CHAPTER 3 – CARL JUNG: ANALYTICAL PSYCHOLOGY
BIOGRAPHY OF CARL JUNG
➢ Carl Gustav Jung was born on July 26, 1875, in
Kesswil, a town on Lake Constance
Switzerland.
➢ He saw his mother as having two separate
dispositions.
➢ During his school years, Jung gradually became
aware of two separate aspects of his self, and
he called these his No. 1 and No. 2
personalities
➢ In Jung’s own theory of attitudes, his No. 1
personality was extraverted and in tune to the
objective world, whereas his No. 2
personality was introverted and directed inward
toward his subjective world.
➢ In 1903, he married Emma
Rauschenbach.
➢ Two years later, while continuing his duties at
the hospital, he began teaching at the
University of Zürich and seeing patients in his
private practice.
➢ Jung had read Freud’s Interpretation of Dreams
(Freud, 1900/1953)
➢ The following year, Freud invited Carl and
Emma Jung to Vienna
➢ Freud believed that Jung was the ideal person
to be his successor.
➢ Freud selected Jung as the first president of the
International
Psychoanalytic Association.
LEVELS OF PSYCHE 1.
Conscious
▪ Conscious images are those that are
sensed by the ego, whereas unconscious
elements have no relationship with the ego.
▪ Jung saw the ego as the center of
consciousness, but not the core of
personality
▪ Ego is not the whole personality, but must
be completed by the more comprehensive
self, the center of personality that is largely
unconscious.
▪ Healthy individuals are in contact with their
conscious world, but they also allow
themselves to experience their unconscious
self and thus to achieve individuation.
2. Personal Conscious
▪ Embraces all repressed, forgotten, or
subliminally perceived experiences of one
particular individual.
▪ It contains repressed infantile memories
and impulses, forgotten events, and
experiences originally perceived below the
in
threshold of our consciousness.
▪ Our personal unconscious is formed by our
individual experiences and is therefore
unique to each of us.
▪ Contents of the personal unconscious are
called complexes. A complex is an
Emotionally toned conglomeration of
associated ideas.
▪ Complexes are largely personal, but they
may also be partly derived from humanity’s
collective experience.
3. Collective Unconscious
▪ Has roots in the ancestral past of the entire
species.
▪ The Physical contents of the collective
unconscious are inherited and pass from
one generation to the next as psychic
potential.
▪ The collective unconscious is responsible
for people’s many myths, legends, and
religious beliefs.
▪ The collective unconscious does not refer to
inherited ideas but rather to humans’ innate
tendency to react in a particular way
whenever their experiences stimulate a
biologically inherited response tendency.
Archetypes
▪ Archetypes are ancient or archaic images that
derive from the collective unconscious.
▪ Archetypes should also be distinguished from
instincts.
▪ Jung defined an instinct as an unconscious
physical impulse toward action and saw the
archetype as the psychic counterpart to an
instinct.
▪ Archetypes have a biological basis but
originate through the repeated experiences of
humans’ early ancestors.
▪ Although a great number of archetypes exist
as vague images, only a few have evolved to
the point where they can be conceptualized.
▪ The most notable of these include the
persona, shadow, anima, animus, great
mother, wise old man, hero, and self.
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CHAPTER 3 – CARL JUNG: ANALYTICAL PSYCHOLOGY

5. Great mother
▪ Everyone, man or woman, possesses a
 Archetypes great mother archetype. ▪ The great mother,
1. Persona therefore, represents two opposing forces—
fertility and nourishment on the one hand
▪ The side of personality that people show to
and power and destruction on the other.
the world is designated as the persona.
▪ Because the great mother also represents
▪ Each of us, Jung believed, should project a
power and destruction, she is sometimes
particular role, one that society dictates to
symbolized as a godmother, the mother of
each of us.
God, Mother Nature, Mother Earth, a
▪ Although the persona is a necessary side of stepmother, or a witch.
our personality, we should not confuse our
public face with our complete self.
6. Wise old man
▪ If we identify too closely with our persona,
▪ Archetype of wisdom and meaning,
we remain unconscious of our individuality
symbolizes humans’ pre-existing knowledge
and are blocked from attaining self-
of the mysteries of life.
realization.
▪ This archetypal meaning, however, is
unconscious and cannot be directly
2. Shadow
experienced by a single individual.
▪ The archetype of darkness and repression,
▪ A man or woman dominated by the wise old
represents those qualities we do not wish to
man archetype may gather a large following
acknowledge but attempt to hide from
of disciples by using verbiage that sounds
ourselves and others.
profound but that really makes little sense
▪ The shadow consists of morally
because the collective unconscious cannot
objectionable tendencies as well as a directly impart its wisdom to an individual.
number of constructive and creative
▪ The wise old man archetype is personified
qualities that we, nevertheless, are reluctant
in dreams as father, grandfather, teacher,
to face.
philosopher, guru, doctor, or priest.

3. Anima
▪ The feminine side of men originates in the
collective unconscious as an archetype and
remains extremely resistant to
consciousness.
▪ Few men become well acquainted with their
anima because this task requires great
courage and is even more difficult than
becoming acquainted with their shadow.
▪ Jung believed that the anima originated
from early men’s experiences with women
—mothers, sisters, and lovers—that
combined to form a generalized picture of a
woman.
4. Animus
▪ The masculine archetype in women is called the
animus.
▪ The animus is symbolic of thinking and
reasoning.
▪ It belongs to the collective unconscious and
originates from the encounters of prehistoric
women with men.
▪ Jung believed that the animus is responsible for
thinking and opinion in women just as the anima
produces feelings and moods in men.
7. Hero
▪ The hero archetype is represented in
mythology and legends as a powerful
person, sometimes part god, who fights
against great odds to conquer or vanquish
evil in the form of dragons, monsters,
serpents, or demons.
▪ The Image of the hero touches an
archetype within us, as demonstrated by
our fascination with the heroes of movies,
novels, plays, and television programs.
8. Self
▪ Jung believed that each person possesses
an inherited tendency to move toward
growth, perfection, and completion, and he
called this innate disposition the self.
▪ The most comprehensive of all archetypes,
the self is the archetype of archetypes
because it pulls together the other
archetypes and unites them in the process
of self-realization
▪ As an archetype, the self is symbolized by a
person’s ideas of perfection, completion,
and wholeness, but its ultimate symbol is
the mandala, which is depicted as a circle

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CHAPTER 3 – CARL JUNG: ANALYTICAL PSYCHOLOGY
within a square, a square within a circle, or
any other concentric figure.
DYNAMICS OF PERSONALITY
Causality and Teleology
▪ Causality holds that present events have
their origin in previous experiences.
▪ Jung citified Freud for being one-sided in
his emphasis on causality and insisted
that a causal view could not explain all
motivation.
▪ Teleology holds that present events are
motivated by goals and aspirations for the
future that direct a person’s destiny.
▪ Jung was less critical of Adler than of Freud,
but he insisted that human behavior is
shaped by both causal and teleological
forces and that causal explanations must be
balanced with teleological ones.
Progression and Regression
▪ Adaptation to the outside world involves the
forward flow of psychic energy and is called
progression, whereas adaptation to the inner
world relies on a backward flow of psychic
energy and is called regression.
▪ Both progression and regression are essential if
people are to achieve individual growth or self-
realization.
▪ Progression inclines a person to react
consistently to a given set
of environmental conditions,
whereas regression is a necessary backward
step in the successful attainment of a goal.
▪ Regression activates the unconscious psyche,
an essential aid in the solution of most
problems.
PSYCHOLOGICAL TYPES
Attitudes
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▪ Jung defined an attitude as a predisposition to
act or react in a characteristic direction.
▪ He insisted that each person has both an
introverted and an extraverted attitude,
although one may be conscious while the other
is unconscious.
Introversion
▪ According to Jung, introversion is the turning
inward of psychic energy with an orientation
toward the subjective.
▪ Introverts are tuned in to their inner world with
all its biases, fantasies, dreams, and
individualized perceptions.
▪ These people perceive the external world, of
course, but they do so selectively and with their
own subjective view.
Extraversion
▪ Extraversion is the attitude distinguished by the
turning outward of psychic energy so that a
person is oriented toward the objective and
away from the subjective.
▪ Extraverts are more influenced by their
surroundings than by their inner world. They
tend to focus on the objective attitude while
suppressing the subjective.
▪ People are neither completely introverted nor
completely extraverted.
Functions
▪ Both introversion and extraversion can combine
with any one or more of four functions, forming
eight possible orientations, or types.
▪ The four functions—sensing, thinking, feeling,
and intuiting—can be briefly defined as follows:
Sensing tells people that something exists;
thinking enables them to recognize its meaning;
feeling tells them its value or worth; and
intuition allows them to know about it without
knowing how they know
CHAPTER 3 – CARL JUNG: ANALYTICAL PSYCHOLOGY

are guided by their interpretation of sense

stimuli rather than the stimuli themselves. When
the subjective sensing attitude is carried to its
Thinking extreme, however, it may result in hallucinations
or esoteric and incomprehensible speech.
▪ Logical intellectual activity that produces a chain of
ideas is called thinking. Intuiting

▪ The thinking type can be either extraverted or
introverted, depending on a person’s basic
attitude.
▪ Extraverted thinking people rely heavily on
concrete thoughts, but they may also use
abstract ideas if these ideas have been
transmitted to them from without.
▪ Introverted thinking people react to external
stimuli, but their interpretation of an event is
colored more by the internal meaning they bring
with them than by the objective facts
themselves.
Feeling
▪ Jung used the term feeling to describe the process
of evaluating an idea or event.
▪ Extraverted feeling people use objective data to
make evaluations. They are not guided so
much by their subjective opinion, but by
external values and widely accepted standards
of judgment.
▪ Introverted feeling people base their value
judgments primarily on subjective perceptions
rather than objective facts. These people have
an individualized conscience, a taciturn
demeanor, and an unfathomable psyche. They
ignore traditional opinions and beliefs, and their
nearly complete indifference to the objective
world (including people) often causes persons
around them to feel uncomfortable and to cool
their attitude toward them.
 Intuition involves perception beyond the
workings of consciousness.
 Intuiting differs from sensing in that it is more
creative, often adding or subtracting elements
from conscious sensation.
 Extraverted intuitive people are oriented toward
facts in the external world. Rather than fully
sensing them, however, they merely perceive
them subliminally.
 Introverted intuitive people are guided by
unconscious perception of facts that are
basically subjective and have little or no
resemblance to external reality. Their subjective
intuitive perceptions are often remarkably
strong and capable of motivating decisions of
monumental magnitude.
 The four functions usually appear in a hierarchy,
with one occupying a superior position, another
a secondary position, and the other two inferior
positions.
 Most people cultivate only one function, so they
characteristically approach a situation relying on
the one dominant or superior function. Some
people develop two functions, and a few very
mature individuals have cultivated three

Sensing

 The function that receives physical stimuli and DEVELOPMENT OF PERSONALITY

transmits them to perceptual consciousness is
called sensation. Stages of Development
 Sensing is not identical to the physical stimulus
 Jung believed that personality develops
but is simply the individual’s perception of
through a series of stages that culminate in
sensory impulses.
individuation, or self-realization.
 Extraverted sensing people perceive external
 Jung grouped the stages of life into four
stimuli objectively, in much the same way that
general periods—childhood, youth,
these stimuli exist in reality. Their sensations
middle life, and old age.
are not greatly influenced by their subjective
 He compared the trip through life to the
attitudes.
journey of the sun through the sky, with the
 Introverted sensing people are largely
brightness of the sun representing
influenced by their subjective sensations of
consciousness.
sight, sound, taste, touch, and so forth. They

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CHAPTER 3 – CARL JUNG: ANALYTICAL PSYCHOLOGY
 The early morning sun is childhood, full of
potential, but still lacking in brilliance
(consciousness); The morning sun is youth,
climbing toward the zenith, but unaware of
the impending decline; the early afternoon
sun is middle life, brilliant like the late
morning sun, but obviously headed for the
sunset; the evening sun is old age, its once
bright consciousness now markedly
dimmed (see Figure 4.4).
1. Childhood
▪ Jung divided childhood into three substages:
(1) the anarchic,
(2) the monarchic, and
(3) the dualistic.
 The anarchic phase is characterized by chaotic and
sporadic consciousness. “Islands of consciousness”
may exist, but there is little or no connection among
these islands. Experiences of the anarchic phase
sometimes enter consciousness as primitive images,
incapable of being accurately verbalized.
 The monarchic phase of childhood is
characterized by the development of the ego
and by the beginning of logical and verbal
thinking. During this time children see
themselves objectively and often refer to
themselves in the third person. The islands of
consciousness become larger, more numerous,
and inhabited by a primitive ego. Although the
ego is perceived as an object, it is not yet aware
of itself as perceiver.
 The ego as perceiver arises during the dualistic
phase of childhood when the ego is divided into
the objective and subjective. Children now refer
to themselves in the first person and are aware
of their existence as separate individuals.
During the dualistic period, the islands of
consciousness become continuous land,
inhabited by an ego- complex that recognizes
itself as both object and subject.
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2. Youth
 The period from puberty until middle life is
called youth.
 Young people strive to gain psychic and
physical independence from their parents,
find a mate, raise a family, and make a
place in the world.
 According to Jung (1931/1960a), youth is,
or should be, a period of increased activity,
maturing sexuality, growing consciousness,
and recognition that the problem-free era of
childhood is gone forever.
 The major difficulty facing youth is to
overcome the natural tendency (found also
in middle and later years) to cling to the
narrow consciousness of childhood, thus
avoiding problems pertinent to the present
time of life. This desire to live in the past is
called the conservative principle.
3. Middle Life
 Jung believed that middle life begins at
approximately age 35 or 40, by which time
the sun has passed its zenith and begins its
downward descent.
 If middle-aged people retain the social and
moral values of their early life, they become
rigid and fanatical in trying to hold on to
their physical attractiveness and agility.
4. Old Age
 As the evening of life approaches, people
experience a diminution of consciousness
just as the light and warmth of the sun
diminish at dusk.
 If people fear life during the early years,
then they will almost certainly fear death
during the later ones.
 Fear of death is often taken as normal, but
Jung believed that death is the goal of life
and that life can be fulfilling only when
death is seen in this light.
Self-Realization
 Psychological rebirth, also called self-
realization or individuation, is the process of
becoming an individual or whole person.
 This process of “coming to selfhood” means
that a person has all psychological
components functioning in unity, with no
psychic process atrophying.
 People who have gone through this process
have achieved realization of the self, minimized
their persona, recognized their anima or animus,
and acquired a workable balance between
introversion and extraversion.
CHAPTER 3 – CARL JUNG: ANALYTICAL PSYCHOLOGY
 Self-realization is extremely rare and is
achieved only by people who are able to
assimilate their unconscious into their total
personality.
 The self-realized person must allow the
unconscious self to become the core of
personality. To merely expand
consciousness is to inflate the ego and to
produce a one-sided person who lacks the
soul spark of personality.
 The self-realized person is dominated
neither by unconscious processes nor by
the conscious ego but achieves a balance
between all aspects of personality.
 Self-realized people are able to contend
with both their external and their internal
worlds.
JUNG’S METHODS OF INVESTIGATION
 Jung gathered data for his theories from
extensive reading in many disciplines, but
he also gathered data from his use of the
word association test, dream analysis,
active imagination, and psychotherapy. This
information was then combined with
readings on medieval alchemy, occult
phenomena, or any other subject in an
effort to confirm the hypotheses of
analytical psychology.
Word Association Test
 The basic purpose of the test in Jungian
psychology today is to uncover feeling-
toned complexes.
 The word association test is based on the
principle that complexes create measurable
emotional responses.
Dream Analysis
 Jung (1964) believed that people used
symbols to represent a variety of concepts
—not merely sexual ones—to try to
comprehend the “innumerable things
beyond the range of human understanding”.
 Dreams are our unconscious and
spontaneous attempt to know the
unknowable, to comprehend a reality that
can only be expressed symbolically.
 The purpose of Jungian dream
interpretation is to uncover elements from
the personal and collective unconscious
and to integrate them into consciousness in
order to facilitate the process of self-
realization.
6
Active Imagination
 This method requires a person to begin with
any impression—a dream image, vision,
picture, or fantasy—and to concentrate until
the impression begins to “move.” The
person must follow these images to
wherever they lead and then courageously
face these autonomous images and freely
communicate with them.
 The purpose of active Imagination is to
reveal archetypal images emerging from the
unconscious. It can be a useful technique
for people who want to become better
acquainted with their collective and
personal unconscious and who are willing
to overcome the resistance that ordinarily
blocks open communication with the
unconscious.
Psychotherapy
 Jung (1931/1954b) identified four basic
approaches to therapy, representing four
developmental stages in the history of
psychotherapy.
 The first is confession of a pathogenic
secret. This is the cathartic method
practiced by Josef Breuer and his patient
Anna O. For patients who merely have a
need to share their secrets, catharsis is
effective.
 The second stage involves interpretation,
explanation, and elucidation. This
approach, used by Freud, Gives the
patients insight into the causes of their
neuroses, but may still leave them
incapable of solving social problems.
 The third stage, therefore, is the approach
adopted by Adler and includes the
education of patients as social beings.
 Jung suggested a fourth stage,
transformation. By transformation, he meant
that the therapist must first be transformed
into a healthy human being, preferably by
undergoing psychotherapy.
 Only after transformation and an
established philosophy of life is the
therapist able to help patients move toward
individuation, wholeness, or self-realization.
 The ultimate purpose of Jungian therapy is
to help neurotic patients become healthy
and to encourage healthy people to work
independently toward self-realization.
CHAPTER 3 – CARL JUNG: ANALYTICAL PSYCHOLOGY
 Jung also recognized the process of
countertransference, a term used to
describe a therapist’s feelings toward the
patient. Like transference,
countertransference can be either a help or
a hindrance to treatment, depending on
whether it leads to a better relationship
between doctor and patient, something that
Jung felt was indispensable to successful
psychotherapy.
Related Research
 Jung’s approach to personality was very
influential in the early development of
personality psychology. Today, most
research related to Jung focuses on his
descriptions of personality types.
 The Myers-Briggs Type Indicator (MBTI;
Myers, 1962) is the most frequently used
measure of Jung’s personality types and is
often used by school counselors to direct
students toward rewarding avenues of
study.
 More recently, researchers have extended
work on the usefulness of Jungian
personality types by exploring the role of
types in how people manage their personal
finances and the kinds of careers they
pursue.
1. Personality Type and Investing Money
2. Personality Type and Interest in and Attrition
from Engineering
Critique of Jung
 Analytical psychology, like any theory, must
be evaluated against the six criteria of a
useful theory.
 First, a useful theory must generate
testable hypotheses and descriptive
research, and second, it must have the
capacity for either verification
falsification. Unfortunately, Jung’s
theory, like Freud’s, is nearly impossible to
either verify or falsify. The collective
unconscious, the core of Jung’s theory,
remains a difficult concept to test
empirically.
 On the other hand, that part of Jung’s
theory concerned with classification and
typology, that is, the functions and attitudes,
can be studied and tested and have
generated a moderate amount of research.
Because the Myers-Briggs Type Indicator
has yielded a great number
investigations, we give Jung’s theory a
moderate rating on its ability to generate
research.
 Third, a useful theory should organize
observations into a meaningful framework.
Analytical psychology is
unique because it adds a new dimension to
personality theory, namely, the collective
unconscious. Those aspects of human
personality dealing with the occult, the
mysterious, and the parapsychological are
not touched on by most other personality
theories.
 Jung is the only modern personality theorist
to make a serious attempt to include such a
broad scope of human activity within a
single theoretical framework.
 A fourth criterion of a useful theory is
its practicality. The theory of psychological
types or attitudes and the MBTI are used by
many clinicians, but the usefulness of most
analytical psychology is limited to those
therapists who subscribe to basic Jungian
tenets. The concept of a collective
unconscious does not easily lend itself to
empirical research, but it may have some
usefulness in helping people understand
cultural myths and adjust to life’s traumas.
Overall, however, we can give Jung’s theory
only a low rating in practicality.
 Is Jung’s theory of personality internally
consistent? Does it possess a set of
operationally defined terms? His theory
as low on internal consistency.
 The final criterion of a useful theory is
parsimony. Jung’s psychology is not
simple, but neither is human personality.
Concept of Humanity
 Jung saw humans as complex beings with
many opposing poles. His view of humanity
was neither pessimistic nor optimistic,
or neither deterministic nor purposive. To him,
people are motivated partly by conscious
thoughts, partly by images from their
personal unconscious, and partly by latent
memory traces inherited from their
ancestral past. Their
of
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CHAPTER 3 – CARL JUNG: ANALYTICAL PSYCHOLOGY