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Procedia Computer Science 219 (2023) 99–106

CENTERIS
CENTERIS –– International
International Conference
Conference on
on ENTERprise
ENTERprise Information
Information Systems
Systems // ProjMAN
ProjMAN ––
International
International Conference on Project MANagement / HCist – International Conference on
Conference on Project MANagement / HCist – International Conference on Health
Health
and Social Care Information Systems and Technologies 2022
and Social Care Information Systems and Technologies 2022
Towards
Towards the
the Development
Development ofof aa Blockchain-based Decentralized
Blockchain-based Decentralized
Digital Credential
Digital Credential System
System using
using Hyperledger
Hyperledger Fabric
Fabric for
for
Participatory
Participatory Governance
Governance
Christian
Christian E.
E. Pulmano*,
Pulmano*, Maria
Maria Regina
Regina Justina
Justina E.
E. Estuar,
Estuar, Marlene
Marlene M.
M. De
De Leon,
Leon, Hans
Hans
Calvin
Calvin L.
L. Tan,
Tan, Nicole
Nicole Allison
Allison S.
S. Co,
Co, Lenard
Lenard Paulo
Paulo V.
V. Tamayo
Tamayo
Ateneo Blockchain Laboratory, Ateneo de Manila University, Quezon City 1108, Philippines
Ateneo Blockchain Laboratory, Ateneo de Manila University, Quezon City 1108, Philippines

Abstract
Abstract
The Philippines’ ICT agenda to promote participatory e-Governance, industry and countryside development, and ICT user
The Philippines’ ICT agenda to promote participatory e-Governance, industry and countryside development, and ICT user
protection and information security can be addressed by Blockchain. This study used Hyperledger Fabric to develop a Blockchain
protection and information security can be addressed by Blockchain. This study used Hyperledger Fabric to develop a Blockchain
network for a secured and validated system for issuing, distributing, and sharing digital credentials. For the initial prototype, the
network for a secured and validated system for issuing, distributing, and sharing digital credentials. For the initial prototype, the
network was tested on two use cases: national identification system and academic credentials. Chaincodes were developed for each
network was tested on two use cases: national identification system and academic credentials. Chaincodes were developed for each
type of digital credential and deployed into designated Channels in the network. Initial results show that a Blockchain-based system
type of digital credential and deployed into designated Channels in the network. Initial results show that a Blockchain-based system
using the Hyperledger Fabric framework is feasible for developing a secure digital credential platform. The current architecture
using the Hyperledger Fabric framework is feasible for developing a secure digital credential platform. The current architecture
can support the implementation of the initial use cases and can also accommodate the addition of new use cases in the future. The
can support the implementation of the initial use cases and can also accommodate the addition of new use cases in the future. The
current iteration of our work provides the groundwork for developing a production-level ready platform. Future work for this study
current iteration of our work provides the groundwork for developing a production-level ready platform. Future work for this study
includes the development of the end-user web application where users can interact with the network and initiate transactions. The
includes the development of the end-user web application where users can interact with the network and initiate transactions. The
deployment of the Blockchain network may pave the way toward decentralized e-Participatory governance.
deployment of the Blockchain network may pave the way toward decentralized e-Participatory governance.
©
© 2022
2023 The Authors. Published by ELSEVIER
Elsevier B.V.B.V.
© 2022 The Authors. Published by ELSEVIER B.V.
This is
This is an
is an open
an open access
open access article
access article under
under the
article under the CC
CC BY-NC-ND license (https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc-nd/4.0)
BY-NC-ND license (https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc-nd/4.0)
This the CC BY-NC-ND license (https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc-nd/4.0)
Peer-review
Peer-review underresponsibility
under responsibilityofofthe
thescientific
scientific committee
committee of of the
the CENTERIS
CENTERIS – International
– International Conference
Conference on ENTERprise
on ENTERprise Information
Peer-review under responsibility of the scientific committee of the CENTERIS – International Conference on ENTERprise
Information Systems
Systems / ProjMAN / ProjMAN - International Conference on Project MANagement / HCist - International Conference on Care
Information Systems- /International
ProjMAN - Conference
International onConference
Project MANagement
on Project /MANagement
HCist - International
/ HCistConference on Health
- International and Social
Conference on
Health and Social
Information Care
Systems and Information
TechnologiesSystems
2022 and Technologies 2022
Health and Social Care Information Systems and Technologies 2022
Keywords: Blockchain; Digital Credentials; e-Governance; Hyperledger Fabric.
Keywords: Blockchain; Digital Credentials; e-Governance; Hyperledger Fabric.

* Corresponding author. Tel.: +63-8426-6001.

* Corresponding author. Tel.: +63-8426-6001.
E-mail address: cpulmano@ateneo.edu
E-mail address: cpulmano@ateneo.edu

1877-0509 © 2022 The Authors. Published by ELSEVIER B.V.

1877-0509 © 2022 The Authors. Published by ELSEVIER B.V.
This is an open access article under the CC BY-NC-ND license (https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc-nd/4.0)
This is an open access article under the CC BY-NC-ND license (https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc-nd/4.0)
Peer-review under responsibility of the scientific committee of the CENTERIS – International Conference on ENTERprise Information Systems /
Peer-review under responsibility of the scientific committee of the CENTERIS – International Conference on ENTERprise Information Systems /
ProjMAN - International Conference on Project MANagement / HCist - International Conference on Health and Social Care Information Systems
ProjMAN - International Conference on Project MANagement / HCist - International Conference on Health and Social Care Information Systems
and Technologies 2022
and Technologies 2022
1877-0509 © 2023 The Authors. Published by Elsevier B.V.
This is an open access article under the CC BY-NC-ND license (https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc-nd/4.0)
Peer-review under responsibility of the scientific committee of the CENTERIS – International Conference on ENTERprise
Information Systems / ProjMAN - International Conference on Project MANagement / HCist - International Conference
on Health and Social Care Information Systems and Technologies 2022
10.1016/j.procs.2023.01.269
100 Christian E. Pulmano et al. / Procedia Computer Science 219 (2023) 99–106
2 Christian E. Pulmano et. al. / Procedia Computer Science 00 (2022) 000–000

1. Introduction

Blockchain is an emerging technology. Blockchains are immutable ledgers containing transactions that are
implemented in a decentralized manner. This means that there is no central authority or repository recognized, but
instead, a community of users, called peers, are enabled to be part of managing Blockchain operations. Because of the
decentralized and immutable nature of Blockchain, data is more resistant to tampering and falsification of records [1]
compared to traditional centralized systems. Blockchain allows for more agile and safe ways of exchanging goods,
services, and transactions over a network [2]. Blockchain technology makes it possible to implement a decentralized
approach to participatory governance wherein civil society directly contributes to planning, mediation, and decision-
making [3]. Where studies have used a theoretical approach in designing a distributed model of governance [4], this
study tests the feasibility of implementing a Blockchain solution using Hyperledger Fabric and Chaincodes.
Hyperledger Fabric is one framework for developing Blockchain-based applications or solutions. It is known to be
flexible due to its support for modular consensus protocols and general-purpose programming languages. It also
supports the use of Chaincodes, or smart contracts, to implement application logic into managing the Blockchain
network. Moreover, it adopts a permissioned model, allowing it to be utilized in use cases that require some form of
membership and identity management [5]. With the rise of various Blockchain platforms like Hyperledger Fabric, new
use cases are constantly being discovered and implemented on these platforms. In line with this, governments and
organizations worldwide have also designed initiatives to leverage Blockchain's decentralized nature toward more
secure, transparent, and efficient systems.
In the Philippines, the Department of Information and Communications Technology (DICT) launched the National
ICT Ecosystem Framework (NICTEF) last February 21, 2019, with Blockchain being named one of the fourteen ICT
trends to look out for. This framework serves as a strategic roadmap for the country to respond to ICT challenges.
Among the NICTEF's thrusts are participatory e-Governance, industry and countryside development, and ICT user
protection and information security, which are addressable by Blockchain solutions [6]. As an example of the
Philippines' emerging adoption of Blockchain, DICT, with the Department of Trade and Industry (DTI) has partnered
with MONSOON Blockchain Storage, Inc. to propose a Blockchain solution to government processes, including the
development of a Blockchain-enabled national identification system [7]. Given these, more systems can be expected
to move to a Blockchain solution in the near future.
This paper provides a framework for the development of a Blockchain network for a decentralized digital credential
system for e-Participatory governance. Specifically, this paper explores test deployments on two initial use cases -
national identification and academic credentials. First, the setup of the Hyperledger Fabric Blockchain network with
the required Chaincodes is discussed. Then, a prototype implementation deployed on a cloud service is described.
Lastly, further areas of improvement and study are presented.

2. Review of Related Literature

There have been several studies on creating a digital credential system over a Blockchain network. This can be
seen in both use cases of a digital national identification system and an academic credential system. Despite the
differences in the use cases, both require the same functionality in a digital credential system. In a general use case,
previous systems have implemented this over the Hyperledger Fabric network, where data would be audited into the
ledgers of the network. The information would be stored in the network, where a third party would be present to request
the necessary information from the users of the network. The network would then verify this information being
requested to ensure the authenticity of the data being requested [8].
The first use case for a digital credential system was applied in an academic setting. The academic institution stored
the data of students through Hyperledger Fabric. This was not stored in a public Blockchain so as to not meddle with
Blockchain economics, and data is much more secure with the absence of potential malicious nodes. Hence, this
provides better performance, cost, and confidentiality for the academic institution [9, 10]. Data is stored into nodes
using Chaincode from the Hyperledger Fabric, and this is used by the Fabric SDK so as to be connected with web
applications as an API system. The Chaincode now has functionalities of storing the data and verifying the data coming
from the API system [9].
 Christian E. Pulmano et al. / Procedia Computer Science 219 (2023) 99–106 101
Christian E. Pulmano et. al. / Procedia Computer Science 00 (2022) 000–000 3

Another implementation was through the MIT Digital Credentials Consortium, where Blockchain technology was
implemented in the academic credentials of the students and documents from other institutions. Ethereum, a public
Blockchain, was used for this application. The usage of a public Blockchain, however, may lead to longer transaction
times and higher costs to compensate for the transactions done on the network. Despite this, it can be possibly noted
that administrative costs and bureaucracy would decrease with the added benefit of the users having more control of
their data [11].
Governments have investigated avenues of adopting Blockchain technology onto digital credentials systems. This
was done to avoid having to create new login credentials and passwords, thus creating ease of access to government
services that require credentials. For instance, the Zug ID was used in Sweden to help ease the process of borrowing
or using government services by the citizens. They can easily borrow e-bikes with the usage of this application which
serves as the identity of the citizen. Zug ID was implemented in the Ethereum Blockchain. Another implementation
would be through the Self-Sovereign Identity, which is a more general approach to a more open and trusted digital
identity solution in creating digital credentials using Blockchain [12].

Fig. 1. Architecture Overview.

3. Methodology

3.1. Architecture Overview

The architecture for the Blockchain network is shown in Fig. 1. It is built using the Hyperledger Fabric Blockchain
network. The network allowed users to register their own wallets, where the network may issue credentials to wallets.
The wallets are used to access the digital credentials in the network. Chaincodes are developed and deployed to the
network to implement the logic of issuing and sharing digital credentials. These Chaincodes allow the modification of
the state of the digital credentials. An API application is deployed so that web applications can interact with the
network and initiate transactions. The development of Credere, the web application to be used by end-users is part of
future work.
4 Christian E. Pulmano et. al. / Procedia Computer Science 00 (2022) 000–000
102 Christian E. Pulmano et al. / Procedia Computer Science 219 (2023) 99–106

Fig. 2. Use Case Diagram.

3.2. User Roles and Access

Different types of users are able to interact with the network. First, a network administrator is assigned for the
management of the network components including the addition of peer nodes, deployment of Chaincode and Channels,
and creation of Certificate/Credential Issuers. The network administrator is responsible for the installation,
configuration, management, and troubleshooting of nodes in the network but is not responsible for the confirmation
and validation of transactions. The other participants of the network include Certificate/Credential Issuers, Users, and
Third-party Viewers. Issuers are recognized organizations that are known to issue credential certificates to individuals.
Examples of organizations under this role include the Philippines Statistics Authority (PSA) for the national ID and
university registrars for the academic credentials. Issuers are able to create the credentials and distribute them to the
users. Users are those individuals who receive the credentials. Ideally, they are considered owners of the credentials
and they should have more control over them. Once a user acquires ownership of a credential, they are able to share it
with third-party viewers including future employers and other organizations that wish to have access to their
credentials. Fig. 2 shows the summary of users and their respective actions.

3.3. Hyperledger Fabric Test Network

Hyperledger Fabric, a permissioned Blockchain, was chosen as the framework because of data privacy
requirements. The assets involved mostly contain sensitive personal information so a public Blockchain is not feasible.
The use cases also require the participants of the network to be identifiable and the MSP feature of Hyperledger Fabric
allows for the controlled publication of identities. Hyperledger Fabric is also said to have a high throughput
performance while having a low latency for transaction confirmation [13].
To set up Hyperledger Fabric on a machine, some prerequisites were installed. Ubuntu, curl, Docker, Golang,
NodeJS, and Python were downloaded. Then, Fabric samples, docker images, and binaries are pulled from Fabric’s
online repository. For development purposes, the test network was used with certificate authorities for identity
management and CouchDB as the state database. CouchDB was chosen because it allows data to be modeled as JSON
and queries to be made on data values, not just keys. The docker containers contained the following: Hyperledger
 Christian E. Pulmano et al. / Procedia Computer Science 219 (2023) 99–106 103
Christian E. Pulmano et. al. / Procedia Computer Science 00 (2022) 000–000 5

Fabric CLI, two peer nodes, one orderer node, two CouchDB nodes, one certificate authority orderer node, and two
certificate authority organization nodes.
In the network, a channel is created for each use case. Each channel has its own separate ledger that only channel
members can read/write to. Thus, when more use cases are added, existing ledgers would not be affected and clear
segregation of data and transactions remain. For this study, there are two use cases, the digital national ID system, and
the academic credentials system. Therefore, two channels were created.

3.4. Chaincode Development

Chaincodes are the “smart contracts” of the Hyperledger Fabric framework that allows application logic to be
applied to the Blockchain network. In the proposed network, separate Chaincodes were developed for each type of
digital credential. One Chaincode was implemented for the Digital National ID, while another Chaincode was
implemented for the Academic Credentials. This study chose the Fabric Contract API for Node.js to interact with the
Blockchain network. First, a Chaincode class is created that extends the fabric-contract-api object for each use case.
Then, each Chaincode function is created as an asynchronous function inside the Chaincode class. The Node.js
Attributes-Based Access Control or “node-abac” library was used to define access policies for each function. This
study defined four types of roles: the admin, issuer, owner, and third-party viewer. After the two Chaincodes were
created, they were deployed to separate Channels in the Blockchain network.
Chaincodes become immutable after they get deployed in the network, thus, rigorous testing of the Chaincodes is
mandatory before deployment. Test scripts were created to ensure that each function performs correctly before
deploying into production. Three test wallets were first created to represent the role of the issuer, owner, and third
party. The Mocha package [14] was then used to create individual test cases that evaluate whether role accesses are
correctly implemented and information is correctly saved, updated, or read. The response times were also displayed.

3.5. API Development

An API application was created to access the Chaincodes created and deployed on the Blockchain network using
the “express” node.js library. When a new user joins, a Wallet must first be created and assigned to that user so that
they can participate in the network through the use of the “fabric-network” library. A random ID is generated as a
unique identifier for that user, which this study will refer to as the wallet ID. Once this wallet ID is enrolled into the
network, a corresponding private key is provided, which the user should remember and use to verify their identity in
the succeeding actions they do in the application.
The API endpoints for each use case are created as separate files in the API application project folder to ensure
modularity. These files are then imported and consolidated into the main API file. For each API call, a Gateway object
from the network is created to connect to the channel and Chaincode specified. Then, the wallet and private key that
are passed into the POST request are verified on whether they match. After this, the corresponding transactions are
initiated. Swagger UI is used to create the documentation of the available API endpoints and their expected request
bodies and responses.

3.6. Cloud Deployment

The Hyperledger Fabric test network and the API server have been deployed into an Amazon EC2 instance. The
instance has been conFig.d to have 4 cores and 8 GB of RAM for both the network and the API server. Docker
containers were used in order to simulate the decentralized network. This was done by replicating the peer nodes as
docker containers that were connected with one another using a local network. Hence, this simulates a decentralized
network by still having separate peer nodes within the cloud instance. Once the network goes into production, then
each peer node would be done on separate cloud instances or stakeholder devices where each instance would represent
one peer node.
The channels and Chaincode of both use cases have been installed and deployed into the Hyperledger Fabric
network. The port for HTTP/HTTPS and SSH has been only made available for the EC2 instance so as to ensure the
API server is able to accept requests from the website and ensure maintainability of the Hyperledger Fabric network.
104 Christian E. Pulmano et al. / Procedia Computer Science 219 (2023) 99–106
6 Christian E. Pulmano et. al. / Procedia Computer Science 00 (2022) 000–000

Fig. 3. Digital Credentials on Hyperledger Fabric Blockchain Network Components.

Table 1. Chaincode Functions and Test Cases for the Digital Credentials System.
Chaincode
Description Test Cases Status
Function
- Cannot Create Asset if Account is Not
Creates a new digital credential and stores it in
CreateAsset an Issuer Passed
the state database. This is an Issuer only action.
- Can Create Asset if Account is an Issuer
Checks the state database if the given digital
AssetExists - Can Check if Asset Exists Passed
credential ID exists in the state database.
- Owner Can Read Own Asset
Queries the state database for the given digital
- Issuer Can Read Asset
credential ID and returns the complete
- Third-Party Cannot Read Asset if Not
ReadAsset information linked to that digital credential. Only Passed
Given Access
those with given access can access the
- Third-Party With Access Can Read
information returned.
Asset
Queries and returns all the digital credentials in
GetAllAssets - Admin Can Query All Assets Passed
the state database. This is an admin-only action.
Queries the transactions in the ledger and returns
- Admin Can Query Asset’s Transaction
GetAssetHistory all transactions related to the given digital Passed
History
credential ID. This is an admin-only action.
Deletes the asset with the given digital credential
DeleteAsset - Admin Can Delete an Asser Passed
ID. This is an admin-only action.
Updates the information linked to the given
UpdateAsset digital credential ID. This is an Issuer only - Issuer Can Update Asset Passed
action.
- Owner Can Add or Revoke Access to
Add or revoke (stated in the action parameter) a
Own Asset
UpdateAssetAccess third-party user’s wallet ID access to one’s Passed
- Issuer Can Add or Revoke Access to an
digital credential.
Asset

4. Results and Discussion

4.1. Components of the Blockchain Network

Each component of the Hyperledger Fabric network was mapped into a component in the digital credentials use
cases. The interactions of the components within the network are shown in Fig. 3.
The asset for the digital national ID contains the key information about a person in the country. The users of the
network are citizens eligible for a digital national ID. Issuers would simply be the government agencies who are
allowed to issue the digital national ID. The third-party users are the people who would want to request a person’s
 Christian E. Pulmano et al. / Procedia Computer Science 219 (2023) 99–106 105
Christian E. Pulmano et. al. / Procedia Computer Science 00 (2022) 000–000 7

credential for verification processes. A channel in the network is dedicated to all transactions related to the digital
national ID. Peer nodes can be deployed to various organizations that are interested in verifying national IDs.
As for the academic credentials, the assets may be transcripts of records, certificates of enrollment, diplomas, and
other similar academic credentials. The users of the network are primarily students of academic institutions.
Credentials may be issued by the registrar's office of the institutions that are allowed to create, update, and delete
academic credentials. Students can share their academic credentials with third-party organizations, including their
future potential employers. A separate channel in the network was also dedicated to the academic credentials network.
Peer nodes can be deployed to different academic institutions and student groups for increased verification. This was
all stored in a shared ledger for the academic credentials use case, and it was also stored inside CouchDB.

4.2. Chaincode Development, Testing, and Deployment

Chaincodes were developed to implement the logic for the management of digital credentials. Input must be
specified through the function parameters for the Chaincode to know what to store, update or query in the state
database. The response returns an object that can be retrieved with the API and displayed in the user interface to
confirm whether the Chaincode transaction is successful. Table 1 shows the minimum Chaincode functions for the
digital credentials system. The specified functions allow for the creation, viewing, and sharing of digital credential
assets. More functions may be added to accommodate each use case, but these were the functions necessary for the
base system to work. The output from the queries was also dependent on what was stored inside each use case’s
channel.
Mocha, an automated testing package, was used to run the test scripts before deploying the Chaincodes to the
network. Since Blockchain is immutable, it is essential to conduct rigorous testing of the functions before deployment.
Table 1 also shows the list of test cases that were run and passed for each function. All tests passed with an average
response time of 300-350ms. The Chaincodes were then deployed to the network after testing.

5. Conclusion

The use of Blockchain technology is feasible in developing a secure digital credential system that can be used for
both public and private uses. The successful development and deployment of the Chaincodes for both Digital National
ID and Academic Credentials have shown that the framework is able to accommodate the need to manage digital
assets through smart contracts. Both Chaincodes are accessible using the Hyperledger Fabric CLI, allowing
decentralized applications to interact with the network. For the inclusion of other digital credentials such as course
completion certificates, professional certifications, medical certificates, etc., the same approach can be followed.
This iteration highlights the development of the Blockchain framework, focusing on writing the Chaincodes and
deploying them in a test network. The current work presents the groundwork necessary for a production-level
implementation of the digital credential system. Future work will be done by deploying the Chaincodes in a fully-
decentralized production environment. This step includes the setup of multiple peer nodes in different organizations
that wish to participate in the network. The next iteration would also include the development of a decentralized
application where the end-users will be able to interact with the network.
Implementation in the future includes a web application to complete the prototype of the decentralized digital
credentials application. The web application will use Laravel as the front-end and back-end framework. The web
application will also use the Guzzle library that will serve as a pipeline to send an HTTP request from the API
endpoints that were deployed for the interaction with the Chaincodes. For user management, a database will be utilized
to handle subscriptions to the application. With the development and integration of Blockchain technology,
transactions are made easier and more secure. It also enables the use of Blockchain technology in document sharing
and management, not just in the finance industry.

However, the implementation of Blockchain technology also calls for a review of current laws and data privacy
policies. The Philippine Republic Act 10173 or the Data Privacy Act of 2012 defines a personal information controller
as a person who “controls the collection, processing and use of personal information [15].” This means that the law
requires a centralized approach to securing personal information. The same requirement is indicated in the General
Data Protection Regulation (GDPR) [16] where a controller is responsible for ensuring data collected is secured
through technical and organizational measures. In both laws, data subjects also have the right to rectification and
106 Christian E. Pulmano et al. / Procedia Computer Science 219 (2023) 99–106
8 Christian E. Pulmano et. al. / Procedia Computer Science 00 (2022) 000–000

removal of data. These two instances seem to present a roadblock in the implementation of a consensus and immutable
approach to the protection and authenticity of data. Although the proposed platform partly addresses the said issues
by empowering the certificate/credential owners in exercising their rights over their credentials, policy-makers should
still consider the data privacy implications in implementing Blockchain solutions.

Acknowledgments

The authors would like to acknowledge Accenture Philippines for providing financial support for the project, and
Ateneo Blockchain Laboratory, Ateneo Center for Computing Competency and Research, and Ateneo Research
Institute of Science and Engineering, for their significant contributions to the study.

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