Science Reviewer (Grade 10)

Forms of Electromagnetic Waves

(Wavelength and Frequency of EM Waves)

Electromagnetic Waves - are transverse waves that carry energy from one place to
another.
(also known as electromagnetic radiation)

EM Waves - signals that oscillate (means to change regularly in strength and

direction)

Electromagnetic Spectrum - this is what the entire range of frequencies is referred to

Equation

3x10⁸

(The Electromagnetic Spectrum)

EM Waves are often classified by frequency in a scheme called Electromagnetic

Spectrum
- Extends from the longest wavelengths of radiowaves up to the high
frequencies of gamma rays.

Infrared Waves are sometimes called heat or thermal radiation

Practical Applications of EM Waves

(Comparison among EM Waves)

Photon - a particle representing a quantum of light or other electromagnetic radiation.

- Carries energy proportional to the radiation frequency but has zero rest mass.

Radio Waves - has the longest wavelengths in the electromagnetic spectrum.

- They are used to transmit radio and television signals.
FM Radio Waves - have shorter wavelengths when compared to the wavelength of
some objects.

Radio Frequency (RF) - a rate of oscillation in the range of about 3kHz to 300 GHz.

John Logie Baird - was able to obtain moving pictures with halftone shades, which
were, by most accounts the first true television pictures. (known as mechanical
television)
Microwaves - are basically extremely high-frequency radio waves
- They have very short wavelengths.
- Are used in telecommunication such as mobile phones.
- Is also used in electron paramagnetic resonance spectroscopy

Used in fixed traffic speed cameras, cooking food, and in radar to determine the
range, altitude, direction, or speed of both moving and fixed objects. (ex. Aircraft,
ships, spacecraft..)

Infrared - is the EM Radiation with a wavelength longer than that of visible light.

William Herschel - discovered the existence of infrared

- He used thermometers with blackened bulbs and measured the temperature of
the different colors of the spectrum.

Near-infrared light - is the closed in wavelength to visible light (not hot at all)
(ex. TV’s Remote Control)
Far infrared - is closer to the microwave region of the EM spectrum (thermal)
(ex. Sunlight, fire, or a radiator)

Infrared Radiation - can be used to remotely determine the temperature of objects

(known as thermography/pyrometry as in the case of very hot objects)

Visible Light - is the portion of EM radiation that is visible to the human eye.

Red - has the longest wavelength

Violet - has the shortest wavelength

Ultraviolet - is EM Radiation with a wavelength shorter than that of visible light, but
longer than X-rays

Ultraviolet radiation (UV) - produced by high-temperature surfaces such as the sun.

- Are used to prevent counterfeiters.
- Helpful at crime scenes.

Overexposure to UV may lead to skin cancer, melanoma and eye problems such as
photokeratitis or sunburn of the cornea.

X-rays - are high-energy waves that have great penetrating power and are used
extensively in medical applications and in inspecting welds
- X-radiation is called Rontgen radiation.

Wilhelm Conrad Rontgen - who named the X-ray.

Gamma Rays - are generated by radioactive atoms and in nuclear explosions, and are
used in many medical applications (more penetrating than X-rays)

Gamma Knife Surgery - used to treat some type of cancers.

Risks and Hazards of EM Radiation

Electromagnetic Radiation - the energy produced by nuclear reactions at the core of

the sun.

Solar Spectrum - the radiation given off from the sun.

(Electromagnetic Radiation)

EM Radiation - one of many different kinds of radiation

Radiation - can be defined as the process of emitting energy by any of these two
basic carriers :
- Particles
- Waves
(ex. sunlight)

Radiation can be classified as either Natural or Man-made.

Natural Radiation or Background radiation) (ex. cosmic rays of the sun, living
organisms are exposed to radon)
Man-made Radiation (ex. tobacco, television, medical x-rays)

Radiation - also created by changes in the state of an atom.

Radioactive materials - are composed of unstable atoms that give off their excess
energy until it becomes stable. (the energy emitted is radiation)

Radioactive Decay - happens during this spontaneous change to be more stable

(half life - the time required for half of the original population of radioactive atoms to
decay)

(Ionizing Radiation)

Ionizing radiation - damaging form of radiation, which can create electrically charged
ions in the material it strikes.

Significant Forms of Ionizing Radiation

● X-rays and gamma rays: High-energy parts of the electromagnetic spectrum

● Alpha Particles: Atomic nuclei consisting of two protons and two neutrons
● Beta Particles: Fast-moving electrons ejected from the nuclei of atoms
● Cosmic Radiation: Energetic particles arriving at Earth from outer space
● Neutrons: Produced mainly in nuclear power plants
(Measuring Radiation)
Sievert (SV) - the basic unit used to measure exposure to ionizing radiation.
- It measures the biological effect of absorbed radiation

Millisieverts (mSv) - radiation exposure.

Systeme Internationale - an older version
Rem (roentgen equivalent man) - used unit of exposure

One sievert is one hundred times larger than one rem

(Sources of Ionizing Radiation)

Ionizing Radiation - is produced in a variety of human activities.

An average person is exposed to typically 1000 Sv

Di ko na sinama yung effects of radiation on living organisms (common sense

nalang hehe)

Radiations affect humans in two ways:

- Stochastic effects - are associated with long-term, low-level exposure to radiation
- Are radiation effects in which the change of occurrence increases with the
dose. (ex. Cancer and genetic mutations)

- Nonstochastic effects - appear in cases of exposure to high levels of radiation and

become more severe as the exposure increases.
- increase their severity as the dose increases (ex. Cataracts, skin burns,
lowering of blood cell counts)

Reflection and Refraction of Light

Light - is electromagnetic radiation that has properties of waves and particles.

Echo - is a reflected sound wave.

Light Waves - also bounce off from a reflecting surface and this property is called
reflection.

TWO KINDS OF REFLECTION

● Specular Reflection - occurs when the reflective surface is very smooth such
as a mirror or a surface of calm water.
● Diffuse Reflection - is observed when light hits a rough surface resulting in the
bouncing back of light waves in a different direction.

Diffusion - dispersal of reflected light

Absorption - transfer of energy carried by the light waves to the particles of matter
Scattering - the reflection of light by the particles
The law of reflection - is strictly observed when the reflecting surface is smooth

Refraction - is the bending of light as it passes from one medium to another

Dispersion - the effect associated with the separation of light into colors by a prism.

Systeme Internationale - defines the meter as the distance light travels in a vacuum
1/2999,792,458 of a second.

Vacuum - is a space in which there is no matter

Image Formation and Ray Diagrams Involving Mirrors and Lenses

(Mirrors and Images)

Real images - occur when light rays actually intersect at the image (inverted or upside
down)
Virtual images - occur when light rays do not meet at the image (erect or right side
up)(upright)

Plane mirrors - are the common, every day, flat mirrors that we see everywhere.
- Consists of a flat, two-dimensional surface that reflects the light.

Spherical Mirrors - curved surfaces of lenses or mirrors may be of any regular shape
- Second-class mirror called a spherical mirror
- Can either be concave or convex

Concave Mirrors - able to make rays of light converge to a focus (may appear upside
down)(magnify objects that are placed close to them)
ex.
Vehicle headlights.
Shaving mirrors.
Solar furnaces.
Searchlights.
Torches.
Flashlights.
Dental Mirror.
Microscopes.

Convex Mirrors - curves outward and its reflective surface is the outside of the cut
sphere.
Ex.
Car Mirrors
Security Cameras
Passenger-side wing mirror of cars
Ceiling dome mirrors
Convex traffic safety mirrors