DMBA301: Research Methodology Manipal University Jaipur (MUJ)

MASTER OF BUSINESS ADMINISTRATION

SEMESTER 3

DMBA301
RESEARCH METHODOLOGY

Unit 1: Introduction to Research 1

DMBA301: Research Methodology Manipal University Jaipur (MUJ)

Unit 1
Introduction to Research
Table of Contents

Fig No /
SL SAQ /
Topic Table / Page No
No Activity
Graph
1 Introduction - -

1.1 Meaning of Research - -

4–7
1.2 Why is Research Required? - -

1.3 Learning Objectives - -

2 Types of Research 1 1
2.1 Types of Research-Based on Nature of 2, 3 -
Addition to the Knowledge
2.2 Types of Research-Based on Nature of Data 4, 5 -

2.3 Types of Research-Based on Application 6 -

2.4 Types of Based on Objectives 7 -

2.5 Types of Research-Based on Nature of Study 8 -

2.6 Types of Research-Based on Finding 9 - 8 – 20
Evaluations & Objectives
2.7 Types of Research-Based on Time Duration 10 -
2.8 Types of Research-Based on Methods of 11 -
Mixed Strategies
2.9 Types of Research-Based on Experimental 12 -
Manipulations
2.10 Based on Setting or Environment 13 -
2.11 Types of Research-Based on References 14 -
Self-Assessment Questions
3 Exploratory Research - 2

3.1 Advantages of Exploratory Research - - 21 – 24

3.2 Disadvantage of Exploratory Research - -

4 Conclusive Research - 3 25
5 The Process of Research - 4 26 – 29
6 Research Application in Business and Social Sciences - 5 30 – 31

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DMBA301: Research Methodology Manipal University Jaipur (MUJ)

7 Features of a Good Research Study - 6 32 – 33

8 Summary - - 33
9 Glossary - - 34
10 - -
Terminal Questions 34 - 36
10.1 Answers - -
11 Suggested Books and E-References - - 36 – 37

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DMBA301: Research Methodology Manipal University Jaipur (MUJ)

1. INTRODUCTION

Research is a very common word that means ‘search for knowledge’. It is used for the process
of refining facts, logic, and truth behind a phenomenon. It is defined as ‘a systematic collectionof
data and information, and their analyses for the advancement of knowledge in any subject’.

Another definition says: ‘Research is a process of systematic inquiry that entails collection of
data, documentation of critical information – and analysis and interpretation of that data/
information – following suitable methodologies set by specific professional fields and
academic disciplines.”… [1]

Yet another definition provides the purpose of research: ‘Research is conducted to evaluate
the validity of a hypothesis or an interpretive framework, to assemble a body of substantive
knowledge and findings for properly sharing them, and to generate questions for further
inquiries.”… [1] STUDY NOTE

Research is an organized, systematic, scientific, and

A person is always curious for knowledge; he
or she likes to inquire, research, ask
questions, on everything related with the
world. This quality separates human beings
from animals. Due to this reason, human
beings are developing day by day while
animals remain the same.
Research is the process which attempts to find
answers of intellectual questions, logical
questions and practical questions, through a
systematic, well-defined, and scientific
method.
Research involves investigation and
experimentation about the event and
phenomenon. The main aim of research is the
discovery of facts and their interpretation. It
leads to discovery of new theories. The
revision, paradox and exception of some
accepted theories. And, of course, the
application of these theories based on the
previous research.
technical way for searching knowledge or relevant
information about any subject. It is an academic
activity. It starts with choosing a topic, identifying
the research problem, formulating a hypothesis,
collecting and analyzing the data, and reaching a
specific conclusion in the form of results and
solutions of that very topic.
The primary objective of the research is to find
solutions to problems, to find the logic behind the
problems, and to find a reason behind the problem.It
is done in an organized and systematic way.
research is performed. Various types of research can
be done for a particular field.
For example, Fundamental research is conductedfor
identifying the important principle behind the
research whereas applied research is performed for
solving an immediate problem.
However, these various types of research primarily
follow two approaches
1. Qualitative
2. Quantitative
Quantitative approach focuses on the quantity of
data, like what is the mean value, etc. Whereas, the
qualitative approach depends upon the quality of the
data.

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DMBA301: Research Methodology Manipal University Jaipur (MUJ)

‘Research is a systematic and scientific way of answering the question, describing the
phenomenon, and testing the hypothesis. It is also defined as careful consideration of study
regarding a particular concern or problem, using scientific methods.

According to the American sociologist Earl Robert Babbie, Research is a systematic inquiry
to describe, explain, predict, and control the observed phenomenon. It involves inductive
anddeductive methods.”… [2]

For example, your question is, whether tobacco smoking can

STUDY NOTE
cause lung cancer. To answer the question, you will
undertake a research. You may read related articles about lung The word research is composed
of two syllables, ‘re’ and ‘search’.
cancer in different magazines, newspapers, etc. Then you will Re is a prefix meaning again and
again.It is a continuous process.
choose some people, smokers and non-smokers. Next, you Search means to examine
something carefully. Together
will find information on smokers and non-smokers suffering they form a word ‘Research’,
which is a careful, systematic,
from lung cancer. After a successful research, you will get an and patient study and
investigation in the field of
answer. Then you will conclude whether tobacco smoking science, art, humanities, etc.

can cause lung cancer or not. This is a simple example of a

successful research.

1.1 Meaning of Research

Research usually starts with a question or a problem. It is conducted to find solutions through the
application of those methods that are systematic and scientific.

So we can say that research is a systematic approach to find the solution to a problem.

Some of the proposed definitions of research are as follows:

• ‘Research is a very common word that refers to search for knowledge’.
• ‘Research is the art of scientific investigation.’
• ‘Research is a careful investigation for searching new fact in any field.’
• ‘Research is a logical and scientific way to answer questions and involves hypothesis
testing.’
• ‘Research is creative and systematic work used to increase the stock of knowledge in
the favor of mankind.’

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• Research is a scientific and systematic search for suitable and desirable knowledge. It
gathers information on a specific topic. Generally, research has to follow certain
systematic and structural processes.
• Research is an art of scientific investigation. It is also a systematic design, collection,
analysis, reporting and finding solutions to any problem.

A research is worthless if it does not consider the following points:

a) It should be free from `biasness’.(Bias means in favor of or against an idea).

b) It should be free from prejudice. (Prejudice means a strong inclination of the mind
towards or against or a preconceived opinion about something or someone).
c) It should be free from subjectivity.(Subjectivity means the quality of being based for or
against or influenced by personal feelings, tastes, or opinions).

1.2 Why is Research Required?

Research is required for the following reasons:

For identifying a problem and finding a solution: It means that you have to understand the
problem in depth.

For example, in the current period, if you want to know, why has the demand for automobiles
fallen? Why did the business fluctuation happen over the last two years? Is COVID-19 responsible
for that?

By identifying the problem you can easily collect data of these two years, along with the data
of previous ten years. It is easy to compare it through statistical measures. You can easily
determine whether COVID-19 has affected the automobiles sales or not. Whether this pan-
demic has led the economy into a recession over these two years or not?

For making future decisions: Research helps in making future decisions. For example, let’s
assume the researcher concluded that COVID-19 has caused business fluctuation in the last
two years. Therefore, he advises the business management not to spend more money on
advertising because advertisements will have little impact on sales and revenue due to the
pandemic.

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For developing new concepts and new ways of problem solving: Research helps find new
strategies to tackle problems. For example, researchers conclude that it is worthless to spend
money on campaigns and advertisements. They conclude that it is better to utilize these funds
on giving discounts on the product instead. Cash discount will attract more customers. They
also recommend promotion of the product online.

1.3 Learning Objectives:

After studying this chapter, you will be able to understand:

❖ Explain the meaning of research.

❖ Understand the main types of research.

❖ Define the process of research.

❖ Understand the steps involved in research.

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2. TYPES OF RESEARCH
In India, often a researcher is not aware of which type of research he or she is into. You should
know what type of research you are working on. For the type of research chosen for the
experiment will determine what methodology is required to conduct it.
If you do not identify the correct type of research for the project you are working on, you run
the risk of losing track.
Different types of research are performed using different types of methodologies. Each type
of research has different techniques, tools, and ways of finding solutions.
We need to classify the research for our convenience. It may be according to:
1. The purpose of research
2. The uses of research
3. Handling of time during the research
4. Techniques used in research

There can be various classifications of types of research. People often get confused by the
various classifications of research types. Consider this example. Let’s say we want to divide
the complete population of India based on gender. How will we do this? What will be the
categories? The categories will be male, female, and transgender.

Now say, we are classifying the entire population of India based on states like Bihar, Bengal,
Gujarat. We will see that same population of India comprising male, female and transgender,
are now categorized as a Bihari, Bengali, Gujarati, Marathi etc. The earlier categorization was
male, female and transgender, but now the same population has been categorized based on
the state where they live. The same female can be a Punjabi, or Bengali, or Marathi.

So the different classifications put the same thing into different categories. We should not be
rigid about classifications, since one classification can fall into other categories. We will seethat
research could fall into more than one category.

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TYPES OF RESEARCH
BASED ON NATURE OF
TYPES OF RESEARCH TYPES OF RESEARCH TYPES OF RESEARCH
ADDITION TO THE
BASED ON NATURE OF BASED ON BASED ON THE
KNOWLEDGE.
DATA. APPLICATION. OBJECTIVES.

TYPES OF RESEARCH
BASED ON FINDINGS,
TYPES OF RESEARCH TYPES OF RESEARCH TYPES OF RESEARCH
EVALUATIONS AND
BASED ON NATURE OF BASED ON TIME BASED ON MIXED-
OBJECTIVES
STUDY DURATION METHOD STRATAGY

TYPES OF RESEARCH
BASED ON
TYPES OF RESEARCH TYPES OF RESEARCH
EXPERIMENTAL
BASED ON SETTING OR BASED ON
MANIPULATION
ENVIRONMENT REFERENCES

Fig 1: Types of research

2.1 Types of Research Based on Nature of Addition to the Knowledge

RESEARCH BASED ON

NATURE OF ADDITION
TO THE KNOWLEDGE

DESCRIPTIVE ANALYTICAL CONCEPTUAL APPLIED

RESEARCH RESEARCH RESEARCH RESEARCH RESEARCH

Fig 2: Types of research on the basis of addition to the knowledge.

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On this basis, research can be of the following types:

Descriptive Research: Descriptive research is used to describe the characteristic of a
population or phenomenon which is studied. It consists of a survey and fact-finding inquiries
of various kinds. The main feature of this method is that the researcher has no control over
thevariables. He can only report things like what happened and what is happening.

For example, determining how many people died due to

STUDY NOTE
COVID-19. And how many people recovered from this
For example, examining
disease.
theFluctuations of the US
Analytical Research: Analytical research involves an economy during 2008-2010
analysis of the phenomenon which has chosen during the can be an example of
descriptive research. On the
research. It involves in-depth study, evaluation and, analysis other hand, studying how it all
of available information to explain a complex phenomenon. happened is an example of
analytical research.
In analytical research, the researcher uses facts or already
available information. He critically evaluates and analyses
the material.
Fundamental Research: This is also called basic or pure research. This research is done with
the aim of improving scientific theories for better understanding and prediction of natural
and other phenomena. It is an experimental and theoretical to acquire new knowledge. It is a
type of scientific research conducted to improve scientific theories for better understandingand
prediction of natural or other phenomena.
What is the purpose of fundamental research? Its purpose is to search for knowledge and
understanding in the field of laws related to natural phenomena.

Conceptual Research: Conceptual research focuses on the concept or theory that explains
and describes the phenomenon being studied. In this research, the researcher tries to search
for the concept behind the phenomenon.
For example: What causes a disease? What is the law behind the formation of electricity?
Applied Research: Applied research is a type that aims to find a solution for an immediate
problem facing the society. Applied research is sometimes considered to be a non-systematic
inquiry because of its direct approach to seeking a solution to a problem. It is typically an
application and further investigation of the findings, of pure or basic research, to validate

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DMBA301: Research Methodology Manipal University Jaipur (MUJ)

these findings and apply them to create innovative solutions for society at large.
There are three types of applied research: Evaluation Research, Research and Development,
and Action Research

APPLIED
RESEARCH

EVALUATION RESEARCH & ACTION

RESEARCH DEVELOPMENT RESEARCH

Fig 3: Types of applied research

Evaluation research: Evaluation research is a type of applied research that analyses existing
facts about the research subject. It studies research outcomes. And helps make an informed
decision. These types of applied research are mostly applied in a business context.
For example, a company may adopt evaluation research to determine how to decrease the
operating expenses of a company.

Research and Development: Research and development is a type of applied research that
is focused on developing new products and services based on the needs and requirements of
consumers according to the market. It focuses on gathering information about the existing
marketing needs, medical needs, and other needs. It is conducted for creating a new product
or to upgrade the existing products as required.
For example, research and development are being conducted in the field of agriculture, medical
science, biotechnology, etc.

Action Research: Action research is a type of applied research that focuses on providing
practical solutions to specific business problems by pointing the business process in the right
direction. Typically, action research is a process of inquiry that is limited to specific contexts
and situations.

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2.2 Types of Research Based on Nature of Data

• Quantitative research
• Qualitative research

RESEARCH BASED

ON NATURE OF
DATA

QUANTITATIVE QUALITATIVE

RESEARCH RESEARCH

Fig 4: Types of research on the basis of nature of data

Quantitative Research: Quantitative research uses statistical and mathematical techniques

for its calculations. It collects information from the users, people, existing and potential
customers using sampling method and sending out an online survey, online polls,
questionnaires,etc. The result is obtained in a numerical form.

There are four main types of quantitative research: Descriptive, Correlational, Causal-
Comparative/Quasi-Experimental and Experimental research.

QUANTITATIVE

RESEARCH

CAUSAL-
DESCRIPTIVE EXPERIMENTAL

RESEARCH RESEARCH EXPERIMENTAL RESEARCH

RESEARCH

Fig 5: Types of quantitative research

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Descriptive Research: Descriptive research is used to describe the characteristic of a

population or phenomenon which is studied.

Correlational Research: Correlational research measures the relationship between two or

more variables without controlling each of them. It aims to find out whether there is a positive
correlation or a negative, or none (zero). For example, as the advertisement increases,
whether the sales of a product also increases. This can be an example of a positive correlation.

If the price of a product increases, its sales will decrease. This is an example of a negative
correlation.

Whether a managerial skill is related to the height of a person, is a zero correlation.

Correlational research is performed to predict the relationship between the variables.
Causal-Comparative/Quasi-Experimental Research: A quasi-experimental research aims
to establish a cause-and-effect relationship between an independent variable and the
dependent variable.

Experimental Research: The researcher manipulates independent variable (examples:

types of treatments, types of medicines, types of elements in a chemical reaction, teaching
method, and communication strategy) and measures the dependent variables (anxiety level,
its effect on patient, formation of a compound after a chemical reaction, learning outcome,
and satisfaction) in order to establish the causal relationship between them.

Qualitative research: Qualitative research is a way to understand a research query through

a humanistic and idealist approach.

An experienced researcher is required for this. Qualitative research is - dealing with the
phenomena that are difficult to quantify and impossible to express mathematically, such as
beliefs, meanings, attributes, etc.

The Quality researcher aims to gather in-depth information and understanding of human
behavior and the reasons that govern such behavior.

The six types of qualitative research are the phenomenological model, the ethnographic

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DMBA301: Research Methodology Manipal University Jaipur (MUJ)

model, grounded theory, case study, historical model, and the narrative model.

2.3 Types of Research Based on Application

RESEARCH

BASED ON
APPLICATION

PURE APPLIED

RESEARCH RESEARCH

Fig 6: Types of Research based on application

Pure Research: Pure research is also called basic or fundamental research. It focuses on
understanding basic properties and processes. It is a type of scientific research, which uses
scientific theories for better understanding and prediction of natural and other phenomena.

Applied Research: It is a research that aims to find a solution for an immediate problem facing
the society.

2.4 Types of Based on Objectives

TYPES OF

RESEARCH BASED
ON OBJECTIVES

EXPLORATORY DESCRIPTIVE CORRELATIONAL EXPLANATORY

RESEARCH RESEARCH RESEARCH RESEARCH

Fig 7: Types of Research based on objectives

Exploratory research: Exploratory research is defined as research used to investigate a
problem that is not clearly defined. It is conducted to have a better understanding of the existing
problem, but will not provide conclusive results….[4]

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Descriptive Research: Descriptive research is used to describe the characteristic of a

population or phenomenon which is studied.
Correlational Research: Correlational research measures the relationship between two or
more variables without controlling each of them.
Explanatory research: Explanatory research focuses on explaining the aspects of a research
study. The researcher starts with a general idea and uses research as a tool to lead to the sub-
jects that explain the phenomena.

2.5 Types of Research Based on Nature of Study

RESEARCH

BASED ON
NATURE OF
STUDY

DESCRIPTIVE ANALYTICAL

RESEARCH RESEARCH

Fig 8: Types of Research based on nature of study

Descriptive Research: Descriptive research is used to describe the characteristic of a

population or phenomenon which is studied.

Analytical Research: Analytical research involves an analysis of the phenomenon which

haschosen during the research.

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DMBA301: Research Methodology Manipal University Jaipur (MUJ)

2.6 Types of Research Based on Finding Evaluations & Objectives

RESEARCH BASED
ON FINDINGS,
EVALUATIONS
AND OBJECTIVES.

EXPLORATORY DESCRIPTIVE CORRELATIONAL EXPLANATORY ANALYTICAL

RESEARCH RESEARCH RESEARCH RESEARCH RESEARCH

Fig 9: Types of Research based on findings, evaluations and objectives

• Exploratory/Discovery/Formulative Research: Exploratory research is defined as

research used to investigate a problem that is not clearly defined.
• Descriptive Research: Descriptive research is used to describe the characteristic of
apopulation or phenomenon which is studied.
• Correlational Research: Correlational research measures the relationship
betweentwo or more variables without controlling each of them.
• Explanatory Research: Explanatory research focuses on explaining the aspects of
aresearch study.
• Analytical Research: Analytical research involves an analysis of the phenomenon
which has chosen during the research.

2.7 Types of Research Based on Time Duration

These are of three types:

RESEARCH BASED

ON TIME
DURATIONS

LONGITUDINAL CROSS-SECTIONAL ONE-TIME

RESEARCH RESEARCH RESEARCH

Fig 10: Types of Research based on time durations

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Longitudinal Research: This research is con- STUDY NOTE

ducted over an extended period of time. It is Longitudinal research can further be divided
applied in the field of medical science, into three groups:

psychology, and sociology mainly. This type of
research can take place over weeks, months,
or even years. It can also last for decades.
Cross-Sectional research: In this type of
research, a researcher collects data from many
different individuals at a single point in time.
1. Panel study- It involves using samples of
is conducted at specified intervals
over a time period.
2. Cohort study- This sample a cohort (a
group of people who typically experience
the same event at a given point in time).
Medical researchers conduct cohort studies.
3. Retrospective study – This uses older
data, collected during previously
conducted research with similar
methodology and variables.

2.8 Types of Research Based on Methods of Mixed Strategies

Some research types use methods from mixed strategies. These are:

RESEARCH BASED

ON METHODS OF
MIXED STRATEGIES

SEQUENTIAL CONCURRENT TRANSFORMATIVE

RESEARCH RESEARCH RESEARCH

Fig 11: Types of Research based on method of mixed strategy

Sequential Research: Sequential research designs include elements of both longitudinal and
cross-sectional research designs.
Concurrent Research: Here, both qualitative and quantitative data are collected at the same
time.
Transformative Research: This is a combination of basic and applied research. It involves

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DMBA301: Research Methodology Manipal University Jaipur (MUJ)

ideas, discoveries, or tools that radically change our understanding in the field of science,
engineering, or education.

2.9 Types of Research Based on Experimental Manipulations

These are as follows:

RESEARCH BASED

ON EXPERIMENTAL
MANIPULATIONS

QUASI-
NON-
EXPERIMENTAL SIMULATION
EXPERIMENTAL
RESEARCH EXPERIMENTAL
RESEARCH RESEARCH RESEARCH

Fig 12: Types of Research based on experimental manipulations

• Experimental Research: (The researcher manipulates independent variables and

measures the dependent variables to establish the causal relationship between them.

• Quasi-Experimental Research: A quasi-experimental research aims to establish a cause-

and-effect relationship between an independent variable and the dependent variable.

• Non-Experimental Research: This is research that lacks the manipulation of an

independent variable. Rather than manipulating an independent variable,
researchers conducting non-experimental research simply measure variables as they
naturally occur (in the lab or real-world).

• Simulation Research: A simulation is a computer model in which experiments can

be conducted for creating a higher level of completeness than in a normal experiment.
Simulation research can assist in both complex and simple experiments. It can be used
with almost any social process.

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DMBA301: Research Methodology Manipal University Jaipur (MUJ)

2.10 Based on Setting or Environment

These are as follows:

RESEARCH BASED ON

SETTING OR
ENVIRONMENT

LABORATORY SIMULATION TRIAL/CLINICAL/

FIELD RESEARCH
RESEARCH RESEARCH
DIAGONOSTIC

RESEARCH

Fig 13: Types of Research based on Setting or environment

Field Research: This is defined as a qualitative method of data collection that aims to observe,
interact with and study people who are in a natural environment. It is the collection of raw
data outside a laboratory, library, or workplace setting.
This research method issued in various disciplines. For example, biologists who conduct field
research may simply observe animals interacting with their environments. Whereas social
scientists conducting field research may interview or observe people in their natural
environment to learn their languages and social culture.

Laboratory Research: This research is conducted in a laboratory where scientific or

technological research and measurements are undertaken. It is performed in the field of
science(biology, chemistry, etc.)

Simulation Research: A simulation is a computer model in which experiments can be con-

ducted for creating a higher level of completeness than in a normal experiment. Simulation
research can assist in both complex and simple experiments.

Trial/Clinical/Diagnostic Research: In diagnostic research, the researcher evaluates the

underlying cause of a specific incident or phenomenon. This method is very useful to learn
more about the factors that create problematic situations.

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2.11 Types of Research Based on References

RESEARCH

BASED ON
REFERENCES

HISTORICAL NORMAL REVOLUTIONARY

RESEARCH RESEARCH RESEARCH

Fig 14: Types of Research based on references

These are of three types, namely:

Historical research: It is a systematic collection and evaluation of data used to
describe,explain and understand past events and actions.
Normal research: Normal research is performed by a set of rules, concepts, and
procedures,which is called a paradigm, which is well accepted by the scientists working in
that field.
Revolutionary research: Revolutionary research is performed when unexpected results
arefound and discoveries made which are inconsistent with the existing paradigm.

Self-Assessment Questions – 1

1. ____________research is a type of research in which a researcher collects

data frommany different individuals at a single point in time.
2. Pure research is also called or research.

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3. EXPLORATORY RESEARCH
Exploratory research is defined as that which is used to investigate a problem that is not
clearly defined. This type of research is conducted to understand the current and existing
problems. A researcher starts with a general idea and uses the research method to identify
the issue. This answers questions like, what, why, how, etc.

For example, sales decline in a company due to:

I. High price of the product.
II. Poor marketing strategies of management team.
III. Poor quality of the product.
IV. Lack of an efficient market place.
V. Low pricing strategy followed by a competitor.
VI. Low price of its close substitute.
VII. Lack of promotion during launching of the product.
VIII. Deficiency in the demand of the product.

The researcher will examine these independent variables and analyze their effect on the
dependent variables, which is the sales of the product.

There are two ways in which a researcher conducts exploratory research – namely, Primary
and Secondary. Under these two types, multiple methods can be used by a researcher. It can
be either qualitative or quantitative in nature.
I. Primary Research Method: Here, information is gathered directly from the subject. It
can be through a group of people or even an individual. Such research can be carried
out directly by the researcher himself or a third party can be employed to conduct it on
their behalf. Primary research is specifically carried out to explore a certain problem
that requires an in-depth study.

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Some of the primary research methods are as follows:

• On Phone or Face to Face: Interviews can be conducted on phone or face to face:
• Online Surveys: Today, most researchers use online surveys to send them to
respondent’s together information from them. Online surveys are convenient and can
be sent via email or can be filled out online. These can be accessed on handheld devices
like smart phones, tablets, iPods, laptops, and computers.

Once a survey is deployed, a certain amount of stipulated time is given to respondents

to answer survey questions and send them back to the researcher.

To get maximum information from respondents,

surveys should have a good mix of open-ended
questions and close-ended questions.
The survey should not be lengthy, else
respondents lose interest and tend to leave it
incomplete.
• Focus groups: This is a popular research
technique used to collect data from a
small group of people, usually restricted
to 6-10 in number. The focus group
STUDY NOTE
Open ended questions- These are
questions that cannot be answered with a
`yes’ or `no’ response, or with a static
response. Open- ended questions are
broad and need to be answered in detail.
For example, what is your opinion about
the new product that was launched a
month ago?
Closed-end questions- These questions
can only be answered by selecting from a
limited number of options, usually
multiple-choice questions, like ‘yes’ or
‘no’, or a rating scale (e.g. from strongly
agree to strongly disagree).
new product?’

gathers information from those people

who are experts in the subject matter.

• Observations: Observation research can be

qualitative observation or quantitative one. This type of research is done by
observingpeople and drawing findings from their reaction to certain parameters.
In such research, there is no direct interaction with the subject.

For example, a researcher observes customer reactions to tetra-packs of orange juice

launched recently.

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II. Secondary Research Method: This is the process of gathering information from
previously published primary research. Here, a researcher gathers information from
sources like case studies, magazines, newspapers, books, etc.

Some of the secondary research methods are as follows:

Data Available Online:

Data available freely on the Internet can be collected and analyzed.
A. Government and Non-Government Agencies:
Data for secondary research can also be collected from some government andnon-
government agencies.
B. Public libraries and educational institutions: Data can be collected from various
books and journals.
C. Commercial Information Sources: Local newspapers, journals, magazines, radio, and
TV stations are great sources to obtain data for secondary research. These commercial
information sources have first-hand information on economic developments, political
agenda, market research, demographic segmentation, and similar subjects.

3.1 Advantages of Exploratory Research

• It is flexible.
• It is usually having a low cost.
• It helps lay the foundation of research, which can lead to further research.
• It can assist other researchers to find out possible causes for the problem, which canbe
further studied in detail to ascertain the most likely cause for the problem.

3.2 Disadvantage of Exploratory Research

• The main disadvantage of the exploratory research is that it provides qualitative data.
Interpretation of such information can be judgmental and biased.
• Most of the time, exploratory research involves a smaller sample, hence the results
cannot be accurately interpreted for a generalized population.
• Many a time, if the data is being collected through secondary research, there is a chance
of that data being old and not updated.

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Self-Assessment Questions – 2

3. A ____________is such a type of research conducted to understand the current and

existing problems.
4. A ____________questions can be answered by selecting from a limited number
of options, usually multiple-choice questions, like ‘yes’ or ‘no’, or a rating
scale(e.g. from strongly agree to strongly disagree).
5. Secondary research method is the process of gathering information from
previously published primary research. (True/False)

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4. CONCLUSIVE RESEARCH
Conclusive research is used to find the information required in reaching a conclusion and in
decision making.

Conclusive research is applied to generate findings that are practically useful in reaching
conclusions or in decision-making… [7]

In this type of study, research objectives and data requirements need to be clearly defined.
Conclusive research provides a way to verify and quantify the findings of exploratory
research…. [8]

Conclusive research design normally involves the application of quantitative methods of data
collection and data analysis. It involves statistical tests, advanced analytical techniques, and
larger sample sizes, as compared with exploratory studies.

Conclusive research is divided into two categories: Descriptive Research and Causal Research.
Descriptive research is used to describe some functions or characteristics of a phenomenon
and can be further divided into the following groups:

Case study, Cross-sectional study, longitudinal study, and Retrospective study. Causal research,
on the other hand, is used to research cause and affect relationships.

Two popular research methods used for conducting causal studies are experimental and
quasi-experimental studies.

Self-Assessment Questions – 3

6. Conclusive research can be divided into two categories: research and

research.
7. _____________research is applied to generate findings that are practically useful in
reaching conclusions or decision-making.

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5. THE PROCESS OF RESEARCH

DEFINING OR FORMULATING
THE RESEARCH DESIGN

EXTENSIVE LITERATURE
SURVEY

DEVELOPING THE
HYPOTHESIS

PREPARING THE RESEARCH

DESIGN

DETERMINING THE SAMPLE

DESIGN

COLLECTING THE DATA

ANALYZING THE
DATA,(GENERALIZATION AND
INTERETATION OF FACTS AND
DATA

PREPARATION OF REPORT
AND PRESENTATION OF
RESULTS

Step 1: Defining and Formulating Research Problems: It is the first step for a research process.
In this step the researcher has to convert a management problem to a research problem.

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While formulating the problem, a researcher has to consider the following things.
a) Determine the objective of the study.
b) Consider the various exogenous factors. (the external factors that influence the
research)
c) Understand the nature of the problem
d) State the alternative

A) Determine the Objective: Any research work starts with determining the objectives
of the research. It may be generic or specific.
If it is generic, it will be broad-based and will have a wide range. For example, to know
how effective a marketing campaign was.
If it is specific, then the researchers want to know the impact on the targeted customers
like upper and higher middle class.
Therefore, determining the objective is a very important part of problem formulation.
Now, let’s assume, that the marketing researcher (or the business researcher) concludes
that the marketing campaign was ineffective. He or she will then recommend the
management team to either increase the budget of the next campaign or use another
media agency.
B) Consider the Various Exogenous Factors: When a research begins, the researcher
should keep in the mind that some external factors may change the research result.
This should be factored in during the process.
C) Understand the Nature of the Problem: It is very important that to understand the
nature of the problem, the researcher collects the relevant data from those variables that
influence the research. For example, a researcher wants to know the effect of rainfall,
sunlight, and use of pesticides and manures on a particular crop, say barley, or rice.

Step 2: Conducting Extensive Literature Survey: After identifying the problem, the next
step is the literature survey. In this step, the researcher learns more about the topic. The
problem has to be investigated thoroughly. To do this, the researcher must review the
literature (newspaper, magazine, and other sources). This is a step carried out to understand
the research problem in depth. The aim is to find out the outcomes of the past research.

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DMBA301: Research Methodology
Step 3: Developing the Hypothesis: A research
question is essentially a hypothesis asked inthe form of
a question. It should be specified before the research is
conducted. Researchers turn a research problem into
hypothesis form. There are two types of hypothesis:
Null and Alternative.
Step 4: Preparing the Research Design: Research
design is simply a plan for conducting the study. It is a
structural framework in which a researcher conducts a
research. This is used as a guide in collecting and ana-
lysing data. It can be called a blueprint to carry out the
study. It is like a plan made by an architect to build a
structure. If research is conducted without a blueprint,
the result is likely to be different from what is expected
at the start.[9]
The design of a research topic explains the type of
research (experimental, survey, correlational, semi-
experimental, review) and also its sub-type
(experimental design, research problem, and
descriptive case-study).
Step 5- Determining the Sample Design: It is an act,
process, or technique of selecting a suitable sample, or
a representative part of a population to determine
parameters or characteristics of the whole population.
It meansselecting people/objects from a ‘population’ to
test the population for performing the research.
The sample design provides the basic plan and method-
ology for selecting the sample. [10]
Unit 1: Introduction to Research
Manipal University Jaipur (MUJ)
STUDY NOTE
An independent variable is one that
is not changed by other variables.
While a dependent variable is one
that changes according to the
independent variable.
STUDY NOTE
Sample and population: A
population is an entire group that
you want to draw conclusions
about. A sample is a specific group
that you will collect data from. The
size of the sample is always less
than the total size of the population.
STUDY NOTE
Sample and population: A population is
an entire group that you want to draw
conclusions about. A sample is a
specific group that you will collect data
from. The size of the sample is always
less than the total size of the
population.
STUDY NOTE
Steps for collecting the data are:
• Step 1: Identify issues and/or
opportunities for collecting data.
• Step 2: Select the issues and/or
opportunities and set goals.
• Step 3: Make a plan and/or an
approach and select the methods.
• Step 4: Collect the data.
• Step 5: Analyze and interpret the data.
• Step 6: Act on results.
STUDY NOTE
Methods of data collection are:
• Interviews
• Questionnaires and surveys
• Observations
• Documents and records
• Focus groups
• Oral histories
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DMBA301: Research Methodology Manipal University Jaipur (MUJ)

A sample design can be simple or complex.

Step 6: Collecting the Data: Data collection is the process of gathering and measuring
information on variables of interest in a research process

There are different ways of collecting the data. It totally depends on which type of data is
being collected. There are two main types of data: primary data and secondarydata.

Step 7: Analyzing the Data: Finally, the researcher has to analyze the data so that the
research questions can be answered. This process includes interpretation of data. The
researcher analyses the data according to the research design and finally tests the
hypothesis.

Step 8: Preparing Report and Presenting Results: The research work cannot be
completedif the final reports of the results are not prepared systematically.

The hypothesis and findings of the study, howsoever brilliant and original, are of little
importance unless they are communicated well to others. This is the last and final step of a
research process.

Self-Assessment Questions – 4

8. Defining and formulating research problem is a part of research process.

(True/False)
9. Extensive literature survey is a part of research process. (True/False)
10. Preparation of report and presentation of result is the ____step of a research
process.
11. There are two types of hypothesis, and .

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6. RESEARCH APPLICATION IN BUSINESS AND SOCIAL SCIENCES

Research plays an important role in every field. Here, you will learn the application of research in
the fields of business and social science.

A business has broad functional areas like:

• Business Management
• Marketing
• Finance
• Production
• Human Resources

Business Management: Management teams have to make proper planning as per the market
situation. Research plays an important role in identifying the factors responsible for business
expansion. It plays an important role to identify the barriers that can hamper growth and the
required strategies.

Marketing: There are many applications of research in the field of marketing. They are,
marketing research, product research, customer research, promotional research, surveys for
thedemand of a particular product, among others

Finance: There are many applications of research in the field of finance. These are financial crisis
management, portfolio management, decision making, investment analysis, break-even
analysis, ratio analysis, risk management, financial planning for the salaried employees, etc.

Research is critical for mutual fund investors, retail investors, hedge fund investors, and
others.

Production: Research helps a production engineer or a production manager to plan the

production procedure efficiently and cheaply. It helps to test a new product; it guides in the
application of new technology in the production method. It also helps to develop the strategic
module for overall production and its distribution.

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Human Resources: Research plays an important role in the training and development of
human resources. Recruitment process, human resource planning, performance appraisal
system are all based on extensive research. before execution.

Research is applied in various Social Science areas, such as in sociology, psychology,

political science, anthropology, etc.

Self-Assessment Questions – 5

12. Research helps to apply a new technology in the production method. (True/False)
13. Research helps management teams to make proper planning after seeing the
market situation. (True/False)
14. The application of research in the field of marketing are, research,
a. research, research, and research, etc.
15. Research helps a production manager plan the production procedure
_______and .

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7. FEATURES OF A GOOD RESEARCH STUDY

1. It should be free from biases. (Biases means in favor of or in against any idea).

2. It should be done in a systematic manner. It means that a well-laid out process is

followed to conduct good research.

3. It should be logical. There should be logic behind the research. For example, research
cannot be conducted to establish a relation between the shoe size of a person to his IQ
(Intelligent Quotient)! This type of research is illogical.

4. It should be empirical. It should be solely based on experiment, experience, and

observations.

5. It should begin with a clearly-defined purpose.

6. It should be based on a professional issue.

7. The emphasis should be on developing and expanding knowledge.

8. It should be free from prejudice. (Prejudice means a strong inclination of the mind ora
preconceived opinion about something or someone.)

9. It should be free from subjectivity. (Subjectivity means the quality of being based onor
influenced by personal feelings, tastes, or opinions.)

10. It should find the ultimate solutions to the problem. If research doesn’t find the solutions
to problems, then it is worthless.

11. It must be conducted on a representative sample. If the sample chosen is inappropriate,

then the result or findings of the research are not reliable.

12. It should use appropriate methods of data collection.

13. It should be recorded carefully. All data, activity and experiences of conducting the
research should be recorded and reported properly.

14. It should be communicated appropriately.

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Self-Assessment Questions – 6

16. A good research should have logic behind it. (True/False)

17. A good research should be based on sensitive/emotional issues. (True/False)
18. A good research must emphasize on developing and expanding knowledge.
(True/False)
19. A good research should be based on anissue.
20. All activities and process followed while conducting the research should be
____________ and properly.

8. SUMMARY
• Research is the process which attempts to find answers to intellectual, logical and
practical questions, through a systematic, well-defined and a scientific method.
• Research involves investigation and experimentation about the event and phenomenon.
The main aim of research is the discovery of facts and the interpretation of facts.It leads
to discovery of new theories, revision of some accepted theories, a paradox of some
accepted theories, and exception to some accepted theories. And the applicationof these
theories based on previous research.

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9. GLOSSARY
Analyzing the data: This process includes interpretation of data.

Cohort study: This study samples a cohort (a group of people which typically experiences the
same event at a given point in time). Medical researchers conduct cohort studies.

Extensive Literature survey: In this step, the researcher learns more about the topic. He or
she investigates the problem in depth. To do this, the researcher must review the related
literature (newspaper, magazine, and other sources).

Focus groups: This is a popular research technique, used to collect data from a small group
of people, usually restricted to six to ten.

Panel study: It involves samples of people from a more significant population and it is con-
ducted at specified intervals over a time period.

Retrospective study: This study uses previous data, collected during previously conducted
research with similar methodology and variables.

10. TERMINAL QUESTIONS

Short Answer Questions
Q1. What is Research and development?
Q2. Define Trial/Clinical/Diagnostic Research.

Long Answer Question

Q1. Define qualitative Research.

10.1 Answers
1. Cross-sectional
2. Basic, Fundamental
3. Exploratory research
4. Closed ended

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5. True
6. Descriptive, Causal
7. Conclusive
8. True
9. True
10. Final
11. Null Hypothesis, Alternative hypothesis
12. True
13. True
14. Marketing, product, customer, promotional
15. Efficiently, cheaply
16. True
17. False
18. True
19. Professional
20. Recorded, Reported

Short Answers Question

Answer 1: Research and development is a type of applied research that is focused on
developing new products and services based on the needs and requirements of consumers
according to the market. It focuses on gathering information about the existing marketing
needs, medical needs, and other needs. It is conducted for creating a new product or to
upgrade theexisting products as required

Answer 2: Trial research, Clinical research and Diagnostic Research refers to the same things
or research. In diagnostic research, the researcher evaluates the underlying cause of a specific
incident or phenomenon. This method is very useful to learn more about the factors that
create problematic situations.

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Long Answer Question

Answer 1: Qualitative research is a way to understand a research query through a humanistic
and idealist approach. An experienced researcher is required for this. Qualitative research is -
dealing with the phenomena that are difficult to quantify and impossible to express
mathematically, such as beliefs, meanings, attributes, etc. The Quality researcher aims to
gather in-depth information and understanding of human behavior and the reasons that
govern such behavior.

The six types of qualitative research are the phenomenological model, the ethnographic
model, grounded theory, case study, historical model, and the narrative model.

a) Ethnographic model-In this research model researchers observe or interact with a

study’s participants in their real-life environment.
b) Grounded theory-Grounded theory is a set of systematic inductive methods for con-
ducting qualitative research, Its aim is theory development.
c) Case study- It is a research applied to understand the topic in depth, it is performed to
understand multi-faced fact of complex topic.
d) Historical model-It is a systematic collection and evaluation of data used to describe,
explain and understand past events and actions.
e) Narrative model- It is a process that involves interdisciplinary study of various
activities that involved in generating and analyzing stories of past life experiences. For
example, narrative interview, life histories, journals, diaries, etc.

11. SUGGESTED BOOKS AND E-REFERENCES

BOOKS

• Research Methodology Concepts and Cases, Deepak Chawla, Neena Sondhi, Vikas
Publishing House
• Business Research Methods, Cooper, Schindler, JK Sharma, Tata McGraw Hill

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REFERENCES
• [1]…What is Research? (2021). Retrieved 24 March 2021, from https://www.hamp-
shire.edu/dof/what-is-research
• [2]…What is Research- Definition, Types, Methods & Examples. QuestionPro. (2021).
Retrieved 24 March 2021, from https://www.questionpro.com/blog/what-is-re-
search/#:~:text=According%20to%20the%20American%20sociologist,involves%20
inductive%20and%20deductive%20methods.%E2%80%9D.
• [3]…Research and experimental development (R&D) | UNESCO UIS. Uis.unesco.org.
(2021). Retrieved 24 March 2021, from http://uis.unesco.org/en/glossary-term/
research-and-experimental-development-rd.
• [4]…CHAPTER THREE AQMAR AND SARAH DUO.docx - CHAPTER THREE RESEARCH
METHODOLOGY 3.1 INTRODUCTION On this topic we will discuss the methodology
on how to | Course Hero. Coursehero.com. (2021). Retrieved 24 March 2021, from
https://www.coursehero.com/file/81108432/CHAPTER-THREE-AQMAR-AND-SAR-
AH-DUOdocx/.
• [5]Field research - Wikipedia. En.wikipedia.org. (2021). Retrieved 24 March 2021, from
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Field_research.
• [6] Social: Field research - HandWiki. Handwiki.org. (2021). Retrieved 24 March 2021,
from https://handwiki.org/wiki/Social:Field_research.
• [7] Week 2 DQ 2 Business Research.docx - Investigation into a problem or situation which
provides insights to the researcher The research is meant to | Course Hero. Courseh-
ero.com. (2021). Retrieved 24 March 2021, from https://www.coursehero.com/
• file/53381062/Week-2-DQ-2-Business-Researchdocx/.
• [8] Conclusive Research - Research-Methodology. Research-Methodology. (2021).
Retrieved 24 March 2021, from https://research-methodology.net/research-method-
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• [9] Jai, A. (2021). Research Design. Academia.edu. Retrieved 24 March 2021, from
https://www.academia.edu/6482199/Research_Design.
• [10] What is a sample frame in marketing research? Findanyanswer.com. (2021).
Retrieved 24 March 2021, from https://findanyanswer.com/what-is-a-sample-frame-
in-marketing-research.

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