles of sandbags
or extra pieces of armor plate, for the crews knew
that the tanks, which had been used up to now largely
as mobile pillboxes, did not have armor thick enough
to withstand the German guns. This had been dis-
covered in North Africa. Also, neither the 75-mm.
guns (in reality 3-inch guns specially designed for
tank use) that arrived in Normandy on 20 July would
penetrate the frontal armor of the German Tigers and
Panthers. The tankers could only hope that after the
Shermans broke out of the bocage and got on the
plains beyond, they could outmaneuver the German
tanks, whose long guns made them hard to handle.
For the coming offensive Ordnance preparations
consisted mainly of inspecting artillery tubes and re-
placing worn-out end connectors and duckbills on the
2d Armored Division’s tanks. These preparations were
dictated by terrain, weather, and experience. Unlike
the Hurtgen Forest, the Roer plain was tank country
—a low, flat tableland of beet and cabbage fields that
provided excellent fields of firs though little con-
cealment. The fields were crisscrossed by roads con-
necting numerous small villages whose thick-walled
stone houses would make splendid defensive positions
for the Germans. Not the least consideration was the
mud created by November rains. Without the duck-
bills, the narrow-tracked American tanks would be
road bound and would be unable to use the flanking
tactics that were their best hope of defeating German
armor.
During the First Army breakthrough battles in
July and August, the 2d Armored Division tankers
had learned how to fight German Panther and Tiger
tanks with their M4 Shermans. They knew that the
ammunition of the 75-mm. gun with which most of
the Mq’s were armed (a low-velocity shell about 13
inches long, as compared with the 28- to 30-inch
high-velocity 75-mm. shell of the Panthers) would not
penetrate at any range the thick frontal armor of the
Panthers and Tigers, but could damage the sides and
rear. Therefore the tankers had used wide encircling
movements, engaging the enemy’s attention with one
platoon of tanks while another platoon attacked from
the rear. They had suffered appalling losses: between
26 July and 12 August, for example, one of 2d Ar-
mored Division’s tank battalions had lost to German
tanks and assault guns 51 percent of its combat per-
sonnel killed or wounded and 70 percent of its tanks
destroyed or evacuated for fourth echelon repair. But
by using flanking tactics and by enlisting artillery
support to fire directly on enemy tanks, the Ameri-
cans had won their battles and even managed to in-
flict heavy losses on the Germans.
By the time the Roer offensive began, the 2d
Armored Division’s firepower had been stepped up to
some extent. About half the division’s M4’s were
armed with the 76-mm. gun. With this gun, firing the
new but scarce tungsten-carbide-cored HVAP ammu-
nition, the tankers could penetrate the front belly
plate of the Panther at 300 yards and at 200 yards
had a sporting chance (about one to four) of pene-
trating the front slope plate. The division’s tank des-
troyer battalion had also recently been equipped with
the new M36 destroyers mounting the 90-mm. gun
and XIX Corps was strong in artillery support, with
thirteen corps battalions of which three were allotted
to the 2d Armored Division. There seemed to be no
good reason why 2d Armored should not repeat the
successes of its tank battles in France; that is, assum-
ing it was not bogged down in the mud. At the Wurm
River in October one of the tank battalions had 63
percent of its Ma’s knocked out when they were
42
slowed down by mud. Therefore, when the 2d Armor-
ed moved out onto the Roer plain on 16 November,
three-fourths of the tanks had duckbills, and as added
insurance against being mired, all of them carried,
lashed to their rear decks, bundles of slender nine-
foot logs that could be placed under the tracks.
TANK DUELS ON THE ROER PLAIN"
On the 17th, shortly after dawn, as two tank
battalions of the 2d Armored Division’s 67th Armor-
ed Regiment were drawn up on a slope outside
Puffendorf, ready to attack toward Gereonsweiler,
the men of the Ist Battalion saw long, high-velocity
shells plowing furrows in the soft earth between their
tanks. Then out of the heavy morning mist came a
German tank; two Tigers and four Panthers moved
out of the woods on the western fringe of Gereons-
weiler. There was a hit; one of the Shermans went up
in flames, then another and another and another, as
the Germans got the range. Soon the tanks of the 2d
Battalion were also being thinned by murderous fire
from the big tanks. The Germans, alarmed by the
speed of the American advance on the first day of the
American advance on the first day of the offensive,
had brought up elements of the strong 9th Panzer
Division — veteran of the Russian front — to Gereons-
weiler and were attacking at Puffendorf with a force
estimated by 2d Battalion at twenty to thirty Pan-
thers and Tigers.
The battle at Puffendorf was tank against tank:
on both sides the infantry was pinned down by artil-
lery fire. The Germans had the advantage of position:
the Americans were hemmed in by sloping ground
that made flanking movement impossible. The Sher-
mans fought back desperately, stepping up to attempt
to slug it out with their 75-mm. and 76-mm. guns, but
the tanks that got close enough for their guns to be
effective were quickly dut down by enemy fire. And
when the American tankers did score direct hits on
the German tanks, their shells ricocheted off the thick
armor and went screaming into the air. One Sherman
fired fourteen rounds of 76-mm. ammunition at a
Tiger before it had any success at all — and the next
moment was destroyed by another Tiger. When some
companies were down to three or four tanks and am-
munition was running low, both battalions sent back
for the 90-mm. tank destroyers to come up. With the
help of these “‘can-openers,” as the tankers called the
tank destroyers, the Germans were beaten off, but at
heavy cost to the two battalions in tanks and men.
The second day’s action on the Roer plain cost the 2d
Armored Division 38 medium tanks, destroyed or
‘knocked out, and 19 light tanks; 56 men killed, 281
wounded, 26 missing; and all but a few of these losses
were incurred at Puffendorf.
At the end of the day the American tanks were
ordered to withdraw to the protection of the stone
 buildings at Puffendorf. The Germans did not counter
attack. They were extremely short of infantry; their
own tanks were having trouble getting through the
sticky mud caused by continuing rains; and their
commanders knew that the 2d Armored Division’s
Combat Command A, with the 66th Armored Regi-
ment, had arrived on the evening of 17 November.
But though the Germans failed for whatever reason to
follow up their advantage, they stopped 2d Armored
Division’s attack cold for two days. Not until 20
November did enough ammunition and reinforce-
ments arrive to make possible a successful three-task-
force attack on Gereonsweiler, preceded by intense
artillery concentrations; and it was not until 28 No-
vember, after six days of bitter, house-to-house fight-
ing in Merzenhausen, that the 2d Armored Division
reached the Roer.
Artillery, according to The Siegfried Line Cam-
paign, played an important part in the battle of the
Roer plain. Artillery had pinned down the German
infantry, and according to the Germans the weaken-
ing of their infantry was responsible for their loss of
ground. Artillery had also cost the Germans some
tanks. And the big “‘heavies,”’ the battalion of 8-inch
guns and two battalions of 240-mm. howitzers under
the 34th Field Artillery Brigade, played a spectacular
role. With the help of observer planes furnished by
the XXIX Tactical Air Command, they demolished
two important enemy bridges over the Roer with a
remarkably small expenditure of their scarce ammu-
nition.
The American tanks came off less creditably in
the battle of the Roer plain. The tankers, deprived by
the terrain and mud of their ability to outflank the
enemy, by the congestion in the area of their usual
artillery direct support, and by bad weather of much
assistance from the air, had fought magnificently; but
they had become disillusioned about the ability of
their tanks to defeat German armor. “Our men no
longer have as much confidence in their armor and
guns as they used to have,” one of the 2d Armored
Division tankers said two days after the Roer plain
offensive. Another said, “The Germans have been
improving steadily ever since we met them in Sicily,”
and “Our Ordnance Department needs to get on the
ball.”
This was not merely a momentary reaction from
battle-weary men. After the war an Armored School
report, prepared with the assistance of 2d Armored
Division tank commanders who had participated in
the action, stated that the most important factor in
the set-back at Puffendorf on 17 November — “the
biggest tank battle in 2d Armored experience” — was
“the inferiority of our tanks in guns, armor, and
maneuverability.”
43
Antitank Rifles such as the PZB 38 above were made
obsolete by thicker armor early in the war.
At the time of the Roer plain offensive the
tankers had been impressed by the superiority of the
wide German tank tracks, which barely sank in the
ground, while the American tracks made trenches.
The tankers complained that the Shermans were too
slow to get quickly out of the way of anti-tank fire
(as the light tanks could); that their suspension, of
the volute spring type, adversely affected maneuver-
ability (most considered the torsion bar suspension
in maneuverability and reliability); that their silhou-
ette was too high; and that their armor was not much
better than that of the tank destroyers. Above all, the
tankers complained of their guns. They had seen their
75-mm. and 76-mm. shells bounce off the front plate
of the Panthers as well as the Tigers — “like hitting
them with a pea-shooter.”’ The 76-mm. gun was better
than the 75-mm. but did not have enough velocity to
keep the tank out of the range of the more powerful
German tank guns, which were effective at 3,000 to
3,500 yards. At practical ranges the 76-mm., even
with HVAP ammunition, would not successfully pene-
trate the glacis plate of the Panther. “The guns are
ineffective, the crews know it, and it affects their
morale,” the tank commanders stated. They conclud-
ed that the British had the right idea when they threw
away the 75-mm. guns on their lend-lease Shermans
and mounted their 17-pounders. The 2d Armored
Division tankers believed that their own Shermans
could easily mount a 90-mm. gun.
Some assessment of the 90-mm. as an anti-tank
gun was possible after the commitment of the 702d
Tank Destroyer Battalion’s M36 tank destroyers in
the November Roer plain battles. The shell of the
90-mm. gun would ricochet off the 7-inch front armor
plate of the Tiger tank at 3,000 to 3,500 yards; to be
effective, the tank destroyers had either to get closer
or attack the more vulnerable sides, and this fact the
enemy evidently knew, for he had usually managed to
keep his Tigers at a distance and expose only their
heavily armored fronts. But to say that the 90-mm.
would not defeat the frontal armor of the Tiger is not
to condemn it as an anti-tank gun. The Tiger, cumber-
some and underpowered for its great weight, was
mainly valuable when the Germans were in a com-
manding position, as at Puffendorf, dug in on the
defensive. Against the Panther, which most experts
considered the Germans’ best tank, the 90-mm. gun
was far more effective than the 76-mm. In the tank
battles on the Roer plain during November, the 67th
Armored Regiment with three battalions of Shermans
could claim only five Panthers; the 702d Tank De-
stroyer Battalion armed with 90-mm. guns claimed
fifteen.
Not only on the Roer plain, but to a lesser ex-
tent in the Hurtgen Forest, where the wooded, boggy
terrain kept the tanks road-bound, was there growing
frustration with the performance of the Shermans,
especially those with the 75-mm. gun. And in the
Battle of the Bulge, one division commander’s wish
for a tank with armament to cope adequately with
the German Panthers and Tigers was echoed “‘prayer-
fully or profanely — wherever the enemy panzer
divisions appeared out of the Ardennes hills and
forests.” Lacking such armament, the tankers stalked
the German tanks, maneuvering to get a shot at flank
or tail from behind the protection of walls and build-
ings, or lying in wait in a village lane until a German
tank, advancing usually under cover of darkness or
fog, got close enough for a kill broadside. With these
tactics, with the help of individual heroic actions by
tankers and by infantry with bazookas, and with the
assistance of the ever-dependable artillery, the onrush-
ing tide of the big German tanks was stemmed; but at
great cost in American men and tanks. Between 20
November 1944 and 28 December 1944, losses in
75-mm. and 76-mm. Shermans amounted to 636.
By 1945 the tankers urgently needed a more
powerful gun than the 76-mm. Firepower was their
first consideration. The second was speed. Armor
came off a poor third, for most believed there was
more safety in speed and maneuverability than in
armor. First: gun power; Second: battlefield maneu-
verability; Third: as much armor protection as can be
had after meeting the first two requirements, still
staying within a weight that can be gotten across
obstacles with our bridge equipment. The main reason
the tankers welcomed the 200 uparmored M4
(M4A3E2) “assault tanks” that got into action in the
fall of 1944 was that the tankers needed more armor
in order to get close enough to the German tanks for
their 75-mm. and 76-mm. guns to be effective.
It took action by the European theater to get
the 90-mm. tank program moving. Shortly before
D-day, the theater asked that 75-mm. and 76-mm.
A comparison
tank production be stopped, and that in the future
25 percent of the tanks be armed with the 90-mm.
gun and 75 percent with the 105-mm. howitzer.
Maximum production was requested with the follow-
ing priorities: (1) the T26E1 (now redesignated a
heavy tank); (2) the T25E1; and (3) the M4A3 with
the 90-mm. gun or 105-mm. howitzer. By January
1945 the ratio of 90-mm. gun tanks to 105-mm. how-
itzer tanks had been reversed. The theater wanted
four 90-mm. gun tanks to one 105-mm. howitzer
tank, primarily because of the greater penetrative
power of the 90-mm., but also because combat ex-
perience had revealed several deficiencies in the
105-mm. howitzer tank, most important the lack of
power traverse.
After D-day, the disillusionment with the 76-
mm. gun increased with further experience on the
battlefield. Bradley noted that the 76-mm. often
“scuffed rather than penetrated” the heavy armor of
the German Panthers and Tigers. Aware that the
British could pierce the thick-skinned Panther with
their 17-pounder mounted on the Sherman, which
they called the Firefly, he asked General Montgomery
to equip one Mq in each U.S. tank platoon with a
17-pounder.
On the performance of the bazooka, opinions
varied. The general feeling was that it was good but
ought to be better. One assistant division commander
complained that “‘we’re still using the model we start-
ed’ with” while the Germans have “taken our bazooka
idea and improved upon it.” The Germans had pro-
duced more deadly anti-tank weapons of this type in
their Panzerchreck and Panzerfaust, both of which,
however, were extremely dangerous to the user. The
Panzerfaust, a recoilless weapon firing a hollow-charge
grenade, would pierce seven or eight inches of armor
plate. Some U.S. combat officers collected all they
could get their hands on for their troops; one tank
officer considered the Panzerfaust “the most concen-
trated mass of destruction in this war.”
of the Panzerfaust 30 (above) and the 60 (below)
 At the time of the ZEBRA mission, interest
naturally was centered on the Pershing tank. Although
a ee gh m4 - “i
the theater refused to subscribe to a blanket state- wie Menge eae
ment that the Pershing with the M3 gun was superior ee:
of vihie EAN weg tok ‘$
are,
ae

to the Panther or Tiger, all commanders considered it

a step in the right direction and wanted all the Per-
shing tanks they could get as soon as possible. In the
meantime they would settle for the M4 with the
76-mm. gun and as much HVAP ammunition as was
available. They emphatically wanted no more Mq’s
with the 75-mm. gun. When Colonel Colby tried to
sell the battalion commanders of the 3d Armored
Division on the Shermans they already had (being
unable to offer them anything better on a large scale
immediately), he ran into a hornet’s nest. After the
heavy casualties of the winter, they were beginning to
regard the 75-mm. Snermans as deathtraps.
Thanks to Ninth Army Ordnance, the firepower
of the tank destroyers and tanks had been consider-
ably increased before the Roer crossing: two tank
destroyer battalions had been converted from 3-inch
guns to 90-mm. guns; one M5 light tank battalion had -- H.E. Hollow charge anti-tank stick grenade for the 3.7cm
been supplied with the new M74 tanks; and the 76- Pak. Before detonating against end of 7-inch homogeneous steel plate.
mm. gun had been substituted for the 75-mm. in the
M4A3E2 “assault tanks.”’ The advance armor met stiff
resistance on the east bank of the Roer by remnants
of several German panzer divisions, but this was mo-
mentary. Time was running out for the enemy. Some
of the German tankers were forced to fight as infan-
try because they had no gasoline; and on 28 Febru-
ary, when the weather cleared, the panzers suffered
punishing attacks from American fighter-bomber pi-
lots who claimed sixteen tanks. At one point fighter
pilots swooped down on a slugging match between
Shermans and Tigers and damaged six of the Tigers.
The Ordnance item that came under the sharpest
fire from combat commanders was the Sherman tank
with the 75-mm. gun. Most commanders liked the
design of the new Pershing tank with the 90-mm. gun,
but few had received it in time to determine how well
it performed in combat. The only really revolutionary
new American weapon that got overseas in time for -- Result of detonation against end 7-inch homogeneous steel
Plate. Penetration - 9 inches deep.
widespread combat use was the 2.36-inch rocket and
launcher known as the bazooka and first used in the
Tunisia Campaign in the spring of 1943. Experience
had proved that it was valuable in many ways but
that it was not powerful enough to disable a German
Panther or Tiger tank at practicable ranges. The Ger-
man hand-carried weapon of this type, the Panzer-
faust, was considerably more powerful.
Comparing American with German weapons in
the spring of 1945, General Eisenhower reported to
General Marshall that, with the exception of German
tanks, “only the German bazooka may be considered
superior to an item of ours.”
 ‘ wee eee FER.

Panzerfaust gross 30 m. rigged as an improvised antitank mine for trip-wire firing.

- STEEL
STABILIZING FINS

HOLLOW:
_ CHARGE

Projectile of Panzerfaust gross 30 m.

46
 GERMAN ANTITANK TACTICS: TEXT
OF A CAPTURED DOCUMENT
Don’t split up antitank units, give them definite tasks in combat,
maintain close liaison with the infantry, set up antitank nests
under unified command, employ self-propelled companies in mobile
operations—these are some of the antitank tactics outlined in a
recently obtained German document. The translation from the
German follows:
The tendency to split up antitank units completely, to have a pro-
portion of antitank firepower everywhere, is wrong. The smallest
unit permissible is the half-platoon (two guns), except for defense
of streets for which less may be employed.
Companies in their entirety, or at least whole platoons, should
cover likely tank approaches. To use a single antitank gun is to
invite destruction. Other terrain over which tanks might approach
will be covered by mines, obstacles, or tank-destruction detachments.
Antitank units will normally be in support; they must be given
definite tasks and allowed to make their own tactical dispositions.
Engagement of even worthwhile infantry targets must be the ex-
ception rather than the rule. Such employment is limited by lack of
mobility, by the bulkiness of the gun as a target, by the sensitivity of
the barrel which is subjected to great strain, and finally by the small
issue of high-explosive shells. In addition, accuracy diminishes with
bore wear.,
On the move, regimental antitank companies are normally distrib-
uted throughout march groups by platoons—one platoon always with
the advance party. No heavy antitank guns [should be] with the
point, as too much time is needed to bring them into action. Divi-
sional antitank battalions are normally brought forward as a body.
In assembling, locate in areas from which the final movement can
also be protected ;local protection [should be] by machine guns. Posi-
tions for antitank guns not immediately employed will be reconnoi-
tered and prepared. Antitank warning arrangements must be made
by the officer commanding the antitank unit detailed for local pro-
tection. Advantage will be taken of unexpected gains of ground to
push forward the antitank defenses,
CLOSE INFANTRY LIAISON
In attack, antitank units follow the advancing infantry in areas
likely to favor tank counterattacks, moving from cover to cover in
such a manner that the antitank guns always have advantageous
positions. The leading infantry must not be beyond the range of the
antitank guns. As many guns as possible must be ready to fire
simultaneously. There must be close laison between the antitank
units and the infantry before and during the attack. When the ob-
jective has been reached, or if the attack is held up, a solid belt of
antitank defenses must be organized immediately. This is the re-
sponsibility of the antitank unit commander.
In defensive operations, an antitank defense plan will be drawn
up by the responsible antitank commander. Location of the main
defensive belt must give the antitank guns suitable fields of fire;
this is a prerequisite for effective antitank support for the infantry.
Antitank positions must be established at some distance to the
rear, These positions must be camouflaged so they will not be seen
and concentrated on before the attack. However, in the selection of
positions it must be remembered that these should be sufficiently far
forward to cover the ground in front of the main defensive belt.
Normally, regimental antitank companies are forward, and divisional
antitank units are to the rear.
Alternative and dummy positions are essential for continued sur-
prise. Mines and obstacles should be used in suitable areas. Tank-
hunting detachments should be held ready in villages, wooded areas,
and close country.
Nests of antitank guns under one unified command should be set
up. Units arriving subsequently will be incorporated in the general
antitank defense plan. : which interdict effective employment of German antitank guns, fore
Open fire as late as possible. Do not be deceived by feint attacks.
Use one uniform system of tank warning. It is important to keep
in contact with artillery OP’s. Take advantage of all radio and tele-
phone facilities. Tank warnings have priority over everything.
If there is any possibilty of creating an antitank reserve, the reserve
units must reconnoiter a number of possible positions and prepare
them for occupation.
47
In the employment of self-propelled antitank guns the following
willapply:
Companies are controlled by radio, in emergency by flag signals.
Normal formations for movement on the battlefield are file, arrow-
head, broad arrowhead, or extended line. Self-propelled antitank
guns use fire and movement, their constant readiness for action making
them the ideal mobile reserve. They are, therefore, the very weapon
to use at points of main effort. The tactical unit is the company; ex-
ceptionally, the platoon, Disadvantages at present are low speed (up
to 10 miles per hour), tall silhouette, weak armor, and restricted
traverse. Immediate counterattack, such as can be carried out by
assault guns, is impossible. Self-propelled antitank guns can be em-
ployed only on open flanks if adequately covered by infantry. When-
ever possible, ground reconnaissance, preferably on foot, must precede
the occupation of positions.
CHECK BRIDGE CAPACITIES
On the moye, one self-propelled antitank half-platoon should be as
far forward as possible; the remainder of the platoon should be with
the advance party. ‘The rest of the company will remain together.
Road reconnaissance must include investigation of the carrying
capacity of bridges,
In an attack, the infantry will be accompanied by self;propelled anti-
tank platoons, each giving the other mutual support. The enemy
should be engaged by surprise, when possible from defiladed positions
or from positions on reverse slopes, with all guns firing simultaneously.
Fire should be opened, when possible, by whole companies, since it will
frequently be necessary to fire in several directions at the same time.
Platoons can fire effectively only in one direction at a time.
The only completely successful method of employing self-propelled
companies is in mobile operations. Flank attacks are very effective,
especially if they are combined with a small frontal attack.
In defense, the main task of self-propelled antitank guns is the
destruction of tanks which have broken through. Self-propelled units
will therefore be held as mobile reserves and employed all together,
especially for the point of main effort. An efficient warning system,
using radio whenever possible, is especially important. Gun com-
manders must thoroughly reconnoiter probable operational areas, the
ground in the main defensive belt, tank approaches, and the rear areas
of the position. Close liaison with the infantry is essential. It is
wrong to dig in self-propelled guns because of their lack of traverse,
but firing and alternative positions must be prepared for them.
NEW HOLLOW-CHARGE ANTITANK
GRENADE FOR CLOSE COMBAT
The new German Faustpatrone, a recoilless antitank hollow-charge
grenade with expendable launcher, designed as a basic close-combat
antitank weapon, is the latest German development in close-combat
antitank matériel. The tables of issue give 36 to each rifle company,
and a total of 2,000 to the infantry division. The Ofenrohr (German
“bazooka,” also called Panzerschreck) remains the basic close-combat
weapon of the regimental antitank company.
Close-combat antitank methods and matériel are strongly empha-
sized by the German Army as a result of experience on the Easter
front. Their dependence on these methods is now increased by
United Nations supremacy in the air and superiority in fire power,
ing them to be sited with more consideration for cover than would
normally be the case. This air and fire power hamper fulfillment of
antitank-gun missions and cause heavy losses in crews and matériel.
Antitank close-combat matériel then becomes still more important to
the Germans, not only for defense, but to maintain the morale of
German troops in the face of Allied armor.
 GERMAN EMPLOYMENT OF STRATEGIC
RESERVES: A SOVIET VIEW
Soviet opinion on the German employment of the
serves—Red Army comment based upon long experience and
wide observation of enemy practice—has particular importance
at this time. The following presentation of the Soviet point of
view is drawn from an article in the recent issue of Krasnaya
Zvezda (Red Star), the Soviet Army newspaper. The authors,
Colonels Loschchagin and Molnikoy, based their comment on German
documents and German practice on the Eastern front.
It is the German view that strategic reserves are the principal
striking force in defense, and the determining factor in developing
offensive successes. On the Soviet-German front, strategic reserves
consist of divisions and units stationed on that front and subordinated
to the command of an army or army group. Newly formed or re-
organized units are are also used as strategic reserves. As a rule,
these-reserves consist of mobile units possessing great striking power
and include armored, motorized, and reinforced infantry divisions.
Their principal task is to assure successes already achieved.
The number of units included in the strategic reserve of an army
or army group depends on conditions prevailing on the front and
on the availability of troops. Ordinarily the German
mand aims at creating strong reserve forces, even
the weakening of first-line troops. Experience on the Soviet-German
front indicates the following average strength of strategic reserves:
In an army, one to three divisions; in an army group, two to five
divisions.
Depending on circumstances and the nature of anticipated opera-
tions, the headquarters of the army group or the High Command
retains control of the strategic reserves, concentrating their action
on one decisive sector with the purpose of delivering a mighty strik-
ing blow. Thus, in preparing for the Kursk offensive in the summer
of 1943, the German High Command reorganized the ceritral group
of armies and moved strategic reserves from other fronts to this sec-
tor. This enabled them to concentrate in the Orel-Belgorod area 17
Panzer, 3 motorized, and 18 infantry divisions.
Strategic reserves intended for defensive operations are formed
preferably from armored and motorized divisions. Their task is
liquidation of enemy break-throughs and restoration of the former
line of defense. Counteroffensives, with limited objectives, are also
undertaken when conditions are favorable.
USE OF PANZER FORMATIONS
On the subject of utilization of mobile troops for counteroffensive
purposes, there exist special instructions based on the experience of
recent combat operations on the Soviet-German front. Entitled
“Instructions for the Utilization of Panzer Formations,” and issued
by the German High Command, they categorically prohibit dis-
persion of strategic reserves and direct their undivided utilization in
the sector of the main attack.
These /nstructions continue: “If an army has in reserve several
tank formations, these should be used as a unified force. In the
event the enemy breaks through the defensive front at several points
simultaneously, all tanks held as strategic reserve must. be employed
as a unit in liquidating the breakthrough in one sector first, before
proceeding to deal with the other sectors. When only parts of an
armored division go into action, they are in most cases seriously
hampered by dangers arising on the flanks.”
In spite of these /nstructions, however, the Germans often were
forced to use their strategic reserves piecemeal and prematurely. To
seal the many breaches made by Soviet forces in their defense lines,
the Germans often employed not only their tactical reserves, but
also the strategic reserves intended for mass action against Soviet
troops,
strategic re
A good illustration of this is afforded by the defensive operations
of the German Sixth Army in the Nikopol area early in February
1944. Here the command of the Sixth Army had formed in good
time a strategic reserve composed of the Ninth and Twenty-fourth
Panzer Divisions which were concentrated in the vicinity of the antici-
pated main line of advance of Soviet troops. Unfavorable conditions
on the front forced the German command, toward the end of Janu-
ary, to transfer the Twenty-fourth Panzer Division to the Kirovograd
sector and the Ninth Panzer Division to the city of Krivoi-Rog.
Thus, at the time of the Red Army’s offensive northwest of Nikopol,
headquarters of the Sixth Army had no strategic reserve. <A belated
High Com- attempt to recall the Ninth Panzer Division proved disastrous. This
if this leads to division arrived late on the battlefield and was badly defeated as soon
as it went into action.
There have been instances when armored and motorized divisions
designated as strategic reserves were used as replacements for de-
feated units. Thus the infantry divisions of the German XI Army
Corps, retreating toward Kremenchug in September 1943, were so
badly shaken up that they were incapable of any organized resistance.
The corps command was forced to send to the first line of defense the
SS-Panzer Divisions Das Reich, Totenkopf, and Grossdeutschland—
units taken from strategic reserves—under cover of which the rem-
nants of the defeated divisions were withdrawn.
GERMAN CALCULATIONS UPSET
In the fall of 1943, when the Germans were trying to fortify them-
selves on the western bank of the Dnepr River, Fieldmarshal von
Mannstein, commander of the Southern Army Group, issued a direc-
tive ordering the reinforcement of infantry divisions stationed on the
first line of defense and the formation of a strategic reserve. Be-
lieving, however, that during the autumn season of bad roads the Red
Army would be unable to undertake large-scale offensive operations,
he charged the strategic reserve with minor tasks, such as reenforce-
ment of threatened sectors or relief of front-line units. “During the
season of bad roads,” the German directive stated, “location of re-
serves must be different than in dry and freezing weather. They
should be placed closer to the first line of defense and at points near
the river where enemy crossings may be anticipated.”
But the Red Army was able to upset the calculations of the German
High Command and deliver a decisive blow at a time when it was
least expected by the enemy.
The view of the German High Command on the question of sur-
prise in the transition from defensive to offensive warfare is of inter-
est. It believes that achievement of strategic surprise through em-
ployment of armored and mechanized reserves is highly problematic,
if it requires the bringing up and concentration of large forces from
the rear. This view is stressed in the following instructions:
“Arrival of panzer divisions from the rear cannot, as a rule, be
concealed from enemy reconnaissance. Strategic surprise, if at all
possible, can be attained only be undetected concentration of large
forces. Therefore, the aim of the High Command is to create con-
ditions for tactical surprise.”
.
50
 The first prerequisite of tactical surprise, according to the Germans.
is retention at any cost of positiéns considered important for future
counterattacks. If this is not possible, an orderly retreat to advan-
tugeous positions from which counterattacks can be organized is rec-
ommended. In launching a tank counteroffensive the Germans aim
at delivering not frontal but flank blows.
When the Soviets attack in superior force the Germans halt their
counteroftensive and organize for defense. The German High Com-
mand permits resumption of the counteroffensive only after the Soviet
attack has exhausted itself and the Germans again enjoy superiority.
It is strictly forbidden to throw strategic reserves, particularly panzer
divisions, into counteroffensive action immediately on arrival in the
sector and without preliminary preparations. [Eprror’s Norr.—
Soviet communiqués in August 1944, however, reported at least one
instance in which these instructions were violated by the Germans in a
critical situation. A panzer division was rushed from the march di-
rectly into action and completely destroyed by Soviet forces. |
MASSED ARMOR FAILS The M 26 General Pershing tank did not reach the front until
six weeks before the war ended. It was the best U.S. tank and
Mass employment by the Germans of armored formations belong- mounted a 90 MM H.V. gun.
ing to strategic reserves took place during the counteroffensive in the
direction of Zhitomir in November 1943, at Korsun-Shevchenkovsky
in 1944, and quite recently in the area northwest of Iassy, Romania.
In each of these operations an average of 8 to 6 armored divi-
sions and up to 7 infantry divisions were employed. Their action was
under the protection of aviation which made about 1,500 sorties daily.
In addition, the enemy employed a large number of artillery and
rocket units of the GHQ reserve. The Germans failed in all these
counteroftensives. Meeting stubborn resistance of Soviet troops, the
enemy was forced to terminate the operation after sustaining heavy
losses in men and equipment.
It is worth noting certain characteristics of German tactics dur-
ing a counteroffensive having a limited objective. As a preliminary
to active operations, the enemy conducts combat reconnaissance along
the entire sector of the intended break-through. Ground troops, sup-
ported by air units operating in groups of about 120 planes, method-
Experience has shown that it is important to assign small
& <*>
groups to exterminate German machine gunners stationed at the first
The best Russian tank during WW II was the T 34 with its 85
line of trenches—ordinarily in flanking positions and at angles of
MM gun. The 20 pound 85 MM projectile could cut through
trenches—as well as to protect against possible ambushes. (Ambush- 4.7” of armor at 100 yards.
ing has been practiced by the Germans on a large scale.)
In the break-through of reverse-slope defenses it is especially im-
portant to determine the character of the forward edge and to elimi-
nate the enemy’s firing points in that edge. Observation points must
be placed on the slope facing the enemy as soon as the attack begins.
This will enable the attacking side to give effective artillery support
to infantry units and tanks after they have entered the enemy’s de-
fenses in depth. It will also make possible effective direction of the
attack. It has been found that the greatest success in overcoming
German defenses was achieved by Red Army units which learned to
attack violently without stopping at the forward edge. They break
through in depth at once, leaving it to specially designated groups to
handle such enemy resistance points which remain intact.
ically attack the -opponent’s defense lines, particularly his artillery
firing points. The Germans are given te mass employment of artil-
lery and 6-barrel rocket launchers. The infantry acts with great cir-
cumspection, only after extensive aviation and artillery preparation,
and with the immediate support of large numbers of tanks. Espe-
cially noteworthy is the enemy’s rapid regrouping of troops with the
object of diverting the opponent’s forces from the direction of the
principal blow. Finally, the Germans have recently intensified their
activity in night operations.
The Panther was the best all around German tank. It was
superior in fire power and mobility to all Allied tanks.

51
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FIG.175. 8.8cm. PAK 43. (3.46 in.ANTI-TANK GUN MODEL 43)

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235
 ANTITANK
MISCELWEAPONS
LANEOUS

236
 SIGNAL & ANTITANK PISTOL
27 mm Leuchtpistole (Walther)

The Walther 27 mm Signal Pistol is a smooth-bore weapon SPECIFICATIONS

firing a variety of some forty different signal cartridges. In addi-
tion, two grenades are fired from this weapon: the 27 mm Signal
WW @IGH osiosccsscvivcscouns
ssscoclsteasss one 5% lb
Pistol Grenade 326 L.P., which consists of a small high-explosive
projectile weighing approximately 4 ounces, contained in a light-
Lengthteo.ccce ee 23 ins. unfolded
alloy cartridge case; and the Signal Pistol Grenade 361 L.P., which
12 ins. folded
consists of a standard egg grenade attached to a projector stem
fitting into the barrel of the pistol, which in this case is provided
with a loose smooth-bore liner. Caliber cscs cossscnteeee. 27 mm without liner (1 in.)
23 mm with liner (.9 in.)

The Kampfpistole (“Battle pistol’), a later development of the

signal pistol, is the original pistol modified by boring out and
rifling the barre].. A small circular bubble-sight is attached to the
left side of the pistol. The four types of ammunition designed for
this weapon are: high-explosive, smoke, indicator, and single
illuminating star on parachute.

The new Kampfpistole is still a further development. In this

weapon, the original model has not been modified by rifling, but
a loose steel liner has been fitted. A removable sight is fixed on
the barrel, and a folding stock is added. All parts can be readily
assembled when in the field. By removal of the liner, any type of
ammunition suitable for the original pistol can be fired. However,
the H.E. Grenade 361 L.P. cannot be fired from the rifled liner, but
use must be made of the smooth-bore liner provided. Furthermore,
none of the ammunition designed for the Kampfpistole can be fired
in the new Kampfpistole, with or without liner. A new type
hollow-charge projectile similar to the hollow charge rifle grenades
has been developed for this weapon,

237
RIFLE GRENADE DISCHARGERS
The two standard German rifle dischargers are the cup
type (Schiessbecher) and the spigot type. The former is
made of steel and consists of a rifled barrel which screws into

a holder fitted with a clamp for attaching it to the rifle barrel.

There are no gas ports, and varying ranges are obtained by -——SPIGOT TYPE
altering the elevation of the rifle by the aid of the sighting
attachment. The latter type consists of a hollow tubular
spigot about one inch in diameter, terminating in a part re-
sembling the hilt of a bayonet. It is fitted to the rifle in the
same manner as a bayonet, and is locked in position by a
spring-loaded bolt. The hollow tailpiece of the grenade is
fitted over the spigot, and on firing the propelling cartridge,
the gasses pass out of the barrel of the rifle through the spigot
and into the hollow tailpiece to propel the grenade. Both a
swing-over blade front sight and a rear sight are provided.

238
H.E.A.T. (Hollow Charge) GRENADE
Schuss Gr. P-40

This grenade consists of a bell-shaped body of thin steel

with a slightly convex aluminum closing disc, a graze fuze

CLOSING DISC
|ALUMINUM CUP
which screws into a cylindrical projection welded to the base

of the body, and a finned tail unit. The bursting charge of cy-

~iyeyant es 28 clonite wax is cast around an aluminum hollow charge liner

which is hemispherical in shape. A detonator and intermedi-

EXPLODER
DETONATOR
CREEP SPRING
ary exploder are contained in an aluminum magazine which
STRIKER
SHEAR PIN fits into the base of the main explosive cavity. The tail unit
CUTTING PIN, <4

Rie \ ; screws onto the base of the fuze housing and consists of a

drawn-steel tube with six vanes formed in pairs. The cart-

TAILPIECE

ridge is of the 7.92 mm small arm type with an undyed hollow

wooden bullet.

\ Overall length: cocesccserssccssos 9.3 ins. Markings......Blue band round pro-

eee jection at base of body
Maximum diameter ............ 2.4 ins. Lengih of body ee Slane

Colores nenuee are Olive green Fillet; a sacccse en Cyclonite/Wax

German Hollow Charge rifle grenade, with discharger, for Mauser M-98k rifle

239
ANTITANK RIFLE GRENADE
Gewehr Panzergranate
The Gewehr Panzergranate is constructed in two parts,
the head and the stem. The head, a seamless steel tube fitted
RALLISTIC CAP
with a light ballistic cap, contains a hollow charge cone and
STEEL CONE
an explosive filling of T.N.T. A cavity is provided in the rear
STEEL TUBE portion of the main filling to take an exploder of penthrite
wax. The stem of light alloy or aluminum is screwed onto
the head of the grenade. It is divided into two compartments.
The upper portion contains the booster which consists of a
T.N.T. FILLING

PENTHRITE WAX EXPLODER detonator surrounded by a penthrite wax filling contained in

a light alloy case. The percussion type fuze is located in the
lower part of the stem. In the septum is a small flash pellet
PENTHRITE WAX
held in place by a perforated screw plug. A pre-engraved
PENTHRITE
POs
driving band is formed on the outside of the grenade ap-
DETONATOR
proximately %4 inch from the base. The entire assembly is
closed by a oase plug which positions the fuze by a stem
eeALLELLULULDDTOLLPIY
eesy| MSS
which fits into a recess in the rear of the striker body.
FLASH PELLET

ARMING SPRING
,
aa
Overall length ................... 6.4 ins. Filler’ scscasscecsssrectecessers T.N.T./Cyclonite
RETAINING SPRING (J Maximum diameter ...... 13/16 ins. Weight of filler.................. 1.75 ozs.
STRIKER gi.
STEEL BASE PLUG <— Color....Black body; aluminum stem Range ascecs...ss.cssattescacssvecceroes 50 yds.
Total-weight=..ceecacnce 8.8 ozs.

H.E.A.T. (Hollow Charge) RIFLE GRENADE

Gross Gewehr Panzergranate

This grenade, while larger and of slightly different con-

STEEL WASHER
tour than that described on the preceding page, is basically
the same in construction and operation. The body of pressed
STEEL CASINGe

steel contains a steel cone around which the T.N.T. filler is

T.N.T. FILLING cast, and at the bottom of the filler is an exploder pellet of
penthrite wax. Two types of stem may be used, one entirely
of light alloy and the other of plastic with a steel shank by
which it is screwed onto the body. The booster assembly and
the percussion type fuze are both located in the stem divided
2
by a perforated septum which contains a small flash pellet.
PENTHRITE
At the base of the stem is a rifled band which corresponds to
PENTHRITE
the rifling: on the discharger. The assembly is closed by a
DETONAJOR
base plug.
FLASH PELLET

Overall length. ..................c000e 7 ins. Weight of filler......0........... 42 ozs.

Maximum diameter ............ 1% ins. Fillarh eee, T.N.T./Cyclonite

RETAINING SPRING
ARMING SPRING
BASE PLUG
Coloric eames: Black overall Range (maximum) ............ 100 yds
Total weight ...........0........ 13% ozs

240
H.E.A.T. (Hollow Charge) RIFLE GRENADE
Gross Panzergranate 61 and 46

They bear the designations G. Pz. Gr. 61 and

G. Pz. Gr. 46. The numerals 61” and 46” refer to the diam-

eter of the explosive head in millimeters. The maximum

range of the 61” is 218 yards. Static fired at normal, the 61”

is reported to penetrate to 4.96 inches of homogeneous armor

plate; the 46’ is reported to penetrate 3.54 inches of the

same plate.

“4g”

Total weight ............ 1 Ib., 4.25 ozs. Totaliwelghti--.-c.0nt 14.65 ozs.

Weight of H. E. filling...... 8.69 ozs. Weight of H. E. filling... 5.16 ozs.

Weight of booster explosive .24 oz. Weight of booster explosive .24 oz.
Weight of propelling cartridge Weight of propelling cartridge
POWER cconises trtisteeseseso 27 grains powder (scoot 27 grains

SHMCLES D/A. C8

APPROX. S JME. PEL (NCA

A7E 7 OC PAT! JlIOn

Boosyee carsule (STEEL)

APPEOX. 51 THOS. PEL INCH 6 Holes D/A. .OF4.

WETAC PARTITION

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B0037 ER CAPSULE
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785

241
 GRENADE-LAUNCHING RIFLE
7.92 mm Granatbuchse 39 (Gr. B. 39)

The German grenade-throwing rifle (Granatbtichse 39) is a

modification of the Pz. B 39 antitank rifle. The breech and shoulder
stock are the same. Some parts, such as the bipod, bipod lock,
carrying sling, sling band, and carrying handle are the same as on
the Pz. B 39 but are at different locations on the barrel.
The barrel has been shortened to 24% inches. At the forward
end, 47/16 inches of the barrel have been turned down to 13/16-
inch diameter, and threaded back approximately 1% inch to ac-
commodate the launcher base. The standard sights have been
replaced by special sight equipment. The wooden forearm has
been removed, and the carrying sling has been changed to the
right side because of the position of the new sights. The bipod
mount is located 6% inches forward of the breech.
The launcher threaded to the barrel is the Scheissbecher, which
is also used on the Mauser Kar 98K rifle, firing the same grenades
as with the present weapon. The launcher is 7 inches long}
the inner tube is 5% inches long and 1'2-inch in external diameter.
Three types of grenades can be fired from the weapon: (1)
antipersonnel grenade (Gewehr Sprenggranate); (2) small anti-
tank grenade (Gewehr Panzergranate); (3) large antitank
grenade (Gross Gewehr Panzergranate). The propelling medium
used is a wooden bulleted blank cartridge. The cartridge case
used is a standard 7.92/13 mm case such as is used in the Pz. B 39
antitank rifle. 5
ANTITANK RIFLE
7.92 mm Panzerbuchse 39 (Pz. B. 39)

The German antitank rifle, Pz. B 39, 7.92 mm, is a weapon of

opportunity which is used by the German Army against vehicles
having light and medium armor. It fires a cartridge similar to that Calibers scien cet 7.92 mm (.312 in.)
used in the Polish Mascerzek antitank rifle. This cartridge also
Weight oie ee ciccsacssciscsersitecuetleccoumtemeters Vea ey.
resembles the American .50/.30 which has been under develop-
ment in this country since 1931. Length (with shoulder stock extended).... 62.25 ins.

The projectile has a tungsten carbide core and is known to

Ammunition........ 13 mm case necked down to 7.92
have a small pellet of a lachrymator as well as a tracer mixture. mm. Bullet has tungsten carbide
Penetrating power of the bullet at 300 yards’ range is % inch at core with tracer and lachrymotor
20°, and 1 inch at normal against face-hardened plate. At 100 mixture.
yards’ range, penetration is 1% inches at normal.
Sights. i..c0c ones Rear, fixed with open U notch.
The weapon has proved to be a simple and reliable gun. The Front covered blade.
recoil is comparatively light. The rifle is manually loaded and fired
single shot from the shoulder with the aid of a bipod. It is Capacity ascertain hossvacstescesenrrneaneaerese Single rounds

equipped with a circular turbine muzzle brake.

Muszlexvelocitys ox... acne cee 3,540 f/s
The Germans also have an earlier version of this weapon
known as the Pz. B 38 which is 7 pounds heavier, has a self-eject-
ing action, and is more elaborate than the hand-operated Pz. B 39.
It fires the same ammunition as the more recent rifle.
The Pz. B 39 uses ammunition boxes holding 10 round each,
mounted on brackets on each side of the wood stock. These are
not magazines but serve to hold the ammunition so that it can be
quickly and easily removed for hand loading.
243
ANTITANK RIFLE (Ex-Polish)
7.92 mm Mascerzek Mod. 35

During the Polish invasion, the Germans captured large

numbers of the Mascerzek Model 35, 7.92 mm antitank rifle. These
were used extensively in the earlier part of the war. Caliber: vvisc:é.-nceusvcemer ence 7.92 mm (.312 in.)

This Polish rifle is a weapon similar in design to a Mauser rifle Weight™ 25 eee 20 lb. (approx.)
firing a normal cartridge, but it is longer and heavier, and a muzzle
Length? ...-is:.seccnt- sbistietaneea este eae 5 ft., 10 ins.
brake has been attached. It led to the development of the German
rifles, known as the Pz. B. 38 and Pz. B. 39. Ammunition............ Steel jacket with A.P. steel core
and lead antimony filler
This weapon is a bolt-action gun of the modified Mauser type
and has a detachable box magazine. It is carried by a sling at- Sights... Rear, fixed: front, adjustable blade
tached in the usual manner. It may be recharged with ammuni-
Capacity 2c cea eee 5 rds., in clips
tion by exchanging the magazine or by reloading the empty maga-
zine with single rounds. The body is a hollow cylinder with an Muzzlevelocity::.....0000 eee 4,100 f/s
ejection and loading aperature on top and a magazine slot at the
bottom. The bolt is cylindrical with a straight lever at right angles
on the right side (in the closed position).

The barrel, which is parallel throughout most of its length,

increases in diameter toward the breech until it equals that of the
body. At the muzzle, a portion is threaded to take a muzzle
brake. The bipod is of light construction and is attached to the
barrel by a yoke. The legs of the bipod terminate in circular shoes
which are cut away on the inside to clasp the barrel when they are
folded forward in a closed position. The magazine is of the box
type.
244
A.T. GUN (Ex-Swiss)
2 cm Pak (Solothurn s/8-1100)

This gun, an improved version of the Solothurn 1933 model SPECIFICATIONS

manufactured in Switzerland by the Waffenfabrik, is a magazine
fed, recoil operated, semi-automatic shoulder weapon which can
be fired from a bipod or a low-lying, pneumatic-wheeled carriage. Weight of gun (complete)...................ccccc0e 103 Ib.
The combined weight of gun and mount is approximately 200
Weight of barrel with muzzle brake
pounds; the gun itself weighs 103 pounds. AADPTON eee cates oseke ss cexesavesinteccesecsomtesvernaecdt 44 lb.

The barrel is easily changed by giving it a half turn, thereby Length of gun (overall)...............c:cccccccessseeeeee 7b tt

disengaging two lugs. Two types of magazines are used; one

Length tol barrel --.....5..0.0s:ss.csesssee.c1essreteortores 4.25 ft
holding five rounds and the other ten.
FRESU Way: fo secseseecp eh ccnetes es seckeoendosscs 8 lands and grooves;
The bolt is forward and all parts rigid when the firing pin 5° uniform twist
strikes the cap of the projectile. When the last shot in the maga- Muzzle velocity (reported)........ 937-991 yds./sec.
zine is fired, the cartridge case is automatically ejected; then when
a new magazine is inserted, the bolt is again thrown forward auto-
matically and the gun is ready to fire.

245
ROCKET LAUNCHER
88 mm Rocketenpanzerbuchse 43

ie,
sc ARON NORE RENY HTRANO

NOTE OVERALL LENGTH OF

WEAPON 5 IN.
2 ai AMMUNITION
REAR SIGHT WEB SLING RETAINING CLIP

IGNITION CABLE
THRUST GENERATOR
HANDGRIP TRIGGER MECHANISM
GRADUATIONS FOR +20°C —SUMMER AMMUNITION
—25°C —WINTER AMMUNITION
REARSIGHT GRADUATIONS
15 AND 30 KILOMETERS
PER HOUR REMOVABLE OVERALL LENGTH 251 IN.
; WINDOW
SAFETY PIN
OGIVE ELECTRIC
WIDTH 3.5 IN.
Tne PRIMER
FACESHIELD TAIL FIN ASSEMBLY
MUZZLE REST MARKING ON WINTER ROUND ASSEMBLY :

The German antitank rocket launcher (Racketenpanzerbtichse

43), one of which was recently captured in Italy, is a comparatively
new design, similar in appearance and operation to the American
“Bazooka.” The German weapon is of larger caliber and is heavier
than its American counterpart. It employs an 8.8 cm rocket (3.5
inches) weighing 7.16 pounds; the 2.36 inch American rocket, PERCUSSION
NOSE
FUZE
M6A3, weighs 3.5 pounds. The launcher, which is shoulder fired
and handled by a two-man team, has a maximum range of 132
yards and a muzzle velocity of 346 f/s. It is 64.5 inches long, has
an outside diameter of 3.7 inches; weighs 20.5 pounds; and is
equipped with a foresight, a rearsight, and a carrying sling.
After insertion into the tube, the round is prevented from
slipping back by a retaining catch and from slipping forward by a
spring-loaded plunger which engages the front edge of the tail
unit. An electric socket inside a housing is located at the rear left
side of the tube. The firing mechanism, which is also situated 8
re

underneath the tube, consists of a spring-loaded rod (which is fe

°o

drawn forward into a compressed position when the piece is :S|

os

cocked.) and a cylindrical component which appears to contain

a magnetized rod and a coil. Two wires attached to this current-
producing component connect with the socket on the launcher
and with the plunger which contacts the tail of the projectile.
When the trigger is pressed, the magnetized rod under the action
of the compressed spring passes through the coil generating-a
current which is transmitted to the sparking element of the propel-
lant igniting it.
The projectile,-which is of the hollow charge type, has a nose
fuze; the motor tube contains the propellant; and the tail is of the
circular-fin type. we
 RECOILLESS ANTITANK BOMB AND LAUNCHER
Faustpatrone

The German rocket grenade (Faustpatrone—literally ‘fist

cartridge”) is a new close-range Nazi weapon used against tanks
and other armored targets. It comprises a tube and a head which
contains the explosive charge. The weapon weighs 11% pounds,
has a muzzle velocity of 145 f/s, and a sight range of 33 yards.

The head, which is closed at the front end by a sheet-metal

cover, includes a semispherical hollow charge. Toward the rear,
the head merges into a rod which includes the small detonating
charge 34 and the fuze. The reaf of the rod is screwed to a shaft
containing four bomb-fins for flight stabilization of the rocket
grenade. When not in use, the fins are rolled around the shaft
and held together by the tube which is slid over it. The propelling
charge is contained in the tube. A sighting rail, fixed to the front
end of the tube, when folded down serves as the safety against
involuntary cocking of the striker. The sighting rail itself is in turn
secured to the rear by the Fuze Safety Pin, which holds it in folded-
down position. The lock is located on a line extending from the
sighting rail to the rear. It includes and carries the firing-pin
(striker), release button, and safety catch.
For firing, the weapon is taken under the right arm, the left
hand supporting the grenade two inches behind the front end of
the tube. The fuze safety-pin is pulled out, and the sighting rail
is snapped up, forming an approximate right angle with the tube.
The striker is cocked by pushing the lock forward until the striker
is set and the release button emerges. The lock then slides back
into its original position, and the release button is pressed, dis-
charging the projectile. Discharge is recoilless, and caution must
be taken, as a stréam of fire from one to two yards long is ejected
from the rear of the tube. The launcher tube is expendable.

247
ANTITANK MINE
T. Mi, 29

ZDZ 29 IGNITER

CARRYING HANDLE

ADAPTERS
SOCKET FOR ANTI-LIFTING IGNITER

The German Mine, T. Mi. 29, is a light antitank mine having a

total weight of 13% pounds. It is 10 inches in diameter, 2% inches
high, and contains a 10 pound charge of cast T.N.T. Outside, the
mine is painted olive green; all internal surfaces are shellacked.
The zinc casing comprises two sections: the top, 3/64-inch
thick, slides into the base which is 1/32-inch thick, and is secured
by eight tabs which pass through slots in the base and are then
bent over and soft soldered. Two steel carrying handles shaped
to fit close to the case when folded are held by brass strips.
The top is slightly domed and has three adapters sweated
into shallow recesses. The adapters have sockets to take the
standard German igniters, ZDZ 29. There are three additional
sockets provided for fitting anti-lifting igniters: two are in the side
of the casing, diametrically opposite one another and four inches
to the right of the center of each handle; the other is in the center
of the base. In addition to being sweated into the casing, each
socket is secured by two brass pins which fit into slots on either
side of the hole in the mine casing.
The ZDZ 29 can function as either a push or pull igniter.
When it is used as a pressure igniter, there is a choice of two set-
tings allowing the mine to fire under medium or heavy loads. The
operation depends respectively on the shear of one or two pins
acting as detents to a spring-loaded striker pellet. When in use.as
a pull igniter, the operation depends upon the withdrawal of one
detent pin from the spring-loaded striker pellet.
The igniter is held in a “safe” position by the insertion of a
safety key into a slot in the main body. The key slides under the
striker pellet, preventing the striker from moving until the key is
withdrawn.
248
TELLERMINE—Types 1a & 1h
T. Mi. 35

FUZE T.mMi.2.35.
RUBSER WASHER.
OVER PLATE. CHARGE
CONTAINER
RIN

RUBBER
SHIRTING:
_
RETAINING
STRIP.

PRESSEO TNT.
PELLETS.
DET. HOLOER.

There are two models of the type 1 Teller Land Mine. Both SPECIFICATIONS
types, which are painted olive drab, consist of a flat, circular bot-
tom plate, a steel dome-shaped body which contains the bursting ype la ai tases
charge, an aluminum retaining ring into which a rubber sealing
ring is assembled, and a cast aluminum top, also slightly dorne- Diameter 20H) iets. 12.75 ins. —-:12.75 ins.
shaped. A formed iron wire handle is attached to the side wall by
welded steel straps. Height cess sizcscssessestvstnssneess 3.50 ins. 3.25 ins.

The bursting charge is initiated by action of the pressure WONG iis bi se scnctenstactsasnasnte 19.25 lb. 21.20 Ib.

igniter which is screwed into the well cup in the top of the mine.
This igniter is cylindrical in form, 2.3 inches long, and 1.625 inches pa ee sae Be
in diameter. A heavy compression spring, located inside the well, Puraiings chasne, welghGesiO.seiin! 11.41 bb.
is held in position by a forward lip on the underside of the top
of the mine. Two other well cups, one through the sidewall and Booster pellets ....ccccccccse cesses 3 PETN
one through the bottom plate, are provided for use when auxiliary
pull-type igniters are assembled. On the body cover, concentric
with a brass setting screw, are stamped two arrows, one pointing
to the “Scharf” (armed) marking, and the other to the ‘’Sicher”
(safe) marking. A red spot .1 inch in diameter on the head of the
setting screw is used to aline the setting mechanism with the index
marks.

The only difference between type la and type 1b is in the

loading of the bursting charge. Type la contains a 10.55 pound
charge of pressed TNT; type 1b contains an 11.41 pound charge
of cast TNT and three large PETN booster pellets imbedded in the
bursting charge. Each pellet has a cavity into which a detonator
well is assembled.

249
TELLERMINE—Type 3 (Steel)
T. Mi. 35 (Stahl)

Pr
PD Lae
pbsiii
OFseat
ah wm)

The design of the third type of Tellermine does not differ SPECIFICATIONS
greatly from that of the other two models. It is distinguished by
the radial flutings on the upper face (a), which extend to the Diam eter yp aseecccsssessds-sturces evcnatscxecstuncesetaeee 12.75 ins.
edge of the surface. On the underside of this pressure plate (a)
is a flat strengthening ring (b), spot-welded to the plate. Holohta5.co5 sccotecnceteseest
ee ee 3.21 ins

Weoilghtecciicscisscussecw
occ rc mere 21.50 lb.
The ring (c) is secured to the body of the mine (d) by a
number of punches. This ring retains the pressure plate in position
against the spring (b). The rubber seal (i) between the body of
the mine and the pressure plate protects the operating mechanism
against moisture and dust.

The mine body and the base ({) are similar in construction
to the type 1 T. Mi. 35, type 1 having an adapter to take an ad-
ditional side igniter, which is located diametrically opposite the
handle, and type 3 having an adapter for the base igniter. In the
case of type 3, the igniter is screwed down until it rests on the rim
of the socket (kh), and the screw plug (g) is then not required.

The design for the mine appears to be a compromise between

the Tellermine No. | and the Tellermine No. 2. In the former the
whole of the mine cover forms the pressure plate and the mine is
known to be subject to blast effects. The smaller area of the pres-
sure plate in Tellermine No. 2 reduced the susceptibility of the
mine to blast but at the same time reduced the available area for
operating the mine.

250
MAGNETIC HOLLOW CHARGE ANTITANK MINE
Haft-Hohlladung 3 Kg.

IGNITER SOCKET

CLOSING CAP

DETONATOR WELL

MAIN FILLING

METAL CONTAINER

MAGNETS PLYWOOD
FRAMEWORK

:i
ii

The German magnetic, hollow-charge, antitank mine, de- SPECIFICATIGC

NS
signed for use by tank-hunting squads, consists of a main filling of Weight of live charge .................. 7 \bs., 12% oz.

TNT in a pressed metal container of conical shape. The conical Weight of explosive (TNT) .......... 1 lb., 15% oz.

Weight of booster (Pentrite) .............cc

eee 3 oz.
container has an elongated apex threaded externally at its upper
Height of icharge <2 viscci.ccoim anaeiercavom 10% ins.
end to receive a closing cap. The closing cap is fitted with a de-
Height of bursting charge container...... 7% ins.
tonator well, and threaded internally to receive a standard
Height"ol ‘magnets ooo i.--:-p-c-te-eren
enter 2% ins.
(B. Z. E.) friction igniter which has a 4.5 second delay.
Height of apex of hollow cone ............ 67/16 ins.

The base of the cone is attached to a plywood framework. Diameter of base of hollow cone ........ 43/16 ins.

Three horseshoe type magnets, sufficiently powerful to cause the

mine to adhere to a vertical surface, are fixed to the bottom of

the frame. During transit, the magnets are fitted with a keeper.

A brass chain terminating in a hook is also attached to the frame.

251
HOLLOW CHARGE ANTITANK HAND GRENADE
Panzerwurfmine (L)

FLASH CAP

STRIKER HOUSING

CAP |APE
Ce HANDLE CLOTH FINS CONE CARRYING HANDLE

PICRIC RINGS

ANNAN
SAFETY eee

DETONATOR PRIMER SPRING STEEL RIBS MAIN CHARGE

The Panzerwurfmine
wooden handle to which
(L) consists of a metal body and a
four canvas fins are attached. The
SPECIFICATIONS
grenade is intended to be thrown by hand, and is armed by the
removal of a metal cap at the base of the handle. This cap not Overall, length, 6.0.5.5. cccccesccaceetsoscseraeee
eee 21 sins.
only acts as a fuze cover, but also serves to hold the fins close
against the handle of the grenade before throwing. Lengthv ols body 2... rane 9 ins.

Length. of fins oiiiii

cc cree 1l ins.
The body is made in two pieces crimped together and attached
to the handle by a metal band. It contains an 18% oz. filling of
Diameter: of body: see 42 ins.
50/50 R.D.X./T.N.T. cast around a hollow charge liner made of
pressed steel.
Weights (approx) 45. s.cccscsesessssscsssnecsncnextocesaneateenes 3 lb.

A sensitive impact fuze consisting of a striker, a creep spring, Fillings. eee Cast R.D.X./T.N.T.
and two steel balls is located in the base of the handle. The
two balls fit into a recess in the striker and are held outward Color of body: ssiscscc5ecsccotsseceee ee Grey
by a safety pin fitting between them, causing them to bear against
the top of the striker housing and preventing the striker from
moving down onto the primer. Beneath the primer in the base
of the handle is a detonator and a picric acid booster. A small
length of tape is attached to the safety pin at one end, and is
held in at the other end by the metal cap and a semicircular clip
attached to one fin and fitting around the handle.

When the grenade is thrown, the fins which are attached to

the handle by steel ribs open out umbrella fashion, and the clip
attached to one fin is pulled away from the housing. This
action releases the tape which unwinds and pulls the safety pin
out of the striker. During flight, the two steel balls move in,
freeing the striker which compresses the creep spring on impact,
setting off the primer, detonator, booster, and main filling.
232
ANTITANK MINE
Riegel Mine 43 (R.-Mi. 43)
Sprengriegel 43 (Spr. R. 43)

SAFETY PIN SWIVEL CLIP PIVOT PIN

~~
SS

The Sprengriegel 43 or “high-explosive bar mine” is used in SPECIFICATIONS

open country, on roads, and in minefields. It consists of three
main parts: a metal-encased charge of TNT, a sheet steel tray, and Overall lengths oicciic. sisssccosscttsasevcdssssceovtntearvs 31% ins.
a lid which acts as a pressure plate on the charge.
The charge is provided with five igniter sockets: two for the Overall Gewicht oo igcseesccttsceccassscosasssccepcocts 3% ins.
main igniters (Type Z. Z. 42) are located in the ends of the charge
and are recessed so that only the ends of the igniters show when Height: (laid) | covitaccscccscsvestencsecssecctorestvessermere 3% ins.
they are fitted and laid; the other three are for the new tilt igniter
43 (Ki. Z. 43) or other antilifting or trip-wire igniters. One of the Total weight (approx.) ........c:cccsessceeessereceseees 20.5 lb.
latter three sockets is located in the top center of the charge; the
other two are in one side five inches from the ends. By reversing COlOn ertressscsrcsscveomrerssrsreetonesencascarct
atestavereesats Light khaki
one of the main igniters with its wings below the end pressure
plate, it will function as an antilifting device. The mine may also Thickness of casing (approx.) ..........:.seeee 04 in.
be fired electrically by remote control.
Weight of charge: 5. ccvcssssascssuscotvscovcorevecestocsnsert 8.8 Ib.
The tray is equipped with shear wires which are threaded
through reinforcing strips welded to the inner sides of the tray. Maa lsrSignitiersiyis...csecicctccuorctssencvesdusnocdessscts Type Z. Z. 42
The ends of the tray are folded over on top to form slotted pres-
sure plates to actuate the Z. Z. 42 igniters fitted to each end of Firing pressure (ends) ............ccccsssesseseereeees 440 lb.
the charge. Near each end are holes through which safety bars are
threaded to keep the charge clear of the shear wires in the Firing pressure (center) ...........cccccsesesserseereees 880 Ib.
unarmed position. A thin red line painted along the sides of the
tray one-half inch from the bottom indicates the correct position
of the lid when the mine is armed.
The lid of spot welded sheet steel construction is equipped
with a handle at one end. It, too, is fitted with holes to correspond
with the sockets, shear wires, and safety bars.
A pressure of about 440 pounds at either end, or 880 pounds
in the center of the mine forces the lid and charge down, shearing
the wires and actuating the igniters which set off the main charge.
253
254
 Black Uniforms and Beret with the national insignia
UNIFORM
were standard for tank crews early in the war.
BLACK TANK UNIFORM 1ST LIEUTENANT, ARTILLERY: SUMMER
MAJOR, TANK TROOPS:
rmbann
If-p nd 4 : ‘
$$ officers and 0 ot
fe 50 of
de
tank ys t \ r
for SS insignia,
c
Chevronin viOUS $ in h ack ke leat ea '

y yrdland Division. Note officer's cap

armed forces or police. Ribbon 1s Iron C

255
 THE TANK ASSAULT BADGES
Founded on 20 December 1940 and awarded, in silver, to officers and men of Panzer units who participated
as tank or armored car commanders, gunners, drivers or radio operators in at least three engagements on three
different days. On 1 June 1940, the badge in bronze was authorized for award to personnel of Panzer Grenadier
Regiments, Panzer reconnaissance battalions and Armored car units. Medical personnel were eligible provided
they went forward into action in tanks and attended the wounded in the combat area. After July 1943 these
badges were considered inadequate to represent long and continued service with Armored units in combat so
additional grades were authorized to more adequately recognize this service. The additional grades bore a small
rectangle in the lower section of the wreath bearing a number indicating completion of a number of engagements.
They were struck in both silver and bronze. Worn on the lower part of the left breast tunic pocket.

THE WORLD WAR I TANK

ASSAULT BADGE
Founded on 21 July 1921 for award to Com-
manders and crews of Tanks who, during
World War I, had participated in three or
more attacks or assaults. They were struck
in silver.

THE 1936 ASSAULT TANK BADGE

Colonel von Thoma, Commander of the Ger-
man Tank Corps in Spain authorized this
badge toward the end of 1936 for award to
members of his Corps. It was confirmed by
the Army High Command on 10 July 1939.
It was struck in silver only. The badge is
worn on the left breast tunic pocket.

THE TANK DESTROYER BADGES

Founded on 9 March 1942 for award to
soldiers who singlehandedly destroyed or
disabled a tank or other armored vehicle in
close combat, resorting to close-combat Panzer General Walter Kruger shown
weapons only such as an antitank rifle, wearing the Iron Cross, Knights Cross
antitank grenades. Only one insignia was
bestowed for each enemy tank or armored and the Tank Assault Badge indicating
vehicle destroyed or disabled. The silver 100 engagements.
cloth rectangle shows a black tank and up
to four such awards could be worn on the
upper right sleeve at the same time. The
badge representing a fifth award was added
in Jauary 1943 and shows the tank on a
gold background.

256
 toh

SHELTER QUARTER WORN AS PONCHO

Rank insignia concealed
The German Army shelter quarter also serves as a poncho and as
a camouflage garment, the two sides having different coloring

(Top) Tiger tank crew sets

up shelter quarters to form
a tent during a lull in the
war.
(Middle) Panzer Officers in
MOUNTAIN CAP winter outfits on the eastern
SS mountain
cap (sometimes
worn by
Cavalry) is e fmy mountain front.
Cap and ny fteld cap

JUNTAIN SLEEVE INSIGNIA

Shape is as shown; colors are estimated

CAND
CAMO UFLAGE JACKET PRIVATE, MOUNTAIN INFANTRY F

The Mauser HSc pistol was the latest and one
of the finest designs developed by the Germans
during World War II. Basically it isa commercial
pocket-pistol type rather than a military arm.
It is very well streamlined, has an excellent
balance, and is of exceedingly simple construc-
tion. The salient recognition features of this
weapon are: (1) A very short, knurled exposed
The Walther models PP and PPK were the of-
ficial German police side arms from 1929 until
VE-day. Both models were widely adopted by
the police departments in numerous other Euro-
pean countries. They are almost identical in ap-
pearance, but the model PP is % inch longer and
weighs 4}; ounces more than the PPK. A loading-
pin indicator, similar to that found on the Walther
P-38, is found on both models of this weapon pro-
258
Mouses-Werke AG Oherndart an
fod Sc Kal. 265.men
hammer; (2) a matted rib on top of receiver; (3)
a solid metal rib extending from the forward por-
tion of the trigger housing to the end of the barrel;
(4) manufacturer’s stamping on the left side of the
slide ‘“Mod. HSc. KAL. 7.65-mm, Mauser-Werke
A. G. Oberndorf a/N’’, which is found on all
Mauser HSc pistols; and (5) the slide release
button in the forward wall of the trigger guard.
duced prior to World War IJ, but on many war-
time models of the PPK no indicator pins were
furnished. Because of the excellent balance, de-
pendability, and compactness these pistols were
widely used by German military personnel. Both
models are recognized by: (1) Their streamlined
receivers; (2) a barrel which protrudes beyond the
forward end of the slide; (3) and a barrel mounted
solidly to the receiver.
 meee

5 Caliber. gis auch 39 mm (actually .347 in.)

9 mm M. P. 38 and M. P. 40 (Schmeisser)
Weight with loaded magazine............ 10 Ib., 7 oz.
This submachine gun was originally designed for use by
parachute troops but is now in general use in all combat units of Weight with empty magazine................... 8.87 Ib.
the German Army. It is a he of simple construction, reliable Length with stock extended.................... 33.25 ins.
operation, and general accuracy.
The Model M.P. 40 like its predecessor the M.P. 38 is air- Length with stock folded...................0. 24.75 ins.

cooled, blowback operated, and fitted for a 32-round box magazine. Barrele lengthy icssects.ccasscscsteitoee ene 10 ins.
It can be used as a shoulder or hip weapon, being equipped with
a folding shoulder stock. Capacity of magqazine.................ccccccccess 32 rounds

7.92 mm M. P. 43
Caliber 9025... 5:Sssssictetccessssvevceetonees 7.92 mm (.312 in.)

The German M. P. 43 is an automatic, air-cooled, gas-operated, Weight (with empty magazine).......... sb litadlial ni
magazine-fed shoulder weapon, firing from a closed bolt and a Length (overall) cctcc.fossessecrmsscosscissteets 3 ft., 1 in.
locked breech. Provision is made for both full-automatic and Length “of: bartel isch. Ban.sch
cia ae 16.2 ins.
semi-automatic fire. For full-automatic fire, the trigger must be Bightepaglas ©..dcccsetis sorneritneantaeh
held back until all-rounds in the magazine have been fired; for Principle: of Toperation! iAn..crcs
ssn teers gas
semi-automatic fire, the trigger must be released after each round. Fouling diviees.4 28. Curved amagaiine
However, German official sources say that full automatic fire will Canilcy dF sivdlag/dbview 44, uae ka Suuiis
be used only in emergency.

259
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Caliber .52..c.t0s setae ares 7.92 mm (.312 in.)

7.92 mm M. G. 34
Weight of gun with bipod.......... Se Setveetties 26% lb.

The M.G. 34 is a standard machine gun of the German Weight with H.M.G. Tripod mounting...... 681% lb.

Army. It cannot be compared directly with any American auto- Overall lengthigss css cises.ctocese ceievsees een 48 ins.

matic weapon. It is a multi-purpose weapon and is used as a light Principle of operation

Recoil, assisted by muzzle
machine gun, a heavy machine gun, an antiaircraft machine gun, booster. Solothurn type action.
and also on tanks and other vehicles. Because of its adaptability, Cooling ‘system iic.sccrercsr
ieee: ote tee tanner Air
it is the most common automatic weapon used by the German Cartridge feed........ Flexible metallic link belt con-
Armed Forces. taining 50 rds. and multiples
thereof. Also 50 rd. belt drums
and 75 rd. saddle-type drums.

Calibers. 2.33... acto eee 7.92 mm (.olzuine)

7.92 mm M. G. 42 Weight of gun with bipod.......... uc . 26 = Ib.
Weight with heavy machine gun tripod
This is the latest known type of German machine gun. It is MOUNnUING eee ee 65’ Ib.
apparently intended eventually to replace the M.G. 34 which it Overall length: ss ee eee 48 ins.
Principle of operation............ Recoil, assisted by
resembles somewhat. The M.G. 42, however, is far easier, to muzzle recoil booster
manufacture than the earlier gun and is less finished in appear- Cocling® system: 8)... 2 eee Air
ance, because of the wide use of stamping, welding, and riveting. Feeding device................ Metallic non-disintegrating
link belt
Capacity of feeding device....50 rd. lengths and
The M.G. 42 is air-cooled, recoil-operated, gas-assisted, bellt- multiples thereof,
fed, and is fitted with a quick barrel-changing device. It has a and 50 rd Obelt
much higher rate of fire than the M.G. 34, but it is said to be less drums.
accurate than the earlier weapon.

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Pz! 1935-1940

SturmG Ill 1942-1944

Pz IV 1938-1945 Elefant 1943 Tiger | 1942-1945