Test Name: PT-1 PHYSICS JEE Subjects: Physics

Marks: 40 Standard: XII Science English Maharashtra State

Board

Duration: 1 hr 30 min

SECTION A

1. Select and write the correct answer for the following multiple choice type of questions: 6

i. The magnitude of centripetal force cannot be expressed as

(A) mrω2 (B)

(C) mvω (D) mv/ω

ii. When the angular acceleration of a rotating body is zero, which physical quantity will be equal to zero?

(A) Angular momentum (B) Moment of inertia

(C) Torque (D) Radius of gyration

iii. A drop of oil is placed on the surface of water. Which of the following statements is correct?

(A) It will remain on it as a sphere. (B) It will spread as a thin layer.

(C) It will partly be as spherical droplets and partly (D) It will float as distorted drop on the water
as thin film. surface.

iv. A 10 cm long needle can just rest on the surface of water without wetting, its weight is

[surface tension of water is 0.07 N/m]

(A) 0.014 N (B) 0.14 N

(C) 1.4 N (D) 14 N

Ans: T =

∴ W = T × 2l

= 0.07 × 2 × 10 × 10-2

= 0.014 N

v. What is Molecular range of molecule?

(A) It is the maximum distance travelled. (B) It is the maximum distance upto which the
adhesive force is effective.

(C) It is the maximum distance upto which the (D) It is the distance of separation between two
cohesive force is effective. molecules.
 vi. A shell having a hole of radius ‘r’ is dipped in water. It holds the water upto a depth of ‘h’, then the value of r is

(A) (B)

(C) (D)

2. Answer the following questions: 6

i. State an expression for moment of inertia of a thin uniform disc about its diameter.

Expression of M.I of uniform disc about its diameter:

a. Let, IX = M.I of disc about diameter XX′,

IY = M.I of disc about YY′⊥ar to XX′

IZ = M.I of disc about ZZ′⊥ ar to plane

b. Since the disc is symmetrical about any of its diameter,
∴ IX = IY = Id
where Id is M.I of disc about any of its diameter.
c. Applying perpendicular axis theorem,
IZ = IX + IY ....[ IZ = I]
∴ I = Id + Id = 2 Id

∴ Id = = × MR2
∴ Id =

ii. Define intermolecular force.

The force acting between any two molecules of a substance is called intermolecular force.

iii. Why does mercury not wet a glass container in which it’s kept?

The cohesive forces within the mercury drops are stronger than the adhesive forces between the drops and
glass. Hence, mercury does not wet the glass container in which it is kept.

iv. An automobile engine develops 62.84kW while rotating at a speed of 1200 rpm. What torque does it deliver?

τ=

v. Calculate the moment of inertia of a uniform disc of mass 10 kg and radius 60 cm about an axis
perpendicular to its length and passing through its centre.

M.I. of uniform disc about an axis perpendicular to its length and passing through its centre,
I = MR2 = × 10 × (0.6)2 = 5 × 0.36 = 1.8 kg m2

vi. As a civil engineer, you are given contract to construct a curved road in a ghat. In order to obtain the banking
angle θ, you need to decide the speed limit. How will you decide the values of speed v and radius r?

For a certain value of ‘r’, the value of safe speed on a curved road in a ghat with banking angle θ will be, vs =

SECTION B
Attempt any FOUR questions of the following: 8

3. Distinguish between streamline flow and turbulent flow. (Any two points)

Streamline flow Turbulent flow

The smooth flow of a fluid, with velocity

The irregular and unsteady flow of a fluid
smaller than certain critical velocity (limiting
i. when its velocity increases beyond critical
value of velocity) is called streamline flow
velocity is called turbulent flow.
or laminar flow of a fluid

In a streamline flow, velocity of a fluid at a In a turbulent flow, the velocity of a fluid at any
ii.
given point is always constant. point does not remain constant.

Two streamlines can never intersect, i.e., In a turbulent flow, at some points, the fluid
iii. they are always parallel and hence can may have rotational motion which gives rise
never form eddies. to eddies.

Streamline flow over a plane surface can

be assumed to be divided into a number of
plane layers. In a flow of liquid through a A flow tube loses its order and particles move
iv.
pipe of uniform cross sectional area, all the in random direction.
streamlines will be parallel to the axis of
the tube.
[Any two differences]

4. What is capillarity? Give any two applications of capillarity.

Capillary action or capillarity:

The phenomenon of rise or fall of liquid level inside a capillary tube when it is dipped in the liquid is called
capillary action or capillarity.
Applications of capillarity:
i. Oil rises up the wick of a lamp.
ii. Cloth rag sucks water.
iii. Water rises up the crevices in rocks.
iv. Sap and water rise up to the top most leaves in a tree.
v. Blotting paper absorbs ink. [Any two applications]

5. Why two or more mercury drops form a single drop when brought in contact with each other?

i. When a number of droplets coalesce and form a drop, total surface area is reduced. Also, energy is released to
the surrounding.
ii. As a result, the surface energy of a single drop formed is less than the total surface energy of the small drops.
iii. Since every system tries to attain a state of minimum energy, the drops of mercury when brought in contact
with each other form a single drop.

6. Find the difference of pressure between inside and outside of a spherical water drop of radius 2 mm, if
surface tension of water is 73 × 10–3 N/m.

The difference of pressure between inside and outside of a spherical water drop is 73 N/m2.

7. Why does the speed of a liquid increase and its pressure decrease when a liquid passes through
constriction in a horizontal pipe?

i. As per equation of continuity, when the liquid flows through a constriction, the area of cross-section of the liquid
decreases, therefore the velocity of the liquid increases.
ii. According to Bernoulli’s theorem, the sum of pressure energy, potential energy and kinetic energy per unit
mass is constant at all cross-section in the stream line flow of an ideal liquid.
 ∴ P + ρgh + = constant
iii. If the liquid is flowing through a horizontal tube, the two ends of the tube are at the same level.
iv. Therefore, there is no gravitational head (level difference) i.e., h = 0
∴ P+ = constant ….(1)
v. This shows that since the velocity of liquid increases, its pressure decreases when passing through a
constriction in a horizontal pipe.

8. If the radius of solid sphere is doubled by keeping its mass constant, compare the moment of inertia about
any diameter.

The ratio of moment of inertia of the solid sphere about any diameter is 1 : 4.

9. Write short note on moment of inertia of a ring.

i. An object is called a uniform ring if its mass is (practically) situated uniformly on the circumference of a circle.
ii. It is a two dimensional object of negligible thickness.

iii. If it is rotating about its own axis (line perpendicular to its plane and passing through its centre), its entire
mass M is practically at a distance equal to its radius R from the axis.
iv. Hence, the expression for the moment of inertia of a uniform ring of mass M and radius R is I = MR2.

SECTION C

Attempt any FOUR questions of the following: 12

10. Discuss the interlink between translational, rotational and total kinetic energies of a rigid object that rolls
without slipping.

i. In the case of pure rolling, two motions are undertaking simultaneously; circular motion and linear motion.
ii. Individual motion of the particles (except the one at the centre of mass) is too difficult to describe.
iii. However, for theory considerations we can consider the actual motion to be the result of (i) circular motion of
the body as a whole, about its own symmetric axis and (ii) linear motion of the body assuming it to be
concentrated at its centre of mass. In other words, the centre of mass performs purely translational motion.
iv. Accordingly, the object possesses two types of kinetic energies: rotational and translational K.E.
v. Sum of rotational K.E. and translational K.E. is its total kinetic energy.
vi. Consider an object of moment of inertia I, rolling uniformly.
Let,
v = Linear speed of the centre of mass
R = Radius of the body
ω = Angular speed of rotation of the body
M = Mass of the body
K = Radius of gyration of the body
Total kinetic energy of rolling = Translational K.E. + Rotational K.E.
∴ E = Mv2 + Iω2
= Mv2 + (MK2) ….(∵ω = , I = MK2)
= Mv2
This is an expression for kinetic energy during rolling motion.

11. A. State the following term:

Pendulum

A tiny mass (assumed to be a point object and called a bob) connected to a long, flexible, massless, inextensible
string, and suspended to a rigid support is called a pendulum.

B. Obtain an expression for conservation of mass starting from the equation of continuity.
 i. According to equation of continuity,
Av = constant (say C)
But, v =
∴ A =C
ii. Also, A.dx = dV
where, dV is the change in volume of the liquid while passing through the two areas, distance dx away from each
other.
iii. Thus, the equation of continuity can be written as, =C

iv. The mass of the fluid passing through the distance dx,
dm = ρ dV
For a incompressible fluid, ρ is constant.
∴ The mass flux,
=ρ =C ....(1)
This implies that, the mass of the fluid passing through two areas A1 and A2 remains constant i.e., the mass is
conserved.
v. Equation (1) represents the expression for the law of conservation of mass for fluids.

12. Draw a diagram to represent conical pendulum in a non-inertial frame of reference and state the equation of
centrifugal force on the bob.

In the frame of reference attached to the bob, the centrifugal force should balance the resultant of all the real
forces (centripetal force) for the bob to be at rest.
Equation for centrifugal force:
∴ T0 sinθ = mrω2 ….(in magnitude)

13. Obtain an expression for the rise and fall of liquid in a capillary tube using pressure difference.

i. The pressure due to the liquid (water) column of height h must be equal to the pressure difference 2T/R due to
the concavity.
∴ hρg = …(1)
where, ρ = the density of the liquid
g = acceleration due to gravity.
ii. Let r be the radius of the capillary tube and θ be the angle of contact of the liquid as shown in figure.

iii. Radius of curvature R of the meniscus is given by, R =

∴ hρg =
∴ h= …(2)
iv. This is the required expression for capillary rise (or fall) for a liquid. Narrower the tube, the greater is the
height to which the liquid rises (or falls).
v. If the capillary tube is held vertical in a liquid that has a convex meniscus, then the angle of contact θ is obtuse.
Therefore, cos θ is negative and so is h. This means that the liquid will suffer capillary fall or depression.
14. A capillary tube of radius 5 × 10–4 m is immersed in a beaker filled with mercury. The mercury level inside
the tube is found to be 8 × 10–3 m below the level of reservoir. Determine the angle of contact between
mercury and glass. Surface tension of mercury is 0.465 N/m and its density is 13.6 × 103 kg/m3. (g = 9.8
m/s2)

The angle of contact between mercury and glass is nearly 124°58′.

15. Derive an expression of excess pressure inside a liquid drop.

Expression for excess pressure inside a drop:

i. Free surface of drops or bubbles are spherical in shape.

Let,
Pi = inside pressure of a drop or air bubble
Po = outside pressure of bubble
r = radius of drop or bubble.
ii. As drop is spherical, Pi > Po
∴ excess pressure inside drop = Pi – Po
iii. Let the radius of drop increases from r to r + Δr so that inside pressure remains constant.
iv. Initial area of drop A1 = 4πr2,

Final surface area of drop A2 = 4π (r + Δr)2

Increase in surface area,
ΔA = A2 – A1 = 4π[(r + Δr)2 – r2]

= 4π[r2 + 2rΔr + Δr2 – r2]

= 8πrΔr + 4πΔr2
v. As Δr is very small, the term containing Δr2 can be neglected.
∴ dA = 8πrΔr
vi. Work done by force of surface tension,
dW = TdA = (8πrΔr)T ….(1)
This work done is also equal to the product of the force F which causes increase in the area of the bubble and
the displacement Δr which is the increase in the radius of the bubble.
∴ dW = FΔr
The excess force is given by,
(Excess pressure) × (Surface area)
∴ F = (Pi – Po) × 4πr2
∴ dF = (Pi – Po)A
dW = FΔr = (Pi – Po) AΔr
From equation (1),
(Pi – Po) AΔr = (8πrΔr) T

∴ Pi – Po = ....(∵ A = 4πr2)
∴ Pi – Po = ….(2)
Equation (2) represents excess pressure inside a drop or air bubble. It is also called Laplace’s law of spherical
membrane.
vii. In case of soap bubble, there are two free surfaces in contact with air.
∴ For a bubble,
Total increase in the surface area of a soap bubble, while increasing its radius by Δr, is 2(8πrΔr)
The work done by this excess pressure is
dW = (Pi – Po) 4πr2Δr = T(16πrΔr)
∴ Excess pressure, Pi – Po =
 SECTION D

Attempt any TWO questions of the following: 8

16. A vehicle moving on a banked curved road has most safe speed limit vs. Obtain an expression for lower
(minimum) safe speed and upper (maximum) safe speed for a vehicle to move on the banked road without
skidding.

i. If the vehicle is running exactly at the speed vs = , the forces acting on the vehicle are
a. weight mg acting vertically downwards
b. normal reaction N acting perpendicular to the road.
ii. But in practice, vehicles never travel exactly with this speed.
iii. Hence, for speeds other than this, the component of force of static friction between road and the tyres helps
us, up to a certain limit.
iv. For lower (minimum) safe speed (v1 < ):
a. The component N sinθ is greater than the centrifugal force .
∴ < N sinθ

b. In this case, the direction of force of static friction (fs) between road and the tyres is directed along the
inclination of the road, upwards. Its horizontal component (fscos θ) is parallel and opposite to Nsin θ.
c. These two forces take care of the necessary centripetal force (or balance the centrifugal force).
∴ = N sinθ – fs cosθ ….(1)
d. The vertical components Ncosθ and fs sinθ is balanced by weight mg,
∴ mg = N cos θ + fs sin θ ….(2)
e. For minimum possible speed, fs is maximum and equal to μsN.
Dividing equation (1) by equation (2),

∴ ….(∵ fs = µsN)
Dividing above equation by ‘N cosθ’
∴

(v1)min = vmin =

f. For ­μs ≥ tanθ, vmin = 0. This is true for most of the rough roads, banked at smaller angles.

v. For upper (maximum) safe speed (v2 > ):

a. The component N sinθ is less than the centrifugal force .

∴ > N sinθ

b. In this case, the direction of force of static friction (fs) between road and the tyres is directed along the
inclination of the road, downwards.
 c. The horizontal component (fs cos θ) is parallel to Nsinθ.
These two forces take care of the necessary centripetal force (or balance the centrifugal force).
∴ = N sinθ + fs cosθ …(3)
d. The vertical component, N cosθ balances the component fs sin θ and weight ‘mg’.
∴ N cos θ = fs sinθ + mg
∴ mg = N cos θ– fs sin θ ….(4)
e. For maximum possible speed, fs is maximum and equal to μsN .
Dividing equation (3) by equation (4),

∴ ….(∵ fs = μsN)
Dividing above equation by ‘N cosθ’
∴

(v2)max = vmax =

f. If μs = cotθ, vmax = ∞. But (μs)max = 1.Thus, for θ ≥ 45°, vmax = ∞. However, for heavily banked road,
minimum limit may be important.

17. A. What will be the normal atmospheric pressure in bar and also in torr?

Normal atmospheric pressure = 1.013 bar and 759.93 torr

B. A fan is rotating at 90 r.p.m. It is then switched OFF. It stops after 21 revolutions. Calculate the time taken by
it to stop assuming that the frictional torque is constant.

Time taken by fan to stop is 28 s.

18. A. State an expression for (i) most safe speed and (ii) banking angle for a vehicle moving on a curved banked
road.

For a particular road, when r and θ are fixed, then

i. Most safe speed, vs =

ii. Banking angle, θ = tan–1

B. A ceiling fan having moment of inertia 2 kg-m2 attains its maximum frequency of 60 rpm in ‘2π’ seconds
starting from rest. Calculate its power rating.

The power rating of ceiling fan is 12.57 W.

19. Explain the construction and working of an open tube manometer.

Open tube manometer:

i. An open tube manometer is a simple device to measure the pressure difference.
ii. It consists of a U-tube partly filled with a low density liquid (water or kerosene) which helps in maintaining a
larger level difference between the level of liquid of the two arm of the manometer.
iii. One arm of the tube is open to the atmosphere and other arm is connected to the container D i.e. system
whose pressure is to be measured.

iv. Consider a point R on the surface of the liquid open to the atmosphere; the pressure is equal to atmospheric
pressure P0. Consider a point T which is exposed to the pressure of the gas in the container and another point S
in the open arm of the manometer which is at the same level as point T.
v. The pressure at point S is given as,
PS = P0 + hρg .…(1)
Where, ρ = density of liquid,
h = height of the liquid column above point S.
vi. Since the points S and T are at the same level, the pressure at both the points is the same.
PS = PT ….(2)
vii. According to Pascal’s law, if the effect of gravitation is neglected, the pressure at every point in an
incompressible liquid in equilibrium is the same i.e., pressure at point T is equal to pressure at point D. Therefore,
the pressure P in the container is,
P = PT .…(3)
viii. Comparing equations (1) and (2) with (3), we get,
P = P0 + hρg
ix. Manometer measures the gauge pressure of the gas in the container D which is given as, P – P0 = hρg.