Bahan Ajar Public Speaking - Published 2023

PUBLIC SPEAKING
Penyusun:
Purwanti Taman
Dwi Rahayu
Tutik Ratna Ningtyas
Jl. Surya Kencana No. 1 Pamulang

Gd. A, Ruang 212 Universitas Pamulang
Tangerang Selatan – Banten
Perencanaan Pendidikan Islam 2

IDENTITAS PENULIS
PUBLIC SPEAKING
Penulis:
Purwanti Taman, Dwi Rahayu, Tutik Ratna Ningtyas
ISBN:
978-623-5437-94-1
Editor:
Prihatin Puji Astuti
Desain sampul:
Aden
Tata Letak:
Ramdani Putra
Penerbit:
Unpam Press
Redaksi:
Jl. Surya Kecana No. 1, Ruang 212 Gedung A
Pamulang – Tangerang Selatan
Telp. 021-7412566, Fax. 021 74709855
Email: unpampress@unpam.ac.id
Website: https://unpampress.unpam.ac.id/
Anggota IKAPI
Cetakan pertama, 8 September 2023
BA328-08092023-01
Hak cipta dilindungi undang-undang.

Dilarang memperbanyak karya tulis ini dalam bentuk dan
dengan cara apapun tanpa ijin penerbit.

KATA PENGANTAR
All praise and gratitude to Allah SWT who has bestowed

His mercy and grace so that the authors can complete the
textbook entitled PUBLIC SPEAKING. This book is prepared to
increase student literacy about Public Speaking.
The structure of this book consists of learning objectives,

material descriptions, practice questions, and references.
Learning objectives are used to determine the direction or
purpose of studying certain material. Material descriptions are
used to provide information/knowledge to students. The
description of the material includes introduction to public
speaking. foundation of effective communication, analyzing
your audience and knowing your purpose, initial plan of speech,
planning the content of speech, foundation of physical skills,
effective visual for presentation, explaining visuals, perfecting
language style, do’s and taboos in public speaking, advances
skills, captivating and flourishing your audiences, performing
informative speech, performing a persuasive speech, and
performing ceremonial speech. The comprehension test section
is used to test students' abilities to the material that has been
obtained.
The authors are aware that there are still shortcomings in

this book, both in content and writing. Therefore, constructive
critics and suggestions from all parties are highly expected for
the perfection of this edition.

Pamulang, 8 September 2023
Penyusun

DAFTAR ISI
PUBLIC SPEAKING..................................................................... i
PUBLIC SPEAKING.....................................................................ii
PRCEEFA.................................................................................... iii
TABLE OF FIGURE ................................................................... iv
LIST OF TABLES........................................................................ v
CHAPTER I ................................................................................. 1
INTRODUCTION TO PUBLIC SPEAKING................................. 1
A. LEARNING OBJECTIVES ................................................... 1
B. MATERIAL DESCRIPTION ................................................. 1
1. Informative Speech ....................................................... 2
2. Persuasive Speech ..................................................... 11
3. Ceremonial Speeches................................................. 21
C. COMPREHENSION TEST................................................. 28
D. REFERENCES................................................................... 29
CHAPTER II .............................................................................. 31
FOUNDATION OF EFFECTIVE COMMUNICATION............... 31
A. LEARNING OBJECTIVES ................................................. 31
B. MATERIAL DESCRIPTION ............................................... 32
1. What Constitutes A Good Speech?............................ 32
2. Responsibilities Of A Speaker .................................... 37
3. What Prevents A Speech From Being Successful? ... 39
4. Trait Anxiety Management.......................................... 48
C. WORKSHEET/ASSIGNMENT........................................... 50
D. REFERENCES................................................................... 50
CHAPTER III ............................................................................. 52
ANALYZING YOUR AUDIENCE AND KNOWING YOUR
PURPOSE................................................................................. 52
1. The importance of knowing your audience before your
speech. ............................................................................... 53
2. Choose the most suitable topic for your talk .............. 59
D. REFERENCES................................................................... 72
CHAPTER IV............................................................................. 74
INITIAL PLAN OF YOUR SPEECH .......................................... 74
1. Choosing a topic ......................................................... 75
2. Determining the purpose of your topic ....................... 78
3. Citing sources ............................................................. 86
D. REFERENCES................................................................... 90
CHAPTER V.............................................................................. 92
PLANNING THE CONTENT OF YOUR SPEECH ................... 92
1. Writing the introduction ............................................... 93
2. Writing the body ........................................................ 100
3. Writing the conclusion............................................... 103
4. Outlining .................................................................... 105
5. Drafting...................................................................... 106
C. COMPREHENSION TEST............................................... 107
D. REFERENCES................................................................. 109
CHAPTER VI........................................................................... 110
FOUNDATION OF PHYSICAL SKILLS.................................. 110
A. LEARNING OBJECTIVES ............................................... 110
B. MATERIAL DESCRIPTION ............................................. 110
1. How we stand and how we hold our bodies: ............ 111
2. Eye contact: .............................................................. 113
3. Gestures:................................................................... 113
4. Voice: ........................................................................ 116
D. REFERENCES................................................................. 120
MEETING VII........................................................................... 122
EFFECTIVE VISUAL FOR PRESENTATION ........................ 122
1. Visual Aids for Presentation...................................... 122
2. Benefits of Visual Aids .............................................. 124
3. Types of Effective Visual Aids .................................. 129
4. Creating Visual Aids.................................................. 132
D. REFERENCES................................................................. 134
CHAPTER VIII......................................................................... 136
EXPLAINING VISUALS .......................................................... 136
D. REFERENCES................................................................. 147
MEETING IX............................................................................ 148
PERFECTING LANGUAGE STYLE ....................................... 148
1. Importance of Language Choices............................. 148
2. Effective Language Style .......................................... 150
3. Stylistic Devices ........................................................ 156
4. Biased Language ...................................................... 162
D. REFERENCES................................................................. 166
MEETING X............................................................................. 168
DO’S AND TABOOS IN PUBLIC SPEAKING ........................ 168
1. Humor in Public Speaking ........................................ 168
2. Reading in Public Speaking ...................................... 172
3. Getting Physical ........................................................ 175
4. Practice ..................................................................... 179
D. REFERENCES................................................................. 181
MEETING XI............................................................................ 183
ADVANCED SKILLS: CAPTIVATING AND FLOURISHING
YOUR AUDIENCE .................................................................. 183
1. Pre Speech Activities ................................................ 184
2. Giving a Powerful and Memorable Opening ............ 185
3. Maintaining Audience Involvement........................... 187
4. Audience Responsiveness ....................................... 189
5. Reading the Audience............................................... 192
6. Traps and Tips .......................................................... 195
7. Hit the Mark ............................................................... 198
D. REFERENCES................................................................. 206
CHAPTER XII.......................................................................... 208
PERFORMING INFORMATIVE SPEECH:............................. 208
D. REFERENCES................................................................. 221
CHAPTER XIII......................................................................... 222
PERFORMING A PERSUASIVE SPEECH............................ 222
1. The Difference between informative and persuasive
speech ............................................................................... 223
2. The persuasive process............................................ 224
3. Organising the Pattern of Your Persuasive Speech 227
4. Establish the goals of your speech........................... 233
5. Building Arguments ................................................... 235
6. Developing Proof ...................................................... 236
7. Developing Powerful Argument ................................ 238
8. Avoid Defective Evidence ......................................... 239
9. The Obstacles to Persuasive Speech ...................... 240
D. REFERENCES................................................................. 247
MEETING 14 ........................................................................... 249
PERFORMING CEREMONIAL SPEECH............................... 249
1. Tribute Speech.......................................................... 250
2. Welcome Speech...................................................... 254
3. Acceptance Speech .................................................. 256
4. Introduction Speech .................................................. 257
5. Inspiration Speech .................................................... 258
6. After-Dinner Speech ................................................. 258
D. REFERENCES................................................................. 263
GLOSARIUM ........................................................................... 265
REFERENSI............................................................................ 269
PROFIL PENULIS................................................................... 277

CHAPTER I
INTRODUCTION TO PUBLIC SPEAKING
A. LEARNING OBJECTIVES
A variety of reasons why public speaking is important is
going to be covered in this chapter, not only in daily needs
but more importantly in professional needs. Types of public
speaking and their purposes are also discussed. Finally,
important approaches and techniques to control
nervousness and fear in public speaking are taught.
By attending this course, participants can be benefited

with:
1. Distinguish and utilize the three short of public
speaking types: informative, persuasive, and
ceremonial.
2. Understand the definition and objective of the three
types of speech above and how to prepare them.
3. Understand the advantages of public speaking skills
B. MATERIAL DESCRIPTION
Empowerment will come from the capacity to communicate
with authority and confidence. It will provide you an
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advantage over less skilled communicators, even if they
have superior ideas, training, or experience. (Beebe, S.
2015) Through this chapter, you will find reasons to pursue
public speaking and the benefits that it could offer you.
These benefits will not only be essential for academic
activities but will also provide skills that you can use for
professional growth and daily encounters.
Types of Speech
. Figure 1. Types of Speech
Informative Speech
The most well-known style of speech is intended to inform
the audience about a particular topic or knowledge. Thus,
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the main purpose of speaking to inform is to simply explain
a concept of thought or ideas to the audience. The
important part of this type of speech is the information
passing. The speaker is neither trying to get others to
agree with him nor to show them how to do something. The
speaker is simply disseminating vital information.
People should speak in front of others for a variety of

reasons. The speaker in an informative speech would likely
deliver the information to their audience by describing the
facts using verbal language, which sometimes also be
accompanied by visual aids or demonstration. In business,
many enterprises use informative speech to declare their
company decision, to provide information valuable findings
or innovation, and also to educate people on a particular
topic. The tone of this speech is mainly enlightening and
impartial, which utilizes actualities and evidence to create
authority and offer the audience with precise data to
contemplate when making a decision. There are many jobs
that demanded the ability of informative speeches such as
teachers, elected officials, researchers, marketing experts,
executives, and many more. To effectively inform and
retain the attention of your audience, you can have the
following five characteristics:
13
Figure 1.2 How to do an informative speech effectively?
The following list should be in your speech to be effective:
Figure 2. How to do an effective informative speaking
1. Intellectually Stimulating
To be able to stimulate curiosity and excite interest, you
have to present the newness or novelty to your audience.
14
This means when most people who are listening to you are
not yet familiar with the topic you are discussing or the way
you deliver a commonly known topic is unique that you, in
any way, enlighten their knowledge. In case your audience
is already familiar with your topic, you can share further
and deepened information regarding it. You can gauge
what they do not know, and start exploring on the needed
area. It is always possible for you to go deeper and
broader for certain particular knowledge. This means that
you precisely set a goal for only the current audience who
are listening to you. To make them feel special and
appreciated is to provide newness even for a very common
topic.
2. Relevant
To know almost precisely the audience’s needs is probably
the best way to have an informative and insightful speech.
A speaker cannot assume that their audience can easily
link any necessary information with being told. A speaker
should explain the necessary detail that may influence the
understanding of the audience. A speaker needs to always
bear in mind what is the direct impact or benefits on the
audience when they discover the knowledge. Will they be
more contented, improved, comfortable, or smarter? In
15
short, to be able to create a relevant link is to be able to
present the facts and arguments that are closer to their
lives.
3. Creative
To be creative is to be able to promote original ideas and
insights. Creativity is generated by raw information
materials within a certain time that is blended with
productive thinking. The more research you do for your
topic, the more creativity you can possibly obtain. A
creative speaker provides a variety of supporting materials
for their speech. It needs time to be creative you need to
prepare your outlines far in advance, do research again,
and make improvements repeatedly to eventually show
your total creativity. To think productively is to be able to
see from various perspectives, and to have diverse choices
to choose from.
4. Memorable
When you are able to share a lot of new information that
best suit your audience needs, you are informative and
successful. Your audience may not remember the whole
speech that you made, and therefore it is your obligation to
decide which part you want them to remember the most.
16
To have your speech memorable for your audience, you
may apply a variety of delivery methods to highlight your
key points. The effectiveness of your informative speech
can be evaluated by whether your specific goal, main
ideas, and key facts are stored for a long time by your
audience. The use of presentation supports, clear
language, repetitions, figures, and easily identified
structures of your speech may help you reach your overall
effectiveness.
5. Addresses Various Learning Styles

Think about clear imagination that provokes emotion
through the supporting materials you are presenting. You
can also enrich your speech by not only using visual aids
but also with suitable facial expressions and body
gestures. You can always be benefited from staging
macrostructure added with definitions, explanations, and
statistics. Involving your audience to do something during
or after your speech can provide a better opportunity for
your audience. Ensuring that your speech is
understandable, meaningful, and memorable can be done
by having optimum preparation and possible best-suit
delivery. To help you round the table is to successfully
address each dimension.
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Type of Informative Speeches:
There are several different types of informative speech
based on how to approach your audience effectively. To
help your audience better understand the topic you are
delivering, it is important to the following types of
informative speeches:
1. Speeches about objects,
These speeches’ main subjects are tangible, visible,
and stable in form. In diverse professions, objects
are mainly the most fruitful subjects to discuss. For
instance, when you need to describe physical things
like a new type of clothing materials, farming tools,
and a new type of machinery spare parts are
important for your audience. When speaking about
objects, it is important to focus on the object itself
more than on thoughts, philosophy, procedures, or
other issues.
2. Speeches about people,

Another fruitful informative speech is about people.
It normally discussed the history, the achievements
of this particular person, and of course the
contributions they have made to the world. You can
18
mention the fact about the person you are talking to,
particular facts they have been through, and the
benefit for your own personal or professional
development more than the personal opinion about
them. This can be done in educational seminars for
people like the inventors of the most influential
machines and figures like those who work for human
right.
3. Speeches about procedures,

This type of speech often requires to have visual
aids to fully explain the procedures in detail. For
example, the procedure of offices, courses,
workshops or other prearranged events. You need
to elaborate how a procedure works, explain how a
process works, the requirement for the procedure,
and the important reasons why it is necessary to
complete. Unlike demonstrative speech whose job is
to explain phase by phase how to do things, this
type focuses on the rules around the process itself
and the importance to follow the steps.
4. Speeches about events,
19
These are speeches that talk about current
happenings. It normally presents a historical or
recent event that educates or benefits the audience.
This also usually discusses the silver lining of the
event. The job of the speaker is to highlight
particular details about the event, such as the date
and the reasons or the causes why the occurred.
One very obvious example of this type of speech is
a presidential election that in Indonesia happens
periodically within five years. The speaker can
discuss the pollical candidates participating in the
event including their potential personal
characteristics and professional achievements to
arouse public interest and sympathy.
5. Speeches about concepts,

These speeches express beliefs, theories, thoughts,
notions, principles, and the like. These also teach
the audience about concepts such as different
ideologies and beliefs from different perspectives. It
usually involves describing the ideas gained from
quotations and expert figures. The focus of this
speech is more on sharing ideas and how those
ideas bring impacts to the society. It is crucial to
20
include factual old and recent data to support your
explanation so that the audience can have thorough
information to broaden their knowledge.
6. Speeches about Describing,

The purpose of this speech is to help the audience
better imagine particular places, persons, or objects
so that your audience can understand them deeply.
This speech is mostly suitable for the depiction of
something specific, especially when your audience
does not see the object you are explaining or does
not experience what you are experiencing, or when
you do not have the picture or diagram which you
can represent.
7. Speeches about Demonstrating,

When you demonstrate, you inform people who
listen to you about the stages to do something from
the beginning until the end. Your speech is an acting
guide for your audience to follow. It also lets them
know what they need to follow the steps
successfully and know whether it is complex or
21
modest steps. One obvious example of this type of
speech is when you are about to fly and you are told
by a flight attendant how to fasten your seatbelt for
safety reasons.
8. Speeches about Explaining,

The purpose of this speech is to explain particular
stages of procedures and how a machine, for
example, works. This speech can also be used to
explain multifaceted thoughts in professional
contexts or in an industrial setting. The speaker may
start with how the procedures of something,
elaborate on the data, and provide the results of that
series stages. One obvious example of this type of
speech is to share how a new type of electric
motorcycle works. The difference between this type
of informative speech and describing is that you
may not need to offer visual aids about the topic but
more to provide information about why it should be
that way.
9. Speeches about Defining,

When doing a definitive speech, your job is to define
a concept or theory for your audience so they can
22
thoroughly understand the key feature of your
thoughts. It may necessary for you to explain the
meaning of something in a specific context. For
example, when you explain the word ‘interest’ for
bankers or accountants, it means very much
different from the context of we are highly interested
in reading the books you have written. This is done
in order to define things or to educate the audience
to use the term appropriately and accurately.
Persuasive Speech
Persuading or being persuaded is unavoidable in our daily
life. Buying specific products, voting for specific
candidates, choosing which game to play during the
weekend or simply what menu to cook for the evening
dinner are all forms of persuasion. Persuasion is to change
people’s beliefs towards a particular thing. In a very
general meaning, persuasion means an attempt to get a
person or a group of people to act in a way, or to grip an
opinion associated to values, attitudes, and beliefs, that the
audience has never known it ever before. The ability to talk
in front of a large group is necessary for convincing others
about the speaker’s value. From individual associations to
municipal actions to job aspirations, the skill to share
23
thoughts and compose an outline persuasively will benefit
you in all aspects of your life. (Lucas, S., 2009)
We persuade others to alter their minds, act, or reconsider
a decision. It is widely assumed that the ability to convince
is essential for advancing one's profession. Others, on the
other hand, make a living from their competent persuasion
abilities. “Persuasion is the most difficult and difficult type
of public speaking of all. Your goal is more ambitious than
informing the audience, and audience analysis and
adaption become much more challenging” (Lucas, S.,
2009).
As you can see on the chart that there are two main goals
for a persuasive speech:
24
Figure 3 The goals of Persuasive Speech
Speaking to Persuade
The first goal of a persuasive speech is to change
someone’s attitudes, values, and beliefs. A successful
persuasive speech is when a speaker is able to ‘transfer’
the belief to their audience and to let them embrace the
value. It is normal when they initially do not agree with the
speaker, but when the speaker is able to make an
agreement with their audience, the persuasive speech is
successful.
Attitude refers to a personal predisposition toward

something whether it is respectable or not, true or not,
encouraging or not. You might think that, as a university
student, it is a very good idea to graduate on time and that
you need to influence others to accept this positive
behavior of having better time management during college
years. You may also want to influence an individual to
adopt the value you believe in. The personal perception of
function, importance, or worth is the value that eventually
encourages us to get connected in a range of actions.
The next step is for you to try to alter your audience’s
personal beliefs, set of thoughts, manners, or actions,
25
which are held to be correct or wrong. These beliefs are
divided into two: core and dispositional. Core beliefs are
held deeply insight consistently from time to time. These
beliefs influence how people see themselves and the world
as a whole. These beliefs, to some extent, may not be
flexible and necessarily reasonable. Thus, these can be
positive, neutral, or negative seen from others’ views. For
instance, goodness and badness, like and dislike,
competence and incompetence. Whereas dispositional
beliefs are those which are not currently being considered
but are held in mind and are reflected by natural judgment,
appreciation, or reaction based on their experiences or
knowledge toward a particular subject. These are usually
influenced by genetics, temperament, and personality
traits. Thus, it becomes obvious that persuasion for core
beliefs may not be as easy as persuasion for dispositional
ones. There is a better opportunity for you, however, to be
successful to persuade your audience’s dispositional
beliefs.
Speaking to Actuate
This part is about persuasion in order to change the
audience’s behavior. You expect them to reach an
agreement with you because they trust your ideas. The
26
next step of actuation is to let your audience actualize their
belief into concrete actions. Behaviors indeed refer to a
broad choice of arrangements such as voting for official
candidates, signing a petition refusing the new regulation
of tuition increase in school, or going to work using public
transport instead of using individual vehicles. The goal of
this manner-oriented speech is to change the manners of
the audience.
The Organisation of a persuasive speech

A persuasive speech that is well organised could be
obtained in several ways as follow:
1. Carefully Choose Your Topic. Having understood to
whom you are going to talk, the following are
questions to consider for yourself when choosing your
topic:
a. Is the topic important for you?
b. How are you going to adjust the length of time
and exploration of the content based on your
needs?
c. Does your topic have at least two conflicting
views?
d. What do you already know about your topic?
27
State Your Position Firmly
It is important to have a clear statement and firm
position which is stimulating, engaging, yet concise.
You can consider the three following points:
a. Fact – whether something is true, real, or actual. It is

important to carefully analyse the topic based on facts,
figures, and statistics to discover whether it is true or
false. As a speaker, you will never say that global

warming can indeed be stopped completely as it is
incorrect information scientifically.
28
Table 1, Three Points to Consider when Starting Your Thesis
b. Value – whether something is desirable, important,

useful, or not. These speech topics mainly focus on
social and political issues that present the critique and
argument of whether certain actions are morally right. It
is unethical, for example, to exploit children to beg for
money on the street side because of the family’s
financial condition.
c. Policy – whether something is against the principle or

not. These speech topics critically examine the
advantages and disadvantages of the given policy or
law and suggest the improvements that can be made.
Whether gambling can be legalized, for instance,
depends on the country regulation where you are
speaking.
3. Identify Your Audience Behaviours through their

Response Continuum.
Knowing the feedback from your listeners about the topic
you are trying to convince is a crucial thing. However,
29
audience sometimes does not have any opinion, and that it
becomes your job to identify. To put it simple, there are
tree basic reasons for you to know when in case that
happens.
a. The people you are talking to do not have
sufficient knowledge about the topic you are
discussing. Thus, informative speech should be
done before your persuasion part.
b. Some people stay neutral and are not easily be
persuaded. They may understand your message
clearly and are able to see from two conflicting
views but they just want to stay neutral. Your job
as a speaker is to provide more logical and
trustworthy sources in order to lead them to the
goal you are expecting.
c. Some people are sometimes being apathetic,
and they are just simply discouraged. In this
case, you can share some motivational thoughts
in order to be on the same page with you.
It is normal for speakers to find some people who are
against their arguments, and the job of the speakers is to
approach them respectfully and provide them with valuable
knowledge and evidence. If in case they remain
confrontational, the speaker should be able to lead his
30
behaviour to eventually understand the ideas and claim.
Making sure if they thoroughly understand the claim is
important even if the remain on their disagreement.
4. Brainstorm Your Ideas and Create a Cohesive

Outline.
Searching information nowadays is getting easier due to
the advancement of the technology. However, ensuring the
information credibility and quality become a new challenge.
Therefore, it is necessary for us to pay closer attention on
the reputable publication for the references we include in
our speech. You can then short out the information to have
cohesive outlines.
5. Research.
Compiling credible information from trustworthy sources is
part of successful preparation. Adding this with factual data
from two conflicting view can make your speech outline
reliable. This should be done after discovering your
audience, and you can always manage to connect with
them when carrying your topic.
6. Structure Your Speech
31
Structuring your speech may be the last part of your
preparation. At this stage you are almost ready with all
information you need, and it is time for you to organise how
you are going carry it. Further discussion can be found on
the next chapter.
7. Prepare Your Introductory and Concluding

Speech.
Introductory part of your speech is influential towards the
overall success of your speech. The fist sixty second is
magical that it can decide your listeners whether to
continually listen to your or not. Novelty creates curiosity,
and therefore it is significant to directly raise their sense of
curiosity from the beginning. Making startling statements,
asking unpredictable questions, telling funny stories or
jokes, providing personal references, recalling hilarious
quotations, performing or motivating actions or creating
suspense are all available to use for your unique and
interesting opening despite your tones. The job of the
concluding speech, on the other hand, is to related what
you have mentioned in the introduction to your explanation.
You can leave a powerful message by calling them to
action in your persuasive speech. Providing them with a
32
strong message they can bring home that calls them to
action is the final of a persuasive speech.
8. Build Your Authority and Credibility.

Thorough research is one way for a speaker to achieve a
sense of authority and credibility. Having analysed your
audience your can manage to be at the same perspective
with them. Remember not to claim negative views and
keep your points in general. This you can avoid transferring
negative message and remain respectful.
9. Provide Visual Aids & Cue Cards

To have your message hits the nail of your audience you
can use visual aids to convey your message clearer.
Whereas cue cards guide and keep you on tract. They
support you focus on what you are arrangement to share.
Prepare your cue cards in a form of keywords so that you
can trace quickly when you are about to deviate from the
topic.
10. Practice, Practice, Practice!
33
There are a lot of ways to practice speaking before you
actually make your speech in front of the audience. You
can practice in front of your mobile phone camera and
even record them. By watching your video you can review
and realise what to improve. The next one may sounded
conventional but it is worth trying: speaking in front of the
mirrors or in front of your family members or close friends.
Talking directly in front of people to practice enables you to
get genuine feedback and be thoroughly able to evaluate.
The more practice you have done, the more confident you
are.
Ceremonial Speeches
Welcoming speech, wedding toasts, Introduction speech,
award ceremonies, funeral eulogies, nomination speech,
motivational speeches, and even stand-up comedians are
all examples of ceremonial speeches. All of those
presentations that have a humorous effect on the audience
require more practice than a plain informational speech.
This it can be said that ceremonial speech needs more
engagement ability from the speaker. There various
number of speeches in this part, and we are going to
34
explain some of them briefly. Further discussion about
ceremonial speech can be found in chapter 14.
1. Welcoming Speech
As its name suggests, the purpose of the welcoming
speech is to address the presence of an individual or an
organisation. This speech is usually quick, may not be
longer than five minutes to a certain culture, and it is rather
formal. As a speaker, you are expecting to be as engaging
as possible. Thus, thorough research regarding the group
and the event is needed.
2. Introduction Speech
An introduction speech is normally short and the purpose is
to create an atmosphere that best suit the event, to pin
point the credibility of the main speaker, and to raise the
enthusiasm of the audience. This speech is normally short
and quick. The job of the speaker is to let the audience
know about the background information and the
professional experience of the main speaker so that he
gains the authority during his speech.
35
3. Nominating Speech
The purpose of this speech is to propose the name of the
candidates to run for election, receive an award, or hold a
professional position. Most of this speech is brief and lasts
no longer than four minutes. The job of the speaker for this
speech is to pinpoint the qualities and credibility of the
candidates. You can clarify the importance of the position,
the candidates’ personals and professional qualifications,
and place the names in the nomination.
4. Recognition Speech
The purpose of this speech is to acknowledge somebody
which is usually accompanied by presenting an award, a
prize, or a gift. This speech is normally very short, but one
accompanied by a tribute is a little bit longer. The job of the
speaker is to note the achievement including the necessary
background information about it. You can start with the
essence of the recognition, state the criteria of the
achievement, and end the speech with how the
achievement was obtained.
5. Acceptance Speech
The purpose of this speech is to sincerely appreciate the
36
recognition or the honor. This speech is normally short and
lasts not more than three minutes. The speaker is also
expected to briefly thank the party bestowing the honor,
acknowledge the competition, express the feeling of
receiving the award, and acknowledge other parties who
have been contributing to the success.
6. Speeches of Tribute
The main purpose of this speech is to sincerely appreciate
an individual, a group, and an event by celebrating and
arousing the audience’s sentiments. For instance, birthday
parties, wedding ceremonies, anniversaries, retirement, or
even funeral. This can be done by highlighting the most
recognizable characteristics or achievements of the
associated parties.
Advantages of Public Speaking Skills

Public speaking ability is considered one of the most
important parts of communication. Effective delivery,
critical listening skills, focusing and organizing your
thoughts, and acquiring data are essential skills that lead
not only to being prominent speakers but also to providing
you with life skills that will always be needed in almost all
aspects. These abilities allow you to build connections,
37
influence decisions and motivate changes. Having
understood the benefits, provide you with a better
understanding of why improving your public speaking skills
is a worthwhile endeavour. There are three main
categories of benefits we gain from studying public
speaking: personal benefits, professional benefits, and
societal benefits.
personal benefits
You can be successful in your college studies if your ability
to speak in public is good. This skill increases your
knowledge and eventually retain valuable information. Your
research activities and your ability to listen better lead you
to gain better critical thinking skills as they train your brain
to think more clearly in a structured way. Presentation and
other oral reports in your university are supported by your
speaking skill as well because it has the same elements of
communication. Being an effective public speaker can also
help you to be an effective interpersonal communicator.
Participants may also benefit from speech preparation and
orientation in the following ways: critical thinking
development, polishing verbal and nonverbal abilities and
defeating public speaking anxiety.
38
Critical thinking ability is paramount that enables the
students to solve problems when they are required to learn
to watch, see, respond, and criticize to develop a strong
awareness of their surroundings. Preparing a persuasion
speech, for example, necessitates actual implementation
that affects your surroundings and provides possible
solutions. You'll also need to properly understand the
benefits and drawbacks of your options, as well as do
further analysis. For university students like insufficiency of
parking lots, it may seem simple to simply expand the
parking area; however, after evaluating the costs,
environmental consequences from narrowing the open
green area, maintenance, and other significant issues, you
may discover that this solution is simply impractical. As a
result, this course may enhance your ability to conduct and
assess research. Because they must provide reliable
information and statistics, public speakers must perform
extensive research on what they will share with their
audience. As a result, this course can help you improve
your ability to properly pick and use a variety of facts.
Professional feedback, for example, can help you enhance
your verbal and nonverbal communication abilities through
public speaking practice, which definitely shape you be a
39
one-step ahead communicator overall. Ineffectiveness can
be improved by receiving feedback.
professional benefits
Professionally, public speaking skills help you to get a
better job offer as these skills are reflected during the job
interview through effective communication. This effective
communication ability project your ability to work effectively
with customers, co-workers, or even your supervisor.
Public speaking skills are not limited to the above
opportunities but also to societal benefits as you gain a
better chance to voice out your thoughts and share the
consciousness of significant matters.
Other professional advantages mentioned by (nikitina,
2011) include expanding career opportunities, gaining
authority, becoming more viable, being able to entice the
right customers to your business, sharing information
efficiently, controlling sales cycles sooner, allowing you to
market your products more successfully to bigger
audiences, emerging internal communication, having better
leadership capability, increasing employee productivity,
and always being ready for spontaneous speech.
societal benefits.
40
Public speaking can be a medium to share interests with
others. There are plenty of opportunities for a speaker to
have an engaging conversation right after their
presentation. This provides an opportunity not only for the
participants but also for the speaker to gain a novice
perspective on their topic. Allowing the participants to get
in touch with you provides an opportunity for the broader
network which you can make use of it.
Public speaking course does not only teach you to become

a great speaker but also an active listener. Attending
conferences, you can listen to a variety of different types of
speeches on a wide range of topics. This activity can
passively build your listening ability and note-taking. On the
same occasion, the more people you are able to talk to, the
more opportunity you can implement your skills.
C. COMPREHENSION TEST
Create group work consisting of three to four members to
discuss the following issues and share your ideas in the
class.
1. What should you do if your audience is not
knowledgeable about your topic or otherwise
knowledgeable about your topic?
41
2. Mention two conflicting views in a persuasive
speech.
3. What will you prepare when you are assigned to
make a welcoming speech?
4. Why it is important to make the introduction speech
quick?
5. Mention the major purpose of the nomination
speech.
6. Do some group studies on the most prevalent types
of public speaking employed in the business world.
Explain!
7. Find one TED Talk lecture and explain to the class
why it fascinates you.
42
D. REFERENCES
Boston: Wadsworth, Cangage Learning. Verderber, R. F.,
Verderber K. S., and Sellnow D. D. 2014. Speak2.
Stamford: Cengage Learning.
COMMpadres Media, 2016, Benefits of Studying Public
Speaking (video),
https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=O3cNtBJqO9w
&t=41s
Indeed. 2021. 9 Types of Informative Speeches to Educate
Audience. https://www.indeed.com/career-
advice/career-development/types-of-informative-
speeches
Nikitina, A. 2011. Successful public speaking:
bookboon.com
Persuasive Speaking, 2012, Public Speaking: practice and
ethic, https://2012books.lardbucket.org/pdfs/public-
speaking-practice-and-ethics/s20-persuasive-
speaking.pdf
Samovar, L. A., & McDaniel, E. R. (2007). Public speaking
in a multicultural society. Los Angeles, CA:
Roxbury.
Sellnow, D. 2005. Confident Public Speaking. Belmont:
Thomson Learning.
Taman,P. ( 2021) Public Speaking: HOW TO SPEAK
POWERFULLY from ISBN : 978-623-315-371-3
Verderber, R. F., Verderber K. S., and Sellnow D. D. 2010.
Communicate! 13th Eds.
Wrench, Jason S. Goding, Anne. Johnson, Danette Ifert.
And Attias, Bernardo A. Public Speaking Practice
and Ethics v. 1.0. 2012.lardbucket.
(http://2012books.Lardbucket. org/).
43
CHAPTER II
FOUNDATION OF EFFECTIVE COMMUNICATION
Public speaking is a skill that is difficult to learn for many
people. It can be hard to overcome the fear of public
speaking, but it can also be hard to find the time or
resources necessary to learn how to speak to many
people. University students often worry to speak in public
because they think they will be judged by others or
embarrassed by what they say. This fear can stop them
from pursuing their dreams or even attending events where
they might meet new friends and contacts. Thus, in this
chapter, the students will learn the important elements of
public speaking, including the speech communication
process, which will help the students to be effective
communicators in delivering their speeches.
The participants are expected to be able to:

1. Understand and analyze the speech communication
process.
2. Have a consciousness of the responsibilities of a
speaker.
44
3. Acknowledge the fear they encounter when delivering
a public speech and have the capacity to overcome it.
4. Find general methods and specific techniques to
overcome the fear of public speaking, and increase
self-confidence for speaking in front of the class
this chapter elaborates on the process of different parts of
speech communication, the responsibilities of a speaker,
the management of anxiety encountered when talking in
front of an audience, how to eliminate fear, and how to
increase self-confidence.
WHAT CONSTITUTES A GOOD SPEECH?
Speech Communication Process
Fear of public speaking is one of the most common
phobias in the world. “National Institute of Mental Health
stated that about 73 percent of people are anxious about
speaking in public”. The term is known as glossophobia.
“The underlying anxiety is that people will judge or criticize
you (John Montopoli, 2017)”. Before we dive into the
solution on how to reduce social anxiety when delivering a
speech, we must first understand how a successful speech
occurs. Mr. Gregory H., in his writing entitled “Public
Speaking for College and Career”, displayed the visuals of
45
how a successful speech communication process occurs,
which includes the presence of a speaker, a message, a
channel, a listener, feedback, an interference, and a
situation. The absence of this may hinder the process to be
successful, Hamilton emphasized.
Figure 4: In a specific situation, a speaker

gives a message through a channel, then a
listener receives the message and gives
feedback through a channel as well, an
interference may or may not occur depending
on the situation.
1. Speaker
The speaker, as you might expect, is the most
important component of the voice communication
process. There can't be a process without a voice.
46
The speaker is the person who gives the speech or
presents it. Someone who trains staff at your
company might be a speaker. As he or she delivers a
lecture, your professor is an example of a public
speaker. A public speaker can even be a stand-up
comedian. After all, each of these individuals is
delivering an oral message to a group of people in a
public place. The majority of speakers, on the other
hand, would agree that one of the fundamental
reasons they speak is to communicate with the
audience.
2. Listener
Good listeners and a speaker are equally important to
make speaking activities go accordingly. None can be
effective without the other. The individual, a group of
people who are intentionally willing to listen to the oral
message, is referred to as the listener. The listener
generally creates a judgment about the speaker's
effectiveness and the legitimacy of the speaker's
message based on what they see and hear
throughout the presentation, and certain texts may
even refer to a group of listeners as an "audience."
The role of the listener might occasionally entail
47
critiquing or evaluating the speaker's style and
message. You may be asked to evaluate a public
speaker in another situation or to assess your peers
while they talk. This emphasizes the significance of
the listener's role. Giving speakers constructive
comments might help them enhance their speeches
significantly.
To be a good speaker is to be a great listener. The

ability to short out what is important when listening is
an essential key, and it is something you need to
motivate your audience. By attending, focusing,
understanding, assigning the meaning, remembering
the ideas, and responding with actions, it shows that
you listened to the messages. By delivering a clear
message that is easy to comprehend and using
thought-provoking materials, you can retain your
audience’s focus and concentration. You can make
sure everybody catches your message by relying on
the job of the concluding speech.
3. Message
Message in a public-speaking is generally known as
information delivered by the speaker. This is
48
considered to be the core aspect of the public-
speaking activity. The message is normally ideas,
beliefs, and values that the speaker wishes to convey
to the audience. A lecturer in a university always
conducts the class with the message they want to
deliver. The same is true, a yoga instructor needs to
share the message on how to make a body
movement to promote relaxation, for instance. Thus,
speech timing varies based on how much message
the speaker wants to deliver and how effective the
speaker delivers the message.
4. Channel
Channel in public speaking can be defined as the
medium employed to transfer the signal for the
speaker to the audience. The communication is sent
through a channel. A variety of channels are utilized
in our daily life based on the types of communication
or context. for public communication, people normally
rely on the function of television, radio broadcast, the
internet, youtube channel, and other social media.
Whereas for individual purposes people may use a
mobile phone to simply call their family and friends.
The speaker’s voice, or more precisely, the sound
49
wave employed to transmit the voice to the listener is
the channel most commonly used in public speaking.
5. Interference
Every speaker hopes that the audience understands
her or his message. However, there are occasions
when something gets in the way of the message and
makes it difficult for the listener to understand what is
being stated. This is interference, or "noise," as it is
also known. Every speaker should prepare and
deliver with the presumption that interference will be
present in the speaking environment.
6. Feedback
Feedback is the final step in the speaking process.
While some people believe that the speaker is the
only one who delivers a message during a speech,
the truth is that the audience also contributes a
message, which is known as feedback. This is often
how the speaker determines whether or not the
message is effective. Listener feedback can also be
verbal, such as audience questions or an angry
response to a significant point given. However, most
feedback during a presentation is nonverbal, such as
50
a pupil nodding in agreement or an audience
member's puzzled expression.
7. Situation
The Situation refers to the time and location of the
dialogue in the communication process. It is the
event's physical location.
During a speech, all of the above elements are usually

present. You might be curious how the procedure might
appear if we used a diagram to show it. Some students first
view public speaking as a straightforward, straight line, with
the speaker transmitting a message to the audience.
However, when we consider the components, we've just
discussed, a straight line cannot accurately reflect the
process when we include listener feedback because the
listeners are transmitting their message back to the
speaker. This process could be described as circular.
RESPONSIBILITIES OF A SPEAKER
The speaker is in charge of offering information and
entertaining the audience. They are in charge of their
material, how it is delivered, and how the audience is
engaged. But more than the content that a speaker is
51
responsible for delivering, here are a few things that a
speaker must take note of:
1. Respect the audience - It is critical to demonstrate
respect for your audience when giving a speech.
This involves not assuming what they know. It's also
crucial to tailor the speech to the audience rather
than simply to oneself. Tailoring your speech to the
audience is a fantastic method to do. This can be
accomplished by determining what they require and
desire from you. Knowing who the audience
members are and what their interests are might also
help.
2. Each speech should be taken seriously - A

speech's impact is frequently overlooked. A speech
has the power to transform the world. It has the
potential to alter how people think and act. A
speech's influence should never be underestimated,
and speeches should always be regarded seriously.
A speech should never be viewed as merely a
formality or an event that must be endured to go
about our daily lives. A speech is an opportunity to
have an impression on the world around us, and it
should not be squandered or overlooked.
52
3. Be ethical - You must consider your audience and
create an environment in which they may ask
questions and converse with you, to do that, you
must be honest with what you know and what you
don’t know. And also, to be ethical in delivering a
speech, one must also avoid plagiarizing or owning
words from somebody. Lastly, the way you stand in
front, including your poise, your clothes, and the
way you present yourself is part of being ethical as
well.
WHAT PREVENTS A SPEECH FROM BEING

SUCCESSFUL?
After analyzing the elements that make a speech
successful, let us now understand the factors that hinder
the success of a speech.
Understanding Communication Anxiety

Every expert starts from being an amateur, and the same
is true for professional public speakers. A persistent worry
or anxiety about talking with people in social or
professional settings is known as communication
53
anxiety. Shyness, performance anxiety, a lack of
experience, and fear of judgment are all characteristics that
might contribute to it. Many would face not knowing what to
do on the stage when they cannot tackle this issue.
Among the symptoms of this condition are:

• Being nervous which is usually shown by having
unstable breathing, fluctuating intonation, sweating,
having blur vision when speaking to people and
many more.
• Experiencing anxiety or panic when speaking with
strangers, making small talk, or presenting a
presentation.
• Afraid of how you sound in public or on the phone.
• Having difficulty talking to angry or disturbed people
because you are afraid, they may be cruel to you.
• Concerning yourself with what other people think of
you during social interactions.
Controlling Communication Anxiety

It is critical to recognize and understand the anxiety
triggers so that they can be avoided or managed.
Controlling communication anxiety can be done in a variety
of ways. For beginners of every public speaker, it is almost
54
always can be said that nervousness is unavoidable.
Reading and understanding the list below can provide
solutions to your nervousness. In general, here are ways to
control your communication anxiety you can apply for your
speech preparation:
1. Selective Relaxation: Selective relaxation is a

technique that involves using the mind's capacity to
relax muscles in certain areas of the body. Athletes,
performers, and anyone who wishes to improve their
physical performance adopt this technique.
Selective relaxation can be done anywhere,
including in your office chair or on the bus on your
way home. It can be accomplished by tensing and
then relaxing all of your muscles, or just the tense
ones.
2. Adopting Communication Orientation Motivation

(COM). The adoption of these techniques can help
sharpen the purpose into words than either
performing or showing. The process of establishing
a relationship with the audience is known as
communication orientation. Both the transmitter and
the receiver are active participants in this two-way
55
communication process. The importance of
communication orientation is that it clarifies your
message. It also aids in determining how the
audience will receive your message. When you feel
that you are able to share or communicate your
ideas sincerely, you would certainly be able to
reduce your anxiety feeling. In general, nervousness
increases when you think that you are performing,
or your speech is to inspire and impress your
listeners or when you worry to face evil judgment.
Nonetheless, seeing your speech from the goal you
are aiming to reach, and taking this as a prospect to
voice out your thoughts, would make your speech
calmer and be able to focus on your purpose. This
way, you can divert your feeling of being central
attention to a purpose to voice out your thought. It is
now clear that focusing on your speech goal is way
more important than worrying about your
nervousness.
3. Visualization is arousing your self-esteem and

continuously thinking or suggesting that you are
good. Visualization happens when you imagine
yourself speaking in front of so many people, and
56
then rehearse your speaking or presentation
practice. This can also help you control
communication anxiety. Visualization allows you to
be more relaxed and be able to share your thought
easier and lessen the feeling of burden. Visualizing
yourself from the beginning until the end of your
speech strengthens your chance of successful
delivery. All you can do is to practice in the real
venue with the whole length of your outline before
the real session, and to imagine that your
classmates are attending your speech. You can also
imagine where your lecturer usually sits or stands to
observe you, how your classmates respond to your
speech, your topic, your overall speaking
achievement, and the sincere compliments from the
whole members of the class. To make visualization
function best, create a speech outline in which you
imagine a successful day from the moment you
wake up to the moment you receive your
classmates’ and lecturer's compliments for your
speech. The more comprehensive visualization is
the more advantageous for your speech
preparation. It is obvious that those doing literal
physical practice in public speaking improved more
57
rapidly than ones not doing at all. A huge surprise is
those who merely visualized practicing improved
nearly as much. Preparation, practice, and
visualization are three ways to achieve speaking
success.
4. Systematic desensitization the main purpose of

this technique is to minimize anxiety as a response
to stimuli when speaking by continually supplying a
relaxation response. First of all, you can detect the
causes of nervousness, and then look for a way out
how to supply a relaxation response. A student who
is practicing this technique can be given time to
include sharing their honest feeling of nervousness
and the reasons. After that, they can get physical
treatment like deep breathing and moving their body
parts to relieve the nerve. As soon as they are
relaxed, they can be given time to practice again
until reaching success.
5. Cognitive restructuring is a method for helping

people adjust their attitudes and habits to solve
difficulties. Reducing nervousness when speaking in
public can be done by raising positive self-thoughts.
58
You can substitute undesirable spirits with
encouragement. Practices like writing down
motivational messages for yourself, highlighting your
strength, and moving your problem into solutions
are some ways to be successful in applying this
method. Believing that positive thoughts are
influential for our good feelings, it is now essential to
change our own perception into a good one. There
are four stages as follows:
a. transforms your negative notions into positive

ones.
b. be rational
c. generates particular self-talk that is only
applicable to you.
d. make a solid connection between your
personal positive self-talk with reality to
become a real you.
6. Training for Public speaking skills is a staging

exercise to prepare and deliver your effective
speech, and decrease nervousness. Knowledge,
practice, confidence, and public speaking all have
the same type of learning relationship. Having done
59
sufficient practice of your speech or presentation
would enable you to be more relaxed in sharing your
ideas in front of the class or in other venues. They
help you gain confidence and eventually reduce
your public speaking anxiety. Feeling confident and
more relaxed can be gained when you are
eventually able to have a successful and effective
speech. Your goal analysis, your knowledge of your
audience, your visualization of the venue, your
speech organization, your delivery, and your
evaluation should work holistically for your overall
success. In this stage, you can eventually be able to
identify your best suit method of effective speech,
and finally, have your own natural speaking
characteristic. Thus, you gain skills to cope with
your obstacle much more smoothly.
Specific Techniques
There are many ways for novice public speakers to settle
with their speaking activity. More than the general methods
which have been discussed, there are several detailed
techniques for beginner speakers to pay attention.
1. First of all, it is really important for you to have enough
time for your preparation. At the beginning of the course,
60
normally you are given the syllabus and the assessment or
evaluation plan. Knowing this in advance would allow you
to plan your assignments ahead of time. Preparing the
topic you are interested in, researching your outlines
earlier, and organizing what you are going to say in
advance definitely influence the quality of the materials you
are going to share. This, as well, allows you to have more
practice time, to visualize, and eventually to do some
evaluation or improvement even before your actual
speech.
2. Practicing your outline by speaking it loudly. When
you listen to your own voice and do your speech in front of
the mirror, you would be able to relate the topic you have
prepared with your inner self. The succession of this stage
allows you to gain some identifications on which parts you
have done well and which ones need mending. When you
drill yourself with these activities repeatedly, you would
eventually be able to gain self-efficacy which leads to
confidence. It is always possible for you to practice your
speech in front of your family members and your trusted
friends. If you can do it, this can be an added benefit for
your totality preparation. Receiving genuine feedback is
meaningful for your progress. Remember, you need to let
61
your subconscious mind continually work on it until your
actual speech.
3. Prepare your materials, body, mind, and soul. Pay
attention carefully to the assignment date. There are many
novice speakers who are nervous after seeing others have
spoken better than them. Conversely, there are also plenty
of them who feel even calmer after listening to their
classmate. It is, therefore, important to maintain your
confidence throughout the whole course, and if it is
possible you can choose the most comfortable time for
you to speak. This is the time when you are at the top of
your self-assurance.
4. The habit of driving positive thoughts toward
oneself is miraculous. This habit is not only beneficial for
your daily performance, but it is also particularly helpful
right before you make a speech. Talk to yourself deep
inside your heart that you have gone through hard work to
get yourself ready. Remember all the good achievements
during your practice time. Tell yourself you are more than
ready. Accept yourself to be nervous because it is natural,
and eventually gain your stable confidence to execute your
best version of your speech.
5. How nervous you are for your first speech; you have to
face it anyway. There is no way for you to excuse
62
yourself. Indeed, it is time for you to prove your hard work
on your preparation. Step your feet confidently to the
stage, and stand naturally as comfortably as you can
afford. Use your inner power to gently see every eye in
front of you impartially. Allow yourself to have one minute
or two to win back your calmness. Take a deep breath and
smile, then continue to start your best version of your
introduction.
6. The power of the first 60 seconds is just as wonderful as
your overall preparation. At this first minute, you really feel
being central attention, and it is indeed happening. You are
may be judged by the way you walk to the stage, the way
your wear your outfit, the way you see the audience, the
way you talk to them, and it is their right to do this. All you
can do is focus on the message you are going to share.
Doing this allows you to think more rationally and retain
your attention to your speech outline, and eventually
reduce your nervousness.
TRAIT ANXIETY MANAGEMENT

An individual's tendency to experience a state of tension or
apprehension in reaction to stressful circumstances is
known as trait anxiety. It is an emotional response that
people experience to various events. Trait anxiety can be
63
divided into two categories: general anxiety and
performance anxiety. The fear of potential risks in the
environment, such as traffic or public speaking, is known
as general anxiety. The dread of not being able to satisfy
expectations, such as feeling worried before delivering a
speech, is known as performance anxiety.
Conclusion
It's not easy to give a public speech. For some people, it
can be a terrifying experience, and not just because they
are being judged by their peers. They may be fearful of
forgetting what they want to say or being unprepared for
questions from the audience. But, surely, there are
strategies to help lessen your anxiety when giving a
speech in front of a group, regardless of the cause. And
that you are not alone in this battle.
64
C. WORKSHEET/ASSIGNMENT
Pick your partner and share your answers to the
following questions. After sharing with your partner,
discuss with the class the summary of your answers.
1. When was the last time you felt embarrassed while
talking to someone? What did you do after feeling
embarrassed?
2. What does communication orientation motivation do
to a speaker?
3. Have you encountered communication anxiety? If
yes, how did you handle it?
4. How to get over negative thoughts through cognitive
restructuring?
5. What are the benefits of Public speaking skills
training?
65
D. REFERENCES
Eds. Boston: Wadsworth, Cangage Learning.Verderber,
R. F., Verderber K. S., and Sellnow D. D. 2014.
Speak2. Stamford: Cengage Learning.
Hamilton, G., 1987, Public Speaking for College and
Career, Random House, New York
Millner, A. Ph.D., Price, R. Ph.D., 2017, Fundamentals of
Public Speaking, Chapter 2: Ethics, University of
Central Arkansas, University of Arkansas at Little
Rock & University of Kentucky, and Southern
Illinois University & University of Kentucky
Montopoli, John., 2022, National Social Anxiety Centre,
https://nationalsocialanxietycenter.com/author/jrmonto
poli
Osborn, M., Osborn, S., Osborn, R., 2007, Public
Speaking, Eight Edition, University of Memphis
Thomson Learning.
The Challenge of Effective Speaking. Belmont:
Thomson Higher Education.
66
CHAPTER III
ANALYZING YOUR AUDIENCE AND KNOWING YOUR
PURPOSE
This chapter will teach you:
1. The importance of assessing your audience before
giving a speech.
2. Three approaches to audience analysis, as well as
how to do audience analysis step by step.
3. How to use your analysis not just during preparation
but also throughout the presentation.
4. Understanding the audience demographic and
dynamic
5. The challenges of audience diversity
6. Adapting your topic
As a speaker, you should appreciate the necessity of

knowing your audience's background information and know
how to choose an engaging topic that is appropriate for
your target audience. It is also required that you can adapt
your speech to the needs of your audience, and finally, you
must be able to talk authoritatively to your audience.
67
The importance of knowing your audience before your

speech.
It is critical to learn as much as you can about who are
going to attend your talk. The more information you gained
about your listeners, the more effective your speech will
likely be. This makes it much easier to formulate your talk
by discovering any necessary data, value, or viewpoint
they hold through. Your ability to build a good relationship
with your audience is counted from the very first minute
you are standing in front of them. This achievement plays
an essential role for the success of your speech,
particularly on how your ideas are going to be accepted or
as minimum as your audience willingness to stay and
listen to your until the end. Good analysis you have about
your audience helps you prepare three important
questions to answer:
What do your listeners know about your topic?
How do your listeners feel about your topic?
How do you reach your listeners at best?
Demographic analysis, such as the listeners’ age,
education, occupation, and group membership, can help
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you answer the first question above. This information helps
you gauge your listeners’ knowledge and eventually helps
you prepare how thoroughly you need to present your
topic. The listeners’ dynamic is the insight you need to
know about the attitude of your listeners, what factors
motivate them and how to know them at best so that you
gain the answer to the second and third questions above
to you prepare your speech more thoroughly.
Approaches to audience analysis

It is commonly known that the most effective way to
establish a connection in speech is to know the information
about your listeners, find a technique to address them,
understand the challenges of speaking to them, and adapt
your topic when speaking. The followings are steps to be
done prior to your speech to establish a good relationship
with your listeners:
Addressing your Audience Before doing any

presentation or speech, it is important to be able to identify
whom you are speaking to. The few seconds you have
when starting a speech are crucial because this is when
you will a relationship with people who are listening to you.
Therefore, it is significant to know them beforehand
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because this will allow you to find out the most suitable
strategy to engage with them. Say for example you are
talking to a group of teenagers; would you engage them as
how you would engage a group of adults? As a speaker,
you should start by getting their attention. For instance, you
can express similarity (“I used to be the person sitting
where you are seated right now), starting with good
humour, or communicating novelty (David, 2017).
To begin with, analyzing your audience, you have to
undergo first to a certain process, which is to collect data
about your listeners. The gathering of information has
two steps:
1. Collecting data Informally: Informally detect your
listeners and inquire about information of persons
who are familiar with the audience you will be
speaking to. What is the average age of the
audience? What political party do they belong to?
What are their thoughts on your subject?
2. Collecting data Formally: You might wish to do a

more formal poll of your listeners if you have the
time and resources. Your topic and the situation in
which you'll be speaking can assist you figure out
what you do not already know about your audience.
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You could wish to inquire about the age, gender,
occupation, and professional affiliations of the
audience members. You should also inquire about
their attitudes as much as possible. There are two
types of questions you can propose: open-ended
questions and close-ended questions.
After doing information gathering, you must have now all
the resources that would help you analyze your audience.
You may start the audience analysis and audience
adaption phases, which involve using your data ethically to
tailor your speech to your audience. Use the information
from your audience study to customize your message so
that listeners understand it and you reach your speaking
objective. Adapt your topic, speech aim, material (such as
organization, information, examples, and visual aids), and
delivery in an ethical manner. Look for these three things
as you evaluate your data:
1. Audience member similarities can assist you in
crafting a message that resonates with many of your
listeners, whether in terms of demographics or views
and attitudes.
2. Audience member differences will notify you of the

audience you need to address with your message.
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3. Common ground: The similarities between you and
your listeners are referred to as "common ground."
The more in common you have with your audience,
the easier it will be to build a relationship with them
that will help them grasp your message and assist
you reach your goal. (Beebe, S&S., 2015)
Demographic Audience Analysis
Another way of acknowledging your audiences is knowing
their age, gender and sexual orientation, culture (ethnicity
& race), group membership, and socioeconomic status.
However, if you are limited by time, remember that
knowing all of these are just your minor priorities. (Beebe,
S&S., 2015)
Psychological Audience Analysis

Analysing your audience psychologically entails
investigating an audience's attitudes about a topic,
purpose, and speaker, as well as the underlying ideas and
values that may influence these views. Take note that
attitudes, beliefs, and values are of different meanings and
purposes.
a. Attitude reflects people’s preferences.
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b. Belief is about what people think if it is correct or
wrong.
c. Value is a timeless sense of right and wrong, good
and terrible. Values are more resilient to transform
than attitudes or beliefs.
Consider how people feel about your subject.
Knowing how audience members feel about an issue
allows you to tailor your message accordingly. Try to
categorize your audience and their attitudes using the
three dimensions listed below.
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Table 2. Audience Dimensions
Situational Audience Analysis
The size of your audience, the setting of your talk, and the
speaking occasion are all factors in situational audience
analysis. After you've finished speaking, assess whether
your message was received positively or negatively by
your audience. Be observant with non-verbal and verbal
responses after delivering your speech. Make use of your
evaluation to aid in the preparation of your next speech.
(Beebe, S&S., 2015)
Choose the most suitable topic for your talk

The topic that you are choosing should be strongly
connected to your audience. Overall, whether the topic
interests your audience or not, it should have one principle
that it is going to bring benefit and enlightenment to them.
Your ability to relate and bridge to topic between your and
your audience is crucial. As a speaker, you should not let
your audience listen to something that they cannot at all
relate to their life, daily activities, moral value, and faith.
Paying attention for something that is inspiring, exciting
and eye-opening should be the choice of your topic for
your particular audience based on the date you previously
gained. Bringing up a topic of your expertise, that you have
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repeatedly done, is always acceptable, but it is necessary
for you to continually update your own knowledge and
associate it with the people you are talking to. It is essential
for a speaker to be able to share an existing idea with
creative details to allow the audience to see the matter
from a different angle and eventually be able to give an
insight that is fruitful and refreshed. Thus, a topic that is
novice and thought-provoking is always favourable. A
further checklist that should not be left behind is your
thorough research, and assurance that even the most
knowledgeable people sitting in front of you still gain some
insights. There should be a strong sense of collaboration
and learning together between you and your audience. The
chosen topic should be able to refresh you from the regular
academic class and blend with the audience’s expectations
based on the advanced analysis that you have previously
done.
Be Clear
Gaining trust from the first minute of your speech is a
valuable asset for a speaker. Winning a good impression
on your audience is also a further goal. However, it is not
necessary for a speaker to fancy their audience with classy
language which is even uneasy for them to comprehend
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your point. Meaningless and wordy sentences are not at all
beneficial. Speakers should not talk about something that
they do not understand. Therefore, grading/degrading our
language level in order to make sure a thorough
understanding of the audience is one essential factor that
we need to pay attention to. Expressing your attention,
showing your consideration, and telling them what they will
be benefited from the talk are forms of respect from you to
your audience. Be clear, be careful, and be consistent so
that you will not mislead the term, the definition, the goal,
and the particular thoughts you are aiming to bring up. In
case you need to use internal jargon, you need to carefully
anticipate by explaining the term in advance. To be clear
and decisive is a reflection of your careful analysis of the
data you gained about your audience. Clarity is indeed
very important point of your speech. Reaching your office
by public transportation, for example, can better save the
traveling cost and also bring further contribution toward the
reduction of traffic congestion. These two viewpoints help
your listeners clearly understand not only from one side but
both.
Be Adaptable
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Speaking to people you already know is much easier to
speak to a group of people you know idea about them at
all. You know what topic interests them, what they are
expecting, and how to address them. Speaking to a new
group of people challenges you in terms of the topic that
attracts their attention, gains their curiosity leverages their
enthusiasm, and retains their attention from the beginning
to the end.
Speaking to toddlers’ mothers in nursery care and

speaking to mothers in a remote area may not be needing
the same approach even though the purpose is similar.
On certain occasions, you may find a homogeneous
audience, people who share mainly similar things, more
than heterogeneous ones, those who share various
different values or things. Whoever they are, a speaker
cannot take for granted that a homogenous audience will
share exactly the same opinion, or otherwise
heterogeneous audience will absolutely perceive things
obviously differently. Every single person has gone through
their own experiences, knowledge, and values which
therefore lead to different perspectives even for the same
problem. Including demographic information like genders,
age groups, marital statuses, races, and ethnicities
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enables you to adapt the topic you are preparing more
smoothly in case you face ineffective speech. To be more
thorough, you can also collect information about their
socioeconomic statuses, which include their income,
wealth, level of education, and profession to help you
narrow the topic. Preparing your informative speech about
the importance of early education for newly married
couples in the prestigious housing estate may interest
more participants compared to the same couples who live
in a remote area with a financial challenge. The former
may want to find out the most suitable education facility,
while the latter may think it is not that urgent.
Be Responsive to Heterogeneity
It is sometimes possible for a speaker to have a broad
range of audience, and it is vital to address them equally
and respectfully. Analyzing your audience before
generating your outline and composing your speech saves
you from stereotyping them. Great speakers are those who
are speaking in public confidently, yet they are able to pay
closer attention to particular details of certain groups or
classes. Neither novice nor experienced speakers wish to
offend their audience, and thorough analysis would help
avoid this to happen. Speakers need to be thoughtful and
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considered before deciding to use any humor, expressions,
dialects, or any other nonverbal behaviours which imply a
disrespectful message. The probability of having offensive
speech can simply happen with your expression such as,
“all kindergarten teachers are girls, or all mechanics are
boys”. Even subtle messages are sometimes offensive. For
example, you wanted to share your opinion about saving
habits, and you started your lines by saying that newly
married couples usually face financial struggles. This
message offends those who do not necessarily experience
the case. Here is some guidance to speak ethically
according to Samovar and McDaniel:
1. Be accurate and exact in describing facts.
2. Be considerate of what you say. Think of the
emotional impact on people who listen to you and do
not be manipulative with your audience’s feelings.
3. Be careful in choosing your language, and never use
hateful expressions.
4. Every individual deserves respect. Respectful
messages open wider opportunities to be accepted
by a large group of people.
Be Ethical and be Sincere
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To enable you to speak effectively and efficiently you can
apply four basic terms plus one: ethos, logos, and
pathos. It is necessary sometimes to add mythos
depending on the setting and whom you are talking to.
To put is simple, ethos is the your ability as a speaker to
share your ideas and convince people listening to you by
involving your trustworthiness and your authority or your
expertise. Please can trust you because they can sense
that you are genuine, trustworthy, and respectful. They
also trust you as an expert that has good reputation. In
other words, your truthfulness and your consideration are
projected that you are able to position yourself as in the
condition of your audience. Thus, they think that you are
the most knowledgeable person to discuss the topic. Logos
can refer you your ability to convince people listening to
you by involving logical reasoning. You present scientific
evidence to support your ideas and arguments. By
presenting your scientific evidence coherently you are
approaching the goal of your speech. Logos can also lead
you to apply ethos as with your logical reasoning you gain
a better understanding to eventually raise the emotion of
the listeners. When you are able to have your audience be
at the same level of emotion as you, you can easily
‘transfer’ your belief. Once you achieved this stage, they
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can sense, for example, if an action should be taken as
urgently as you have thought.
Knowing your purpose in delivering your speech

It is important that you know your purpose before you start
writing anything down. It should be clear to the listener
what you want them to do or what they are supposed to
take away from your speech. The most common purposes
of public speeches are:
1. To inform listeners about something they might not
know (inform)
2. To persuade listeners to adopt a certain point of
view (convince)
3. To entertain listeners with a story or an activity
(entertain)
After all of these preparations mentioned above, it is now
time to prepare yourself and your material. And at this
point, we will be tackling how to prepare an effective
visual aid.
Benefits of Using Visual Aid
Without visual assistance, Winston Churchill and Martin
Luther King Jr. were still both excellent speakers. They
were presenters who could paint pictures in their
audiences' minds using vivid words, narratives, analogies,
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and other supporting resources. Although such tactics are
vital, most of us still require visual aids, particularly in
speeches conveying sophisticated, technical information.
Today's presenters who understand the value of visual
aids are hesitant to give presentations without them due to
the following significant advantages. (Hamilton, C., 2012).
Visual aids can assist people in better understanding
complex ideas and concepts. They're also an excellent
technique to make your message more interesting. Visual
aids have been employed since the dawn of humanity,
when cavemen used drawings on walls to relay messages
and stories to their fellow cavemen. We still utilize it for the
same purpose now. Visual aids help people who speak
various languages or have diverse learning methods and
capacities understand complicated ideas and concepts.
There are many types of visual aids that can be used in
presentations, including charts, graphs, illustrations,
photos, videos, and sketches.
Planning your Visual Aid

To begin with, you must be critical in planning your visual
aid. Because most presenters today utilize computer-
generated slides projected onto a screen, we'll focus on
computer slides in this chapter, though you'll see that
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many of the criteria apply to other types of visual aids as
well. Let's take a look at some key factors to consider
while creating visual aids. Here are a few points to
consider when making a visual aid:
1. Audiences: A speaker must be well aware of his/her

audiences in making the visual aid. Remember that
the visual aid is meant to be for the audience and
not for the speaker.
2. Color Palette: Colored images are more compelling
than monochrome or black & white images (Vogel
et al., 1986, 1990).
3. The Length of Text and Graphics: We all know that
a presentation with plain text contents seems to be
not attractive and interesting, thus try to collaborate
texts and graphics to the slides to make it more
interesting, and somehow interactive!
4. The Use of PowerPoint: The purpose of PowerPoint
is to help the audience easy to understand your
topic. Lacking effectiveness, a PowerPoint
presentation can be so boring. For your
convenience, please be aware of the following top
five most irritating items:
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• Do not read your slide but elaborate on your
point
• Present your text in a comfortable font size
for your audience to read
• Use phrases or bullet points instead of
complete sentences
• Be careful in choosing the color of your
slides, do not make it difficult to read your
message
• Present your chart as easily as possible to
understand
The following table helps you to do a self-evaluation after

conducting a speech. You can tick the necessary cell, yes
or no, to self-assess your achievement.
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Table 3. Monroe’s Motivated Sequences Self Evaluation
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Conclusion
Public speaking is an essential part of our daily life. At
work or school, we may be required to give a speech or a
presentation, participate in panel discussions, or just
answer questions in front of an audience. We are all
compelled to learn public speaking at some point in our
lives. It can be intimidating and challenging to master, but
it doesn't have to be. This section covers the fundamentals
of public speaking as well as how to improve your skills
through practice and instruction.
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1. How important is knowing your audience prior to
your speech presentation?
2. Form a small group of five, discuss with yourselves
your age, culture, ethnicity, race, group
membership, and socioeconomic status, and then
ask one member of the group to recall the
information about the other. All members should
take turns recalling what they hear from other
members, and nobody discusses the same person.
By this, you are practicing how to be mindful of your
audience’s information.
3. In the same group, please choose one of the
following topics and adopt on particular evidence
you need from your audience, your classmates. It
can be a form of an outline for your group speech:
a) Importance of Kindness
b) Impact of technology on our health
c) What Makes Learning Fun?
d) Importance of Education
e) Women’s Empowerment
f) Honesty is the best policy
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4. Why does the topic you have chosen interest you?
Do you think your classmates would share equal
thoughts? Why?
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D. REFERENCES
Beebe, S. and Beebe, S., 2015, A Concise Public
Speaking Handbook, 4th Edition, Texas State
University
Fry, Richard E. Ethos, Logos, Pathos and Mythos: Adding
Mystery to Rhetoric for Effective Product
Development, IDSA, Brigham Young University.
Hamilton, C., 2012, Essentials of Public Speaking, 5th
Edition, Tarrant County College—NE Campus
Osborn, M., Osborn, S., & Osborn, R. (2009). Public
Speaking - Eight Edition. Boston: Allyn & Bacon,
Pearson Education, Inc.
Thomson Learning.
in a multicultural society. Los Angeles, CA: Roxbury.
Taman, P., 2021, Public Speaking: How to Speak
Powerfully from ISBN : 978-623-315-371-3
Communicate! 13th Eds. Boston: Wadsworth,
Cangage Learning.
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And Attias, Bernardo A. Public Speaking Practice
and Ethics.v. 1.0. 2012.lardbucket
(http://2012books.lardbucket.org/).
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CHAPTER IV
INITIAL PLAN OF YOUR SPEECH
Public speaking can only be easy if the speaker allows it
to be yet skills and strategies on delivering a speech is a
must and needed by everyone regardless of the
person’s field of endeavor. In any case, there are few
pointers that one needs to know which make public and
speech presentation less difficult, one is developing your
speech. In this session these factors will be introduced
and analyzed that will help the students to develop their
speech better. By the end of this session, the students
are expected to: be able to recognize the factors of
developing the speech better, be able to analyze the
importance of these factors on the student’s upcoming
speech work assignments, be able to apply and practice
the factors the moment the students are developing their
speech on their own.
Public speaking is entailed with sharing information,
ideas or insights on a particular issue of interest and
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giving importance to your audience. With that, a good
speech requires careful preparation, which one of the
preparations includes developing your speech. In this
case, in order to develop a speech there are several
factors that must be considered in developing your
speech. These factors include choosing a topic, purpose
for choosing a topic, central idea, finding sources, and
citing sources.
1. Choosing a topic
The first step in developing your speech is choosing a
topic.That means choosing a subject which interests
the speaker. When a speaker decides to choose a
topic on his own, he will present the information and
his thoughts well. When the speaker is to discuss
something he is comfortable with, he is more likely to
present his insights better and will be expounding his
thoughts with joy, enthusiasm and with conviction
regarding the subject he has decided. Davidson
(2002) choosing a topic of your passion, you will be
more likely to be excellent in the speech. Lucas
(2008) recommends that speakers could choose
between the topic they know about and the topic they
want to know about.
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On the other side, choosing a subject that is of great
interest to the intended audience is important for
public speakers because the primary aim of delivering
the speech is the audience. In certain situations of
public speaking events, the audience must be
interested in whatever the speaker is delivering.
Therefore, before choosing a topic you have to
analyze your audience (as in chapter 3).
It is concluded that when choosing a topic, two main
factors should be considered: the audience and the
speaker's interests.
Once you have decided on an idea for a topic, it is a
must to decide a specific idea that would be the topic
for your speech. Being able to choose and select the
topic that both the speaker and the audience is
interested in is great. Yet, a broad topic can be the
result of this too. Resulting on having conflicting ideas,
that would result in difficulty managing the speech.
Therefore, these are the steps of developing a topic:
Step 1: This will help you chart and find

Brainstorming connecting ideas to your topic.
The main idea must be in the
center, then attached and
written down related ideas. It is
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possible to explore the ideas
through additional connections
that would also be helpful in
discussing the topic further.
This step can also Clustering is grouping words

be done with with the same cluster (Lucas,
clustering. 2008)
Example:
People:
Barack Obama
Hillary Clinton
Joko Widodo
Albert Einstein
Problems:
global warming
terrorism
lection fraud
campus crime
domestic abuse
Step 2: You can make your topic that is

Broad to Specific still general into a more specific
one through creating a flowchart
from a broad idea then
gradually shifting on a more
specific topic. You can increase
the specific topics to end up
with a more specific one to help
you narrow down your topic
Table 4. Steps of Developing Topics
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A technique for narrowing down a topic can be
illustrated in flipped triangle as shown in this flowchart
below:
Figure 5. Tachnique for Narrowing Topic

2. Determining the purpose of your topic
According to Lucas (2008), the audience, speakers,
and occasion all have a role in selecting a successful
speech topic. Therefore, it is important to take into
account the situations as a manifestation of the
different speech patterns.
There are many different kinds of public
presentations, however these speeches are typically
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divided into three groups based on their intended
audience. Speaking to inform, persuade, and entertain
are three examples of this.
a. Speaking to Inform
An informative speaker typically provides their
audience with information. Most frequently, they are
defining, outlining, and discussing a specific subject,
object, activity, or event. To share fresh knowledge,
they typically offer new information.
Although informative presentations can take many
different forms, the process demonstration is the most
popular. This kind of instructive speech demonstrates
to the audience how to accomplish or carry out a task.
The speaker is typically a subject-matter expert with
specific knowledge that is pertinent to the topic. For
instance, in cooking shows, the featured chef may
often simply follow a recipe's step-by-step instructions
to demonstrate how to prepare it.
Example from Lucas (2008):
Topic: Music
General purpose: To inform
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Specific purpose (the more effective): To inform my
audience about the benefits of music therapy for
psychological or cognitive disabilities.
b. Speaking to Persuade
These speakers provide facts as well, but they do it in
order to strengthen, encourage, and attempt to alter
the audience's on victions. Speakers of this type
frequently seek to inspire or persuade the audience
about a particular viewpoint. Three objectives are
included of the persuasive speech:
Speeches intended to persuade support preexisting
beliefs. For instance, if someone is asked to speak at
a religious organization's convention, they are more
likely to write a speech extolling the virtues of the
organization than trying to get people to join it.The
goal of persuasive speaking is to alter the audience's
viewpoint. For instance, when a policy goal is being
approved, your purpose is to persuade and motivate
the other public officials to support the policy goal by
providing them with various pieces of information.
Finally, a compelling speech encourages the listener
to act in a certain way.
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The purpose of this speech is to persuade the
audience that something needs to be done. Getting
your acquaintance to vote for the governmental
leaders you personally support, for instance.This
could be a sample of a statement of intent (Lucas,
2008)
Ineffective: Trying to convince my audience that
medical care needs to change.
More effective: To persuade my audience that the
federal government should adopt a system of national
health insurance in this country.
c. Speaking to Entertain
Speakers of this type hope to make the audience feel
at ease, make them laugh, and make them enjoy the
speech (Taman, 2021). Because entertaining
speeches are frequently used on special occasions
(wedding ceremonies, toasts to weddings, banquets,
and other similar special occasions), they are
frequently referred to and thought of as special-
occasion speeches. Like informative and persuasive
speeches, entertaining speeches must communicate
a clear message but in a different approach of
speaking.
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The speaker needs to be able to choose which of the
three goals they are going to concentrate on.
Choosing a purpose will help the speaker stay on task
while they build their speech.
3. Developing Central Idea

A one-sentence summary of your speech's main point,
often known as a thesis statement, the subject
sentence, or the principal thought The precise purpose
statements are frequently refined and honed in a
declarative sentence. It is necessary to finish the topic
selection procedure in order to formulate and develop
a primary notion. The speech's narrowly chosen
central idea communicates and articulates the subject
that will ultimately be covered in more detail. The final
speech—more especially, the speech's conclusion—
will contain the main idea. It will help the audience
remember the material they have heard mentioned
during the speech when it appears at the end of your
address.
Topic: Driving Etiquette
General Purpose: To persuade
Central Idea: Drivers who are caught texting while
driving ought to have their license revoked.
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There are existing guidelines for central ideas to make
it to be considered a well-worded one. The central
idea should be expressed in one full sentence, b. it
should be in an interrogative form, c. should avoid
using figurative language, d. should be specific.
4. Finding reliable sources

You must use sources in your speech to further
support your selected topic. There are many different
sources from which you might obtain information
pertinent to the subject you have chosen. Periodicals,
newspapers, books, and websites are examples of
them. Additionally, Lucas (2008) asserts that
conducting interviews is another method of acquiring
information.
a. Periodicals
It includes magazines and journals, as they were
published periodically or monthly. There are present
and existing library bases which periodicals from
around the world can be accessible One is,
Academic Search Premier. This tool is helpful for
you to find good sources for your chosen topic. Here
are some suggestions for citing an information oral
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and written from Wagner (n.d) in his article
entitled ‘Properly Citing Sources in a Speech’.
b. Newspapers and Books

They are considered as excellent sources of
information. Newspapers are best with good topics
that are developing quickly, as they are updated
every day. One of the well-known newspapers in the
record was the New York Times. Books on the other
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hand, are excellent for a variety of subjects and very
useful for in-depth research that isn’t usually found
in periodicals or newspapers. Here are some
suggestions for citing an information oral and
written from Wagner (n.d) in his article entitled
‘Properly Citing Sources in a Speech’.
c. Websites
This is the most used tool for searching sources due to
the emergence of technology. Information can also be
retrieved through websites. Most of the well-known
organizations usually have official websites where they
publish information related to their aim. To determine
whether a specific website is credible is accountability
present on the website. If the information is likely
available on the website, it is more likely to be reliable.
Most of the following information is available if the
website is reliable: organization, agency name,
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author’s name, contact information, date the
information was posted or published.
Here are some suggestions for citing an information
oral and written from Wagner (n.d) in his article
entitled ‘Properly Citing Sources in a Speech’
d. Interview
Researching material for a speech can be done
through an interview. When conducting an interview,
You have to do three phases (Lucas, 2008):
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Before the interview: decide the questions, the
interviewee, teh schedule, and the technical tools
such as recording equipment.
During the interview: be on time, dress properly, listen
and respond carefully.
After the interview: review the recording, transcribe.
5. Citing sources
Well-developed speeches gather external support of
ideas from the sources they’ve collated to different
types of sources, may it be in magazines, journals,
newspapers, books, and websites.
As you develop your speech, you must properly cite
your sources, which means you must decide what you
need to include: the author, date, title of work,
publication, web source, editor, and/or the credentials
of the author. Although all these are important
you can’t include them all; rather you should choose
the necessary information.
As developing your speech, it is vital to know that you
can’t provide every information of your speech, you
must have provided information gathered from your
sources. It is acceptable to get and ‘borrow’
information or ideas of others- it is a must! But
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whenever you choose to use other ideas, make sure
to give them credits. Just like the usual way of citing
information in a written document, you must provide
an oral citation as well for each quote, information, or
an idea you’ve gathered which supports and that is
relevant to your chosen topic. Citing reliable sources
from well-known recognized and reputable authors is
an excellent tool in making your speech more reliable.
Regardless of whatever sources you’ve gathered,
remember that date matters. You can choose sources
that are considered to have a historical relevance or
the most recent sources. Using both types of sources
dating from then and now, gives an implication to the
audience that you used varieties of sources to better
support your chosen topic.
Here is an example of a proper citation when delivered
verbally (the right side):
(source: https://courses.lumenlearning.com)
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The original statement is on the left side as stated by
Obama (2009), and the right side is how you deliver it in
your speech. Using a quote as your content is very
effective for references and to give evidence to
strengthen your opinion or argument in your speech.
106
1. Choose one of the general topics below and create a
specific topic from it by using the technique for
narrowing down a topic flipped triangle below:
health
economy
education
technology
sport
entertainment
After you choose, then complete the diagram (flipped
triangle):
107
2. Based on the specific topic you have created, decide
the type of speech you will have and write the purpose of
the speech:
Speech type:
_____________________________________________
___________________________________________
Statement of purpose:
_____________________________________________
_____________________________________________
__________________________________________
3. Search for one reference or quote regarding your

specific topic and use the citation in your speech.
Original quote:
_____________________________________________
_____________________________________________
__________________________________________
Verbal version you would like to say in your speech:
_____________________________________________
_____________________________________________
_____________________________________________
_____________________________________________
________________________________________
108
109
D. REFERENCES
Beebe, S. et al. (2019). Communication: Principles for a

Lifetime,7thEdition,
https://www.pearsonhighered.com/content/dam/regi on-
na/us/higher-ed/en/products-services/beebe-5e-
info/pdf/beebe-chapter-7.pdf
Choosing and Narrowing a Topic (2022). Lewis Writing
Center.https://lewisuwritingcenter.files.wordpress.com/2
020/06/maggies-resource.pdf
Davidson, J. (2007). The Complete Guide To Public
Speaking. BookSurge Publishing.
Eke, O. (2021). Public Speaking and Speech Presentation:
Skills and Strategies.
https://www.researchgate.net/publication/349570297_Pu
blic_Speaking_and_Speech_Presentation_Skills_and_S
trategies/citation/download
Jones, R. (2013) Communication in the Real World: An
Introduction to Communication Studies.
https://open.umn.edu/opentextbooks/textbooks/274
Korcok, M. (2014). Choosing a Topic.
https://he.kendallhunt.com/sites/default/files/heupload/T
horson_PS_2e_Ch4.pdf
Lucas, S. (2008). The Art of Public Speaking, 10th Edition.
Mcgraw-Hill College.
110
Taman, P. (2021). Public Speaking: HOW TO SPEAK
POWERFULLY. Pena Persada.
Wagner, P. E. (2014). Giving credit where credit is due:
Citing sources in a speech properly.
https://content.grantham.edu/academics/GU_CO10
1/Wagner_CitingSources.pdf
111
CHAPTER V
PLANNING THE CONTENT OF YOUR SPEECH
With the previous chapter we focused on initial
preparation of your speech, this chapter we will be
discussing on constructing the content of your speech in
preparation for your public speech. Each of these parts;
the introduction, the body and the conclusion- has its
functions. In the end of this lesson, students are able to
recognize each part of constructing the speech such as
introduction, the body, and the conclusion, able to
identify the three functions of each part of constructing
your speech and able to distinguish each of them in your
proposed speech and able to construct your own
speech using the three main parts mentioned above.
Speech organization provides two crucial purposes. The
first step in improving idea clarity is organizing and
structuring the discourse. The likelihood that your
speech will be effective is increased by planning it.
Disorganized presentations are more likely to be
misunderstood by audiences, who may also assume that
112
the speaker is trustworthy or credible. The three primary
sections of a speech are the introduction, the body, and
the conclusion.
It is crucial to structure your speech in order to achieve
two key goals: first, it improves idea clarity, and second,
it raises the likelihood that the speech will be persuasive.
It means that the audience will believe a well structured
message compared to the chaotic one. As most
audiences are more likely to not understand a chaotic
speech, which would increase the likelihood that the
speaker is unreliable and uncredible, structuring the
speech will help your audience understand your goal.
Third, a well structured message is easier to remember
therefore it is more impactful.
A well-structured message in a speech has a structure
similar to an essay: introduction, body, and conclusion.
Therefore,it is recommended to create an outline as the
key information of the message structure to be
developed in a speech.
B. 1. Writing the introduction

The opening is the most crucial part of your presentation
for grabbing your audience's attention. If not, they might
113
not pay close attention to your content (Harrington &
Lebeau, 2009).
If it's a group presentation, you must begin by
introducing yourself and your colleagues. You must
outline the topics covered by your main points. Explain to
the audience the significance of the material and what
they should expect to hear. In order to give the
presentation's body plenty of time, the introduction must
be succinct (Oregon State University, 2009). Once the
introduction is through, make a seamless transition into
the body.
Possible introduction components include:
a. Greeting the audience (Salutations, greeting them
with good morning, evening, afternoon, etc.)
b. Providing a succinct introduction to your subject;
c. describing your structure; and
d. providing details about the questions.
As they say, first impressions last. A weak introduction

would make the listener doubt the speaker's authority. In
order to increase the speaker's confidence from the
beginning of the speech until the very finish, it is crucial
to start out strong. Three goals can be achieved by a
strong introduction: pique the interest of the audience,
114
establish and demonstrate your credibility, and identify
the subject of your speech.
Let’s discuss each of the objectives.
a. Pique the interest of the audience
First impressions last as they say. Poor beginning
would result in the audience losing their credibility
towards the speech. As to why, it is important to get
on the right foot to boost the audience’s interest.
Use attention-grabbers at the start of your speech,
such as relating the subject, posing queries, or
sharing a personal experience.
a.1. Making the subject relevant to your audience
It is important to relate the subject to the listeners in
order to pique their interest in your speech. The
audience likes to occasionally participate in the
speaker's speech, which is why it is important. In
order to maintain your audience's interest, you
should always tie your topic to them.
This illustration from Stephen E. Lucas' The Art of
Public Speaking shows how to engage the audience
by relating the subject to them.
.
115
The speaker's audience can pay attention because of
the example's use of vivid language to depict the
speaker's classmates.
b.2. Posing a query

Asking your audience a rhetorical question could also
be another way to let your audience think further with
your speech. The purpose of asking such questions
like this is to make a point rather than to get an
answer. A single question can be effective.
How would you respond to a friend who has been a
victim of violence?
There are other instances, wherein instead of asking a
single question, you would be throwing out several
questions to your audience. Each of which draws the
attention of your audience deeper.
116
Have you tried which side you would be going when
you’re lost? Is it a left or a right? Which way would
you often go? Would you be willing to take both sides
just to see the right pathway?
b.3. Story telling

Everyone enjoys listening to stories, especially ones
that are a little bit dramatic, funny, or suspenseful. The
chosen theme must be relevant for these stories to
complement the introduction properly. Use these tales
to effectively stress or even drive the speech's
emotions.
Take a look at this example mentioned from Stephen
E. Lucas’ The Art of Public Speaking.
117
The use of the example piques the interest of the
audience and enables the viewers to emotionally
connect to the narrative.
Personal experiences can also be used. Any story's
effectiveness depends on how it is told by the
speaker. The speaker can use pauses, eye contact,
tone and volume changes, and other techniques to
make the story more real and compelling. The three
techniques mentioned are the most popular and
useful for introducing a topic.
b. Obtain respectability
Setting up your audience's trust is the third goal that
needs to be achieved in your introduction. The
audience will view a speaker as credible when it is
evident from her speech that she is informed and an
authority on the subject matter. Credibility is a
measure of one's ability to communicate on any
given issue. It is not necessary for the speaker's
credibility to be based on personal expertise and
experience. One can make use of sources, it can
come from reading, from interviews, and from
notable personalities.
118
c. Inform the topic
Don't forget to mention and explicitly state the topic
of your speech while trying to keep the attention of
your audience. This will make it easier for the
audience to understand how the quotes, inquiries,
and narratives you provided in your introduction
relate to one another. The listeners could become
lost if the issue is not made clear along the route.
Therefore, aid your audience in understanding your
selected topic by revealing it to them in order to
avoid situations like these.
This can be considered as a basic point but
speakers often forget about mentioning their topic.
The delivery of their speech can be on point but it is
still best to mention the topic before anything else.
Try to compare both of these examples from
Stephen E. Lucas’ The Art of Public Speaking.
119
The aforementioned scenario leaves the audience
perplexed and raises a number of queries. What
exactly is the subject? photography of nature?
Birding? Tourism? However, the topic's speaker
omitted to clearly state what the topic was about.
While with this example, it has provided a way to get into

the audience’s attention yet it would be best when
revealing a topic, to reveal it right away. Even if the
audience is already aware of the chosen topic.
There is no set of rules or sequence to all of these
objectives; however one must be able to include all of
these objectives in order to build and construct an
effective introduction.
B. 2. Writing the body

After structuring the introduction of the speech, the next
step is developing the body part of your speech.
120
The body of your speech should then be developed after
the introduction has been organized. There are 3 basic
steps to develop the body part: decide the central idea,
decide the main ideas, give the supporting details such
as offering an example of it and the evidence, and
explain why it is significant (if applicable).
a. Central idea
Central idea is the key claim a speaker has in his
speech. A claim is a belief the speaker wants to share
with the audience. In writing, we also call it the thesis.
An example of a central idea:

Smoking should be banned because it destroys our
health.
There is a main topic: smoking, followed by a

controlling idea: destroying our health.
This means the next information from the speaker is
all about how smoking can destroy health and should
not be about other factors besides the health factors.
The key ideas about the damages are called main
ideas.
121
b. Main ideas
When we discuss a particular body part, we must
provide evidence to back up our claims. Gregory
(1987) listed a few supporting items that we can
utilize in the body of our speech, including definitions,
summaries, examples, narratives, comparisons, and
statistics.
For example:
Central idea: Smoking should be banned because it
destroys our health.
Main ideas:
1. In forms of examples:
- It can cause lung cancer
- It can cause heart diseases
- It leads to dental problems
2. In a form of fact
- Smoking is a cause of death.
3. In a form experts’ opinion:
-According to tobacco treatment expert and
addiction specialist Maher Karam-Hage, M.D.,
smoking cigarettes can cause damages that are
permanent.
c. Supporting ideas
122
Supporting ideas are evidence-based. The most crucial
material in your speech's body is the evidence. When we
need to strengthen the content of our speech, we give
justification. For instance, a speaker might need to
provide evidence to back up a claim after defining it and
making a claim. Examples, facts, data/statistics, expert
opinions, and other types of evidence are all acceptable,
for example:
Main idea: Smoking is a cause of death.
Supporting details: According to cleveland clinic.org,
every year, around 480,000 people passed away from
the effects of smoking.
An important thing to remember about main ideas/central

ideas and their developments into key points and
supporting details is that a speaker should adjust it with
the length of the speech. Therefore, making an outline of
main ideas and the supporting ideas is crucial in the
preparation phase of a speech.
d. Transitional device
Consider using transitional devices with your body part
since it will be the longest component of your speech.
Use transitional phrases to join your body paragraphs
123
together and aid your audience in following the thread of
the topic you've chosen. The audience can transition
easily from one group of examples to another with the
aid of transitional devices:
Of Addition Of Of Of Result Of time
contrast Compari
son
Also, However, Similarly, Therefore Next,
Besides, Still, Likewise , Hence, Then,
Furthermor Neverthel Thus, Meanwhil
e, ess, Conseque e, Finally,
Moreover Converse ntly Subsequ
ly, ently,
Nonethel
ess,
Instead
Table 5. The Aid of Transitional Devices
B.3. Writing the conclusion

Depending on how long your speech is overall . the
speaker's main goal in the conclusion is to restate the
thesis statement or the main idea from the
introduction, as well as to summarize the major
124
concepts covered during the speech and how they
relate to one another.
The introduction and conclusion of the speech should
be cohesive and able to serve as a summary.
However, there are more inventive ways to end your
speech. It also incorporates the following:
a. Conclude with a quote

It is equally possible to use a citation in your
concluding comment as it was at the beginning of your
speech. It is thought to be theThe conclusion often
comprises one to two paragraphs, again depending on
how long your essay is overall. The basic purpose of
the conclusion is for the speaker to recap the key
ideas discussed throughout the speech and how they
relate to one another, as well as to restate the thesis
statement or the primary idea from the opening.
The speech's introduction and conclusion sections
ought to flow together and be able to provide a
summary. There are, however, more creative methods
to wrap up your speech. additionally, it combines the
following:
An illustration from The Art of Public Speaking by
Stephen E. Lucas.
125
The mentioned example was able to depict on how the
conclusion can end with a conclusion that is in line
with the central idea of your chosen speech.
b. Make a strong declaration.

Another option, besides including a citation with your
conclusion, is to create your own dramatic statement.
Some speeches have gained notoriety as a result of
original dramatic declarations. Here is an illustration of a
dramatic statement from The Art of Public Speaking by
Stephen E. Lucas..
The closing lines used in the example brought a

dramatic conclusion.
126
B.5. Outlining
All keywords of the overall speech then should be
outlined in the preparation stage. An outline can be in
this structure:
Central idea:
____________________________________________
Main idea 1:
Supporting detais for main idea 1:
_________________________________________
Main idea 2:
Supporting details for main idea 2:
_________________________________________
Main idea 3:
_________________________________________
Concluding statement:
_________________________________________
B.6. Drafting
An outline is needed to be developed to a transcription of
the speech. Therefore, it is necessary for a speaker to
organize the transcript of the speech in the form of
127
complete sentences. This transcription then can be used
to rehearse for the speech.
128
According to your chosen topic in the previous
assignment (meeting IV), as you are about to prepare
your speech, make use of the structures mentioned in
the lesson to create an outline of your speech.
Here are the topic you can choose:
health
economy
education
technology
sport
entertainment
Central idea:
_______________________________________________
_____________________________________________
Main idea 1:
_______________________________________________
_______________________________________________
____________________________________________
Main idea 2:
_______________________________________________
129
_______________________________________________
____________________________________________
Main idea 3:
_______________________________________________
_______________________________________________
____________________________________________
Concluding statement:
_______________________________________________
_____________________________________________
Develop the outline into the transcript for your speech.
_______________________________________________
_______________________________________________
_______________________________________________
_______________________________________________
_______________________________________________
_______________________________________________
_______________________________________________
_______________________________________________
_______________________________________________
_______________________________________________
_______________________________________________
_______________________________________________
130
_______________________________________________
_______________________________________________
_______________________________________________
_______________________________________________
_______________________________________________
_______________________________________________
_______________________________________________
___________________________
131
D. REFERENCES
Carnegie, D. & Esenwein, J. (2018). The art of public speaking.

Skyhorse Publishing.
Chanock, K. et al. (2007) A Visual Guide to Essay Writing.
https://www.tcd.ie/disability/assets/doc/pdf/essayWritingV
isualGuide.pdf
Gregory, H. (2022). Public Speaking for College and
Career(12th edition). McGraw-Hill Higher Education
Harrington, D. & LeBeau, C. (2009). Speaking of Speech.
MacMillan Language House.
Lucas, S. (2008) The Art of Public Speaking, 10th Edition.
McGraw-Hill
Structuring the speech (n.d). University of Pittsburgh.
https://www.comm.pitt.edu/structuring-speech
Taman, P. (2021). Public Speaking: HOW TO SPEAK
POWERFULLY. Pena Persada.
132
CHAPTER VI
FOUNDATION OF PHYSICAL SKILLS
This module will serve as an introduction to the three
skills in speech, particularly the physical skills where
there are four special skill areas: the posture, eye
contact, gesture, and voice. Additionally, a preview of its
importance and tips in preparation will serve as a
remedy to the problems that are commonly seen in an
awkward and ineffective presentation. After discussing
this chapter, students are expected to be able to identify
the four special areas of physical message, implement
physical skills in carrying out messages, understand the
different foundations of physical skills that may help
establish self while speaking, gain confidence in
speaking by using techniques in making a speech and
apply it in a performance exercise.
Physical talent is one of several components that must
be obvious for a presentation to be successful. A
speech's information cannot be fully communicated with
133
words alone. Your posture, eye contact, verbal inflection,
and hand movements all convey information. Body
language is the use of physical behavior, expressions,
and mannerisms to communicate nonverbally. It's
typically done naturally rather than on purpose.
Your posture, tone of voice, quantity of eye contact,
gestures, and other nonverbal behaviors can all send
important information. They can either comfort people,
win their trust, and entice them to you, or they can
irritate, befuddle, and undercut what you're trying to say
(Segel et.al., 2020).
An audience will receive a positive, assured, and
convincing message through a strong physical
performance. Four distinct skill areas are represented in
the physical message (Harrington & Lebeau, 2009):
1. How we stand and how we hold our bodies:

Your posture communicates a lot about you and how
you are perceived by others. It adheres to the basic
principles of body language. How you present the
information has a big impact on how the audience will
understand it and respond. Communication is
hampered by poor speech and unprofessional posture
that distract the listeners. An oral presentation requires
134
the right posture to captivate and gain the audience's
trust (Maier, n.d.).
A good body posture to start a presentation is to have
our legs stand up straight as wide as our shoulders,
then to put our hands together in front of our stomach.
We want to create a good impression by standing
straight with confidence and friendly manner. Bad
postures include standing sideways, keep moving our
shoulders or legs, eyes staring at the ceiling, or even
staring at the floor to avoid eye contact.
Nowak (2004) stated these bad postures and body
movements we should avoid when presenting:
• The shuffle: The speaker's feet alternately move
backward and forth, as if the ground beneath them
were a bed of blazing coal.
• The sway: As if on a ship in the middle of a
developing storm at sea, the speaker continues to rock
side to side.
• In the cha-cha, the speaker's legs move in a box-like
pattern repeatedly.He moved in a round motion on the
dance floor as though he was looking for a companion.
• The stance: The speaker stands solely on a single
foot with the other bent at the knee, the toes of the
135
solid foot brushing against the heel as though to
relieve a nagging itch.
2. Eye contact: This is how we maintain eye contact

with the listeners as we speak. When presenting a topic
to a group of individuals, you want to establish a
connection since a connection might be seen as a link
or a bond. Because maintaining eye contact during a
conversation is essential for conveying emotion or
attention, you should think about the message you are
trying to get across (Schulz, 2012).
3. Gestures: Gestures are the movements of our

hands to help convey a message. Presenters can
communicate their thoughts more effectively and
articulately while also gaining the audience's trust by
using genuine gestures and body language. Gestures
used by presenters can convey fervor and intensity,
which draws the audience's attention and keeps it.
Gestures are also quite important when public
speaking. You run the risk of making awkward looks
throughout the speech and disturbing the audience if
you don't use gestures properly, which might prohibit
136
you in having the desired impact on them (Mclean,
n.d.).
Be mindful of how you look. Unconscious fidgeting that
is subtle, such as: touching or adjusting your clothing,
rubbing your face, playing with your finger as they will
take away their focus to the presentation and pick up
your unnecessary movement.
Beebe and Beebe (2015) suggested some bad

gestures to be avoided:
a. Parade rest: when you keep both hands behind your
back, you can look like a soldier doing a "parade
rest."
b. Broken wing: Another common posture is the
"broken wing" pose, which includes standing
including one arm on the hip. A "double broken wing"
is worse than a "broken wing" just because it entails
both hands resting on the hips.
c. Arm grip. Few positions look more unnatural than
when the speaker grips one hand, as if it has been
shot at.
d. Pocketed hands. Keeping both hands in your
pockets can give the impression that you are
reluctant to part with your keys or your change.
137
e. Clutch of fig leaves. Some pupils engage in a
distracting "fig leaf clutch," holding their hands
together and letting them fall in front of them.
By reiterating, opposing, replacing, supporting,
stressing, or controlling your spoken message, your
gestures can strengthen or weaken what you have to
communicate. Some gestures to help in conveying a
message in a speech are:
1. Numbers: When we say something with numbers,

for example “I have three reasons why smoking is
dangerous for our health”, we hold our three fingers.
2. Length of things or period of time: For example

when we want to say “the river is long”, we hold our
hand open and separate to give a space in between
them to illustrate the length of the river.
3. Contradicting: when we want to show contrast or

compare something we use our two hands to illustrate.
For example when we want to say “The population in
Indonesia is a lot higher than Brunei Darussalam”, we
put one hand higher than another hand to illustrate this.
138
4. Shape and position: when we want to show a
shape of something we use our hand, for example
“watermelon is round”, so we use our two hands
together to shape a circle to illustrate watermelon.
5. Emphasizing. A shaking fist or a slicing gesture with

one or both hands helps emphasize a message. So
does pounding your fist into the palm of your hand.
Other gestures can be less dramatic but still lend
emphasis to what you say. Try to allow your gestures to
arise from the content of your speech and your
emotions.
Here are some suggestions to pay attention to as you

prepare your speech:
a. Instead of being tense or inflexible, gestures should
be loose. Although you should watch your motions,
try to avoid coming out as rigid while doing so.
b. Make hand motions that are in line with your
statement. For instance, gesture more forcefully if
you are feeling elated.
c. Adjust your motions to the context of your speech.
You might need to make smaller movements that
the audience can see on screen when giving a
139
speech through video, for instance during a
teleconference.
d. Try to use gestures for a range of functions and
avoid using just one hand or one universal motion.
e. Your goal is to share information with your
audience; it is not to entertain your listeners to the
point that your gestures command greater interest
than your information.
4. Voice: modifying our voice tone to emphasize certain

words. Voice inflection, also known as intonation, is the
process through which we alter the tone or pitch of our
voice while speaking in order to clarify our meaning or
reveal our emotions. According to Harington & Lebeau
(2009), there are three ways to alter your voice:
stretching, stressing, or pausing before a word or
phrase are examples of these techniques. They focus
on how to emphasize and control pace with our voice
so that our performance is not boring and monotonous.
Voice variation is important to get the audience
attention in either a short or long duration speech.
140
a. Stretching: when we stretch, we would like to
emphasize something. We do it by saying some
words longer than the other words. For example:
Long: Life is a loooooooong journey.
The word ‘long’ is stretched to make the period

expressed in the message become stronger and we
would like to make our audience feel how loing the
journey of life is.
b.Stressing: similar with stretching, stressing is also

used to emphasize a point in a speech. Some words
can be stretch, some other words are better of to be
stressed. For example:
Watermelon is PACKED! With energy. (the word in

capital is stressed by meaning we should say it louder
and we stress it more than other words as an
emphasis because we would like to inform how full of
nutrients a watermelon is).
c. Pausing: pauses are also important when we want to

make our utterance clearer. When we pause, we give
141
the audience a chance to absorb every single word.
Of course, pausing can not be done all the time. We
use pauses when we want to make some parts of our
speech easier to remember because they are key
points of our message and we want our audience to
remember them. An example of pauses:
“We.....can.....create....peace..together”
(When we pause, we give few seconds
between words and do not stress them. Pauses
are done slowly to create a dramatic feeling in
the utterances.)
Motions can be used similarly to inflection. Without

movement, your physical communication will be
lifeless; there won't be any variety, activity, or
energy. Speaking without inflection is similar to
writing in that it lacks variety, color, and emphasis.
In the same way that gestures aid in the
understanding of your speech, inflection draws
emphasis to key words (Centervention, n.d.).
Nowak (2004) also described some factors in
working on our voice in a speech:
142
a. Volume: most important from our voice as a speaker is
that it should be clearly heard but is in the proper
volume that is not to shout and not to whisper. To
increase vocal power so that we do not need to shout
to be heard is by using our full diaphragm support, not
by using our chest voice. If a microphone is provided
for your speech, then adjust your mouth position to the
mic, make sure it is not too close nor too far from it.
Using a mic is necessary for a large audience because
that means you do not need to shout to make all
audience hear you. Lastly, pay attention to pitch which
refers to the level of lowness and height of our voice.
This is related to our intonation which makes meaning
in our voice. Different intonations will send a different
impression to our audience.
b. Clarity: articulation is crucial as well in speaking.
Speaking with clarity means we articulate the words
we say completely. We should not be lazy to open our
mouth fully and to have vivid and full articulation.
Clarity means clear pronunciation and using words
completely, it means you do not shorten them.
In addition, Nowak (2004) stated that practicing how to

breathe is important as a public speaker. By placing our
143
hands on the lower part of our stomach, make a deep
inhale until we stretch our stomach maximally and then
exhale as far as we can.
1. Taking Down Wisdom
Vanessa Van Edwards, a behavioral investigator, author,
and TED Talk presenter, shares the 5 Top Secrets of a
Successful TED Talk. Note the secrets and consider how
the physical communication might be parts of them:
https://youtu.be/wkfYzs2Qv-M
2: Performing Exercise
Using the four special skill areas of physical skills
discussed in the module, try to implement all of them in
the following sentences and practice it in front of the
mirror:
1. This is my dog; his name is Tobias.
2. I want my burger and fries beside my condiment,
which is a ketchup.
144
3. The country Nauru is 20 kilometers wide and located
near the Pacific Ocean.
4. By putting a large sum of money in your investment,
you are securing your future.
5. She likes to put the flowers in the vase on the living
room, but I disagree, and say, “Anna, I love those
flowers near the lampshade in the master bedroom.
D. REFERENCES
Barron, B. (2020). Importance of Body Language in

Presentations: How to Use It Effectively. Retrieved
from
https://business.tutsplus.com/articles/importance-of-
body-language-in-presentations--cms-33171
Centervention. (n.d.). What is voice inflections? Retrieved
from https://www.centervention.com/voice-
inflection/#:~:text=What%20is%20Voice%20Inflectio
n% 3F,about%20how%20we%20are%20feeling.
Harington, D. & Lebeau, C. (2009). Speaking of Speech:
New Edition. Macmillan Press.
Mclean, R. (n.d.). The 4 Public Speaking Gestures And
How To Use Them. Retrieved from
https://slightlyunconventional.com/public-speaking-
gestures/
Schulz, J. (2012). Eye contact: Tips to make your
presentations stronger. MSU. Retrieved from
https://www.canr.msu.edu/news/eye_contact_tips_t
o_m ake_yo
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Segal, J., Smith, M., Robinson, L., & Boose G. (2020).
Nonverbal Communication and Body Language.
HelpGuide. Retrieved from
https://www.helpguide.org/articles/relationships-
communication/nonverbal-
communication.htm#:~:text=All
%20of%20your%20nonverbal%20behaviors,you’re
%20t rying%20to%20convey.
Van Edwards, V. (2015). Top 5 Secrets of a Successful
TED Talk. Youtube.
MEETING VII
EFFECTIVE VISUAL FOR PRESENTATION
A. LEARNING OBJECTIVE
At the end of this meeting, the students are expected to be
able to:
1. Understand the visual aids for presentation;
2. Understand the benefits of visual aids for presentation;
3. Understand the types of effective visual aids;
4. Create effective visual aids.
1. Visual Aids for Presentation
Have you ever attended a presentation where you
cannot understand a single thing that the speaker talked
about? It can be because the way the speaker deliver the
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presentation did not help the audience to understand. A
speech that is delivered without any media to visualize the
topic should be helped by a great effort from the speaker to
convey the messages of the speech. The speaker must
correctly and attractively use the tone of the speech and
proper gestures so that the audience will not only rely on
the speaker’s words. In this case, the speaker’s appearance
can be the visual aid. The outfit of the speaker can help the
audience to grab the message of the speech if it resembles
or represents the message itself. For example, the speaker
may wear a hand-knitting outfit while presenting or
delivering a speech about hand-knitting products. The
speaker may wear local products while delivering a speech
about local product campaigns. If the outfit is not the
representation of the topic, then the speaker must wear an
appropriate one that will not distract the audience or disturb
their focus.
Famous speakers such as Winston Churchill and Martin
Luther King Jr. are examples of great speakers that can
convey the messages of their speeches without the help of
visual aids. They can deliver their speech through vivid
words, narratives, analogies, and other supporting materials
that help the audience to accurately grab the messages.
However, most speakers tend to use visual aids to explain
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complex and technical information. Hamilton (2012) listed
the benefits of visual aids are helping speed comprehension
and adding interest, helping to improve audience memory
and recalling content, decreasing presentation time, and
improving speaker credibility.
Types of visual aids that can effectively support a
speech or a presentation can be applied based on the need.
Taken from Fundamentals of Public Speaking, an Open
Educational Resource material of the College of the
Canyons, visual aids can be in a form of personal
appearance, objects, and props, demonstrations, posters,
flip charts, audio, video, handouts, or slideware.
2. Benefits of Visual Aids

As it is mentioned the benefits of using visual aids in a
presentation explained by Hamilton (2012) are as follows :
a. Aiding speed comprehension and adding interest
A presentation that is delivered without the help of visual
aids relies only on the speaker’s speaking skills. As it is
mentioned, great examples of this type of speaker are
Winston Churchill and Martin Luther King Jr. who are well-
known for their ability in explaining things through vivid,
narrative words. Nonetheless, most speakers will surely
need visual aids to help audiences to comprehend and to
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add to the audience’s interest in the presentation. The data
presented in words cannot attract the audience to focus and
understand. Especially when the speaker presented just the
same as what is shown in the slides. One important thing to
remember is that presenting is not merely reading slides.
The slides are used to help the audience to understand the
words spoken by the speaker, therefore the main aim of a
presentation is to deliver the speaker’s understanding.
To help the audience to understand the presentation, the
data can be presented in a more attractive way that can
illustrate the data accurately. The following example is a
table containing statistical data taken from the U.S. Bureau
of the census. Statistical Abstract of the United States,
2010, Washington, D.C in Hamilton (2012).
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Figure 6. Visual aids in form of statistical data. Taken from
Hamilton, C., 2012, Essentials of Public Speaking, 5th Edition
The above table may enable the readers to understand
in a few seconds that the total advertising expenditures
are significantly increasing. Nonetheless, to comprehend
more information in detail such as the expenditures of
each medium every four years or perhaps the top three
media with the highest expenditures the reader needs to
reread and analyze the table. Though it still needs the
effort to understand detailed information from the above
table, it is still better than forcing the readers’ brain to
understand the information if the above data is
presented narratively. Now we may compare the above
table with the following graphs with the same data.
Figure 7. Statistic data in a graph. Taken from Hamilton, C.,

2012, Essentials of Public Speaking, 5th Edition
150
Now, look at the above graph, just in case the colors of
the chart are confusing we should agree that the first chart
is newspaper, followed by broadcasted TV, direct mail, and
magazines. in a split second the reader may see that
though direct mail was at the same height as broadcast
TV, it is significantly increasing during 2004 and becomes
the highest chart in 2008. It can be concluded that
comprehension can be gained more quickly and more
completely if complex data are presented in visual form,
b. Helping to improve audience memory and recalling

content
Hamilton (2012) brings up Ralph Nichols’s research
about most listeners having forgotten most of what they
heard which resulted in the fact that even good listeners
can only remember no more than 25%. The research
also shows that recalling ability can be improved by
utilizing high-quality visual aids. It is believed that visual
aids that include a picture or image produce better recall
and color visual aids produce the best recall. Therefore,
pictures and colors can stimulate the audience’s ability
to memorize. The following guidelines are very useful to
create good pictures and colors in visual aids:
- Use pictures or images with some explanatory words
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Explanatory words should be informative and brief
and the pictures or images should strongly represent the
messages.
- Place the picture or images immediately next to the
words they represent
If the pictures and the explanation are presented side
by side, it will be easier and quicker to be
comprehended the audience.
- Make sure the pictures or images serve as a memory
anchor
Pictures or images selected to be put on the slides
must represent the main point of the message.
Therefore, selecting pictures or images should be
careful so that it can help the audience to memorize the
message.
- Select pictures or images as vivid as possible
Make sure that the pictures or images can be seen and
understood clearly. Blurry pictures or images will not help
the audience to understand. It also happens with bright
colorful pictures or images that might hurt the audience’s
eyes.
c. Decreasing presentation time
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Visual aids help the audience to figure the messages
conveyed by the speaker out. Visualizing explanations can
surely save presentation time because the audience can
understand more quickly. The audience will be tired of trying
to concentrate on narrative text or narrative speech that will
not help them to understand.
d. Improving speaker credibility

Visual aids can help the speaker to present effectively so
that the speaker’s credibility will be known well by the
audience even though they only know that the speaker is
average. The ability to enable the audience to comprehend
the message of the presentation is important to be
mastered by the speaker and that is how people are
indicated as good and credible speakers.
3. Types of Effective Visual Aids

a. Personal Appearance
Some speakers tend to dress up to represent the topic
of the presentation. This can help the speakers to reinforce
the message of the presentation. For example, in a
presentation about the importance of promoting local
products, the speaker’s outfits are made by a local clothing
line, so that the message of the presentation can be
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reinforced through direct visualization. If the speakers
cannot appear with supporting outfits to match the topic,
they should dress up appropriately. On a formal occasion
with a professional audience and venue, the speakers must
dress formally and professionally. On the other hand, the
speaker can dress casually on casual occasions.
b. Objects and Props

Objects and props are the actual items that are
important for the audience to know. For example in a
presentation about the importance of wearing a three-layer
mask and face shield during the Covid-19 pandemic, the
speaker wears a three-layer mask and face shield so that
the audience can get direct visualization of the explanation.
Another example is when a presentation is aimed to sell
bicycle and helmet for safe riding, the actual samples of
bicycle and helmet are important to be presented so that the
audience will know what kind of bicycle and helmet the
speaker are promoting and how to use them. The important
point in bringing and presenting objects and props in a
presentation is the possibility for the audience to see them.
If the venue is very large, the objects and props can be
passed around and the speaker needs to make sure that
they have been told how to handle them properly.
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Therefore, it was better to give the audience advice and
caution before passing the objects and props to the
audience.
c. Demonstration
The main purpose of the demonstration is to show the
audience about how something is done. If the presentation
is aimed to promote a new product that is still unfamiliar to
the audience, the speaker needs to consider including a
demonstration. For example, if a presentation is aimed to
show how to park an electric car with 90 0-wheeler rotation,
the actual product needs to be presented and the speaker
needs to demonstrate how to park. Another example taken
from a presentation is not to promote a product but to show
what people need to do when there is an earthquake. A
demonstration of the evacuation process needs to be done
so that the audience will experience and practice the
evacuation.
d. Posters and Flip Charts

It is suggested that posters and flip charts can be used
in a presentation attended only by around a dozen of
people. The content of the poster should reflect the
message of the presentation accurately. It should be made
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professionally. During the presentation, it must be visible to
the audience. Another option for text-based visual aid is a
whiteboard. However, writing on whiteboards can take a lot
of time. Therefore, we need to make sure that we only write
down significant points on the whiteboard.
e. Audio and Video

Audios and videos are the most digitized visual aids
that can help the audience to understand the presentation.
However, do not let your overall presentation be filled by
audio and videos you have downloaded before. Make sure
that audio and videos only reinforce the message of the
presentation. Before selecting this kind of presentation
make sure that the file type can be accessed with the
computer you are going to use in your presentation. Another
important thing that needs to consider is that do not to play
audio or videos from an online site. It will depend on the
signal and the devices you use during the presentation. Our
presentation will rely on signals and devices. It was better
for you to download the audio or videos first.
f. Handouts
Distributing handouts that are printed from the
speaker’s slides is now a common thing. The handout here
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is used as a copy of the slide in case, the slide is difficult to
see. However, this is not the right use of the handout. Slides
and handouts are supposed to play different roles. If the
speaker is presenting complex data in a form of a chart on
the slides, the handout may contain the complete table of
the data. Though creating slides and handouts differently
will take more time, it will result in a takeaway document
and the slides will focus on a significant point.
4. Creating Visual Aids

Here are some steps that need to be done in creating
visual aids:
a. Before choosing what visual aids will be used for your
presentation, make sure that it is proper for your
audience, venue, and the theme of the speech.
b. Before you open PowerPoint and start creating your
slides, take a moment to consider what kind of visual aid
best suits your purpose and if you need any help.
Choose visual aids that not only look great, and replace
thorough preparation, but complement your presentation
in a meaningful way.
c. Visuals are not meant to be hidden when in front of an
audience. It has even been suggested that beginners
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should be prohibited from using visual aids because they
tend to use them in their speech.
d. Visual aids play a unique role in presentations. The
specific purpose and desired outcome of the speech
should be considered when deciding whether, when, to
what extent, and in what form to use visual aids.
e. Visuals can arouse interest, build emotional
connections, clarify language, explain abstract ideas,
draw conclusions, and deepen understanding. For
example, a speaker might show a stack of books to
show how much data is stored in a speech about
computer development. Or, by distributing earplugs,
showing them how to insert them, and then blowing an
air horn with a speech on preventing hearing loss to
make the value of hearing protection more memorable
and specific. Demonstrate use. Simple, legible, relevant,
memorable, and audience-centric visual aids, when
used well, can have a big impact on your audience and
your overall message.
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Direction: Do the following exercise independently!
Part 1
1. Find the data about the English Literature scholarship
program in the UK in 2023.
2. Put the data into a table
3. Convert the table into a chart
4. Explain your chart in from of the audience
Part 2
1. Select one topic of your presentation related to
education
2. Select visual aids that are relevant to your presentation
3. The detail of your presentation will be:
Venue: Classroom
Audience: Lecturer and classmates
4. Present your presentation with your visual aids.
159
D. REFERENCES
Beebe, S. A., & Beebe, S. J. (2014). A Concise Public
Speaking Handbook (4th Edition) (4th ed.) [E-
book]. Pearson.
College of the Canyons. 2017. Fundamentals of Public
Speaking. Creative Commons.
Speaking Eighth Edition. Boston, MA: Allyn &
Bacon.
Hamilton, C. (2012). Essentials of Public Speaking (5th
ed). Boston: Wadsworth.
Harrington, David. LaBeau, Charles. N.D. Speaking of
Speech: Basic Presentation Skills for Beginners.
Portland: Macmillan.
160
CHAPTER VIII
EXPLAINING VISUALS
This module will serve as an explanation to visuals used
in a speech or presentation. It contains brief parts of a
story board, which help as a visual for presentation. It
also includes outlining, preparing, and explaining your
presentation aids, such as images, charts, storyboards,
and other media. After discussing this chapter, students
are expected to be able to: recognize the elements of a
visual board and its advantages, and conduct a
presentation using aids while also using the other skills
needed for an effective presentation. In this chapter,
students will learn about how to explain the message in
their speech using the correct structure.
Having a story message will put your pieces of
information into one big spectacle of visual
presentation. It will give your audience direct sensory
contact with your message, as you speak and project
yourself. When properly prepared and used, the
161
speech will move in many different ways possible
(Osborn et.al. 2007).
Advantages of presentation according to Osborn et.al.

(2007):
a. It will increase understanding
When the listeners have to conjure different mental
images for a string of slightly similar or absolutely
dissimilar strings of words or sentences, they need a
guide for them to understand what is being said.
Presentation aids, such that of a story message, will
give them directions, a map that you can also see. It is
easier to explain the steps in a process when listeners
are shown a diagram or picture on a mounted screen.
b. Good presentation will make your speech memorable.
According to recent studies (cited from Osborn et.al.
2007), audiences recall an informative presentation
better when visuals are used. It is said that people can
only recall a quarter of what we hear during a
presentation. This will increase dramatically with the
aid of good visual aids, just as we remember a certain
picture in our memory that will contribute to our
reasoning.
162
c. It helps establish the authenticity and credibility of your
words. Listeners will listen more if the data exists in
your presentation. It also makes you also professional
and interesting as there is concrete and credible
evidence projected to the audience.
d. It can help improve your delivery skills. Movement
energizes a speech (Osborn et.al. 2007). It will lead
you away from the typical speakers who read under
their own breath or stand just behind the podium that
may create a problem with communication and
apprehension. Having a great display with effective
speech will direct the audience’ attention to you and
away from your physical movements, which is
necessary but can be distracting in a way.
e. It adds variety and interest to a speech Variety creates
interest and helps sustain or recapture attention
(Osborn et.al. 2007)
Utilizing Presentation Tools (Beebe & Beebe, 2014):

The following advice will assist you in making the most of
your viewer's impression when using presenting tools.
a. Practice using the powerpoint tools.
163
A first time someone give a presentation whilst actually
holding something, utilizing a white board, or displaying
Powerpoint Slides shouldn't be in front of a public. You
should rehearse using the presenting tools until you
become comfortable utilizing those.
- Stand up next to the visual tool, not in front of it so that
the visual is not blocked.
- Use the closest hand to the visual to point to the visual.
- Turning the whole body to the visual is not a good
thing, You should only look at the visual with your head
not the whole body.
b. Instead of looking at the visualization techniques,
establish your audience to look at you. Naturally, we will
want to check the visual guide to ensure it is the correct
one and isn't upside down. However, avoid looking at the
picture or item whilst speaking. Remain focused on the
target.
c. Describe your Presentation Aids
Establish the graphics within a spoken setting at all
times. Wouldn't simply withstand the picture and abruptly
say, "There are the most up-to-date stats on birth rates
in the United States," before providing any more
explanation.
164
In relation to explaining visuals, Harington & Lebeau
(2009) suggested how to explain different graphs and
charts:
There are three steps in explaining visuals:

1. Explain the type of chart or graph and the
information it shows, for example:
“This line graph shows the temperature on 1st

September”
Figure 8. a line graph taken from

https://www.bbc.co.uk/bitesize/topics/zqgrd2p/articles/zqv8bqt
2. Explain the information that graph represents:

“The horizontal axis represents the time while the
vertical axis represents the temperature”
3. Conclude the key information:
165
“In this graph we can see that on September 11 th, the
lowest temperature was 0 degree before 9 am,
and the highest temperature was 16 degrees at 4
pm”
Other than line graphs, there are some other types of

visual such as bar graphs, for example:
Figure 9. An example of pie chart of favourite type of movies taken

https://www150.statcan.gc.ca/n1/edu/power-pouvoir/ch9/bargraph-
diagrammeabarres/5214818-eng.htm
Pie chart:
166
Figure 10. An example of pie chart of favourite type of movies taken
from https://www.mathsisfun.com/data/pie-charts.html
There are a lot of types of presentation aid, but the most

common one among many presentations is the story
message. Story message is important because it aids to
remember stories and makes your presentation interesting,
easy to understand, and memorable (Harrington & Lebeau,
2009). How you structure your message:
a. Introduction: in this part you greet, introduce
yourself, inform your credibility (who you are in relation to
the topic you want to deliver), and tell the overview of your
presentation.
For example:
167
Figure 11. an overview slide as an example taken from
slideegg.com
An overview is the outline of the body of your

message and this is how to explain it:
“In this presentation, I would like to explain four main

points, first is introduction, second is situation, third
is background and the last is assessment”
b. Body
The core of our speech would be where we introduce our
subject and provide all of the key data (Oregon State
University, 2009). The content should be rationally
168
divided, consistently structured, with full of carefully
located visuals.
Important features of a narrative are arranged to create
an outline for animated presentations or speeches.
Between three and five crucial ideas are indeed be
distilled from this list. If you just get 2, the problem is
too straightforward or restricted, or simply lack sufficient
facts. If you employ upwards of a few central themes,
you run the risk of confusing the audience. Carefully
order them logically, and then if necessary, offer
additional verifiable data.
Still be precise and thorough while stating your position.
Provide adequate details to support the demonstration.
Provide adequate details that support the speech.

Remember to include transitioning between each crucial
stage.
Advice on how to convey your main points (EnglishClub,
n.d.):
a. Be patient and don't rush in showing your visuals.
b. Maintaining constant eye contact
169
c. It could be helpful to vary the tone, use annotations, or
adhere to a format of the visuals.
d. Just be relaxed.
In the body part, proofs like statistics or instances are

crucial. You use them to convey data to the
viewers about quantity, numbers, value, goodness,
badness, that however much greater from, how even
worse than, and other concepts (Harrington & Lebeau,
2009). Figures are employed to represent statistics,
distances, time, and other quantities. Examples are
given for tough data.
c. Conclusion
Your closing summarizes the whole speech and contains
any key points or quotable passages that would like to
leave with the listeners. This should include crucial
aspects out of the body and provide instances and
relevant figures for every significant point.
Along with the data sources, it could also include other
specific phrases. In order for the attendees to depart
understanding the presentation's substance, you should
170
engage them with queries. End with such a brief "thank
you," and if feasible, distribute papers containing any
visuals.
During the presentation, you could desire to answer
comments, or you may desire to save extra space for
questions later. The majority of the time, you are away.
Be nice to everyone, even if they pose a complex
question. These were deserving of his consideration as
they appear interested in everything you have to give
(EnglishClub, n.d.)
Visuals that you can use in the conclusion is a summary
chart, for example:
Figure 12. An example of conclusion slide taken from

slidegeeks.com
The conclusion slide has the summary points of the body

part. No need to re-explain the points but briefly remind
171
the audience of the most important information you want
them to remember. In explaining the visual (picture ) you
can say:
“In conclusion, first we have discussed performance

analysis, remember that this part is adaptable. Second,
....... Third, ....... and the last is ...... “
After you summarize your content, you can make the final
remarks. This is the final message you want your
audience to remember about you and your presentation.
Lucas (2009) suggested some ways to create a strong
conclusion after you state the summary of your message:
a. Use a quotation
b. End with a dramatic statement
An example of dramatic statament from Lucas (2009)
172
Create a 3-minute presentation video of a topic of your
own choice, use an introduction overview chart in the
introduction, use graphs and charts in the body and a
summary chart in the conclusion.
Rubrics:
Content and Design of visual – 50%
Proper body posture, eye contact and gestures – 30%
Overall presentation and impact – 20%
173
D. REFERENCES
EnglishClub. (n.d.). The Presentation. Retrieved

from
https://www.englishclub.com/speaking/presentation.ht
m
Harington, D. & Lebeau, C. (2009). Speaking of

Speech: New Edition. Macmillan Press.
Oregon State University. (2009). Parts of a

Presentation. 4-H Youth Development.
Osborn, M., Osborn, S., & Osborn, R. (2009).

Public Speaking: Eight Edition. Pearson
Education
174
MEETING IX
PERFECTING LANGUAGE STYLE
At the end of this meeting, students are expected to be
able to:
1. Explain the importance of language choices;
2. Analyse the effective language style;
3. Interpret the stylistic devices; and
4. Examine the biased language.
1. Importance of Language Choices
Language choices are extremely important,
especially when telling people about a critical matter.
One word change will affect what you are saying, it may
create a whole new meaning for the receiver of the
message and may build unexpected emotional
reactions. Take this situation as an example:
A girl from her room shouted, “Oh my, there’s

a fire!” When the mother of the girl heard
those words, she hurriedly ran to the girl’s
room worried that the fire might burn down
175
their whole house. It turned out that the girl
was only watching a video of a science
experiment with a match.
The words you choose have a huge impact on how

your audience will react to your speech. Here are the
reasons:
a. Language can clarify your thoughts and arguments.

Words may conjure up vivid mental images in the
audience, making them feel as though they are
experiencing the same events and sensations as you,
even if they have not experienced what you are
discussing. Good mental pictures can produce the
image and accompanying sentiments such as pride,
rage, annoyance, despair, and so on. Pleasant
linguistic choices lead to good mental imagery.
b. Language has a significant impact on your

audience’s attitudes and behavior.
Persuading people to do something the speakers
tell them is one of the intentions of their speaking. The
power of language is usually used by advertisers and
176
politicians. They both know that language is very
powerful. Politicians can persuade people to vote for
them through their speeches and other means of
communication that can be presented in goods. They
can influence people through clothes, books, posters,
and other useful goods. In doing this, they can team up
with advertisers who can take advantage of that
whether people vote for the politicians or not if they buy
the products, they still give a little penny to the
advertisers.
c. Language can help your audience connect with your

ideas and argument on a personal level.
The feeling of being involved in the speakers’ ideas
or experiences is important to lead the audience to
know and feel that what is told by the speakers is
related to them. When the audience has the feeling that
the speaker’s speech is very close to them, they will be
more easily persuaded. Therefore, language choice
plays important role in public speaking. Language
choice can also show who the speakers are and how
their knowledge and language mastery can influence
people.
177
d. Language can increase engagement with the
audience and allow them to enjoy.
In public speaking, you don’t have to be the best
speaker or the expert one. With a strategy of making
your speech fun and interesting even with the use of
simple words, you will catch your audience’s attention.
2. Effective Language Style

Style can be defined as the way of using words in
expressing the the author’s self. In delivering a speech,
the choice of words, as well as the language style, plays
important role in the way in expressing ideas. A simple,
specific, vivid, and forceful language style is often the
best choice and it should be considered to be
appropriate for the occasion.
a. Simple Language
Sometimes the audience is impressed by the very
long and technical words delivered by the speakers.
However, understanding does not instantly come
through an impression. Effective speech is achieved
when the audience comprehends or is successfully
persuaded by the words chosen by the speakers. Simple
178
language is likely a more effective language style
because good speakers utilize straightforward language.
In other words, there is often no need to use lengthy,
technical terms.
Now, look at the example below:
The above memo is proposed by the speech writer of

President Franklin Delano Roosevelt which was then
revised as follows:
Simpler words are chosen in the later text. The

revision was done because the earlier text was offended
by the President due to the overblown writing. The memo
was prepared during World War II about the blackout
procedure during wartime. It takes time to comprehend
179
the intention of the earlier text and there are more
possibilities to misunderstand that.
Using simple language will reduce problems in
understanding and comprehension of both written text
and spoken speech rather than using unfamiliar technical
terminology.
b. Specific Language
The characteristic of a specific language can be seen
in the words chosen. To use specific language means to
give a clear picture to the audience. Giving a clear picture
to the audience is more easily done by choosing concrete
words rather than abstract words.
The later text gives the reader a more specific and

clearer picture of the dog. Specific language is very
180
important if the text or the speech is purposed to
persuade or influence people. It is because people will
more easily be influenced by using the clear picture that
can be gained by the use of concrete words.
Specific language also means that the message
delivered through the language is not ambiguous.
Therefore, avoiding ambiguous words is important to help
the audience or the reader grab the meaning of the
words. It is also important not to use words that can
mislead or manipulate the reader or audience. Some
speakers tend to use euphemisms to mask or to give
positive tones. Euphemisms are words that have positive
tones and are substituted for words that have negative
tones. A good example of this is the phrase “ethnic
cleansing” which is used to describe genocide in Bosnia
in 1995 or Sudan in 2004. It is purposed to diminish the
horror, but it can also be used to manipulate.
c. Vivid Language
Vivid language is characterized as clear
communication achieved by the use of specific words, the
active structure of sentences, and the speaker's manner
of treating the audience as if they were in a private
discussion. Avoiding the use of ambiguous sentences is
181
also part of using vivid language. As previously said, the
usage of specific phrases can assist the viewer in forming
a distinct picture. Because the topic is given the most
emphasis, the line “the governor helps his people” has a
greater effect than “the people are helped by their
governor. This is because the first line focuses more on
the governor, it is more successful in persuading listeners
to learn the most important aspects of the issue if the
goal is to present a positive image of the governor.
By treating the audience as if they are having a

private conversation, the message of the speech can be
easily delivered. Private conversation can be done if both
speaker and listener have the same focus on the topic
and they have background knowledge about each other.
Therefore, knowing each other before focusing on the
topic of the speech is essential to be done.
d. Forceful Language
The efficient use of loudness, emphasis, and pitch
affects the power or strength of words used in a speech.
This is important when speaking persuasively, the force
182
of your voice will help the audience be confident in your
skills as a speaker (Bradac & Mulac, 1984; Gibbons et
al., 1991; Sparks et al., 1998).
This statement implies that an informative speech will

be made (which is incorrect). It does not indicate the
speaker’s position, like what is needed when talking
about a persuasive speech.
Meanwhile, the above statement is the start of a

persuasive speech as it includes the speaker’s position,
and the forceful language in “hopelessly out of date and
ineffective” conveys confidence in the speaker’s
argument as well. All forms of speeches, even
educational speeches, can employ strong language. It
can always instill trust in you and the evidence you
deliver to your audience. However, according to Judith
Humphrey’s (2001) speech, Taking the Stage: How
Women Can Achieve a Leadership Presence, forceful
language is harder for women than men. When on stage,
you must control the stage with your clear, and bold
language – this poses a problem for women who have
183
trouble with being direct. Women usually feel the need to
use introductory phrases to soften the impact of their
ideas like “in my opinion,” “as I see it,” or “it’s only a
thought…” to minimize ideas. If not that, they use weak
verbs: “I think,” “I will attempt to,” or “I’m not sure”. For
qualifiers, women use the past tense. This comes as a
consequence of the patriarchal society which we must
work to rid ourselves of. Not just women, but all speakers
must rid themselves of these habits.
Margaret Thatcher's statement to the British
Parliament regarding the fight to recover the Falkland
Islands is instructive:
Her statement was short and to the point to clearly

express her steely resolve. Margaret does not qualify,
apologize, correct, or undermine her decision. This is an
example of forceful language. To practice, you must
focus on one or two characteristics, tape-record your
practicing speech then evaluate it. If you find that any
word is lacking force, replace it with vivid words as
discussed above then record your speech again. Repeat
this until satisfied.
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3. Stylistic Devices
Stylistic devices can be defined as any kind of
technique aimed to gicing an additional and/or
supplemental meaning, idea, or feeling. Stylistic devices
can also be defined as figures of speech. In some
occasions, stylistic devices are also known as rhetorical
devices. Creating imagery, emphasis, or clarity within a
text aimed at engaging the reader is the main goal of this
technique.
a. Alliteration and Assonance

Alliteration is a stylistic device that involves the
repetition of the first or last letter consonant in a word to
make from an easy transition word to word. Meanwhile,
Assonance is the repetition of vowel sounds.
An example of alliteration would be in Dr. Martin
Luther King Jr.’s “I Have a Dream” (S alliteration):
An example of assonance with John F. Kennedy’s 1961

inaugural address (E assonance):
185
Keep in mind that alliteration and assonance should not
be overdone, as you would sound stiff and awkward like
Warren G. Harding in his speech at the Republican
Convention in 1912:
b. Antithesis
Antithesis occurs when a sentence has two opposing
concepts in parallel phrases. It brings contrast to a
clause to highlight an idea (Hart, 1997). An example
would be Kennedy’s inaugural address in 1961:
186
c. Hyperboles
Another stylistic device is called hyperbole, where
extreme exaggeration is used for emphasis. An example
would be William H. Harris’s “Power, Parity, Personal
Responsibility, and Progress (1993) speech.
As a speaker, you must be careful that the audience

will not take your hyperbole literally as they might think
you are lying.
d. Onomatopoeia
The next stylistic device must be used in moderation,
it can be useful in creating a certain atmosphere in your
speech called onomatopoeia. A most famous example
would be Martin Luther King Jr.’s use in his 1963 I have
a Dream speech:
187
e. Personification
Personification is a stylistic device that gives human
characteristics to an animal, object, or concept. It helps
deflect negativity and boosts the quality of your ideas.
An example would be Clint Eastwood’s humorous
speech at the 2012 Republican National Convention
when he spoke to an empty chair pretending it was
President Barack Obama:
f. Repetition and Parallelism

Repetition is a stylistic device to repeat a word or a
series of words in successive clauses or sentences to
keep the audience’s attention, but mind that this must be
used in moderation as you wouldn’t want to sound like a
broken record. Use repetition for ideas or phrases that
188
you want to emphasize in your speech or for dramatic
effect. Meanwhile, parallelism is the collection of
similarly phrased ideas.
For example, consider the following quotation from
Sojourner Truth’s famous speech, “Ain’t I a Woman?”
For parallelism, we could say John F. Kennedy’s 1961

inaugural address is one, in the sense that there are
several parallel phrases like “pay any price,” “bear any
burden,” “meet any hardship,” and “pay any price”:
189
g. Simile and Metaphor
Finally, we have similes and metaphors. A simile
makes a direct comparison using “like” or “as” while
metaphors are implied comparisons to create a vivid
image in your speech. An example would be J. Peter
Grace’s 1993 speech: Burning Money: The Waste of
Your Tax Dollars:
190
Figure…. Stylistic Devices by Hamilton, C. (2012).

Essentials of Public Speaking (5th ed)
4. Biased Language
When talking about public speaking, you must
expect the audience’s reaction at all times, depending
on the effect you want to achieve. Do you want them to
agree with you? Go against the ideology you’re
discussing? The only message that counts is the one
received properly by your audience – if they think your
speech had a certain message, then what they think
would matter less than what you thought to share. As a
result, if you want the audience to feel at ease and agree
with your thoughts, you must avoid using biased
language. While the language may enhance the
efficiency of your speech, it can also have negative
consequences if you're not careful. Improper language
use can reveal speaker prejudice and lead to listener
bias.
What is biased language? It is a term that refers to
words and/or phrases that are taboo, prejudiced, or
offensive. It also includes expressions that ridicule or
exclude people due to their age, sex, race, ethnicity,
social class, or physical and mental traits. In essence, it
is using language that is unbalanced in a way that does
not present a fair representation. Biased language
191
frequently carries hidden messages between the lines
that strive to create domination over groups of
individuals they perceive to be inferior. The two most
prevalent categories of prejudiced language employed
by speakers are gender and culture.
a. Gender Bias
When it comes to public speaking, you must be
cognizant and aware of gender biases between you and
your audience. What is masculine or feminine to you
may not hold to others. Sometimes, female speakers
may also need to adopt the mannerisms, language, and
stances of men to validate their authority as a speaker.
As a good speaker, you must consider the gender bias
you may unknowingly bring to the table, or what gender
biases your audience may have of you, as an important
step to eliminate or address gender bias in your speech.
A study by Ivy et al. (1993) also found that both
female and male students use masculine pronouns for
persons with authority like judges, engineers, or lawyers,
but use feminine pronouns for domestic jobs such as
nurses, librarians, or teachers. Using generic terms like
these only helps to maintain sex-biased perceptions as
well, according to Ivy, and Backlund’s (2008) study.
192
See Figure 1 for lists of some common gender-
specific terms and suggested alternatives.
Table 6. Biased Words and Phrases and Gender-

Neutral Alternatives by Diana K. Ivy and Phil Backlund
The Figure above was created by Diana K. Ivy and

Phil Backlund. Exploring GenderSpeak: Personal
Effectiveness in Gender Communication. New York:
McGraw-Hill, 2004. Retrieved from Hamilton, C. (2010).
Essentials of Public Speaking (5th ed). Boston:
Wadsworth.
b. Culture Bias
193
Cultural bias may exist in the topic of public speaking
when you try to judge the experience of other people
through the socio-cultural frameworks of your compass.
The more diverse the audience is, the more likely it is
that their perspective is different from yours. Everyone
was brought up differently with separate cultural
experiences, which makes you inherently dissimilar
from other people.
There are two forms of cultural bias manifest in
public speaking: (1) YOUR cultural biases, and (2) your
AUDIENCE’s cultural biases. Both of these will, in one
way or another, impact your speech through
dissonance – most especially in terms of
trustworthiness, reliability, mannerism, and speaking
patterns. Cultural bias may even impact the
comprehensiveness of your argument, as you may not
perceive certain cultural contexts that are visible to
those who are familiar with them. Speakers that are
sensitive to their audience’s diverse backgrounds can
make their language free of cultural bias, and in turn,
would be the most effective speakers.
194
Instruction: Create a persuasive speech about your chosen
topic and record yourself on a speech practice. Once you
have the recording, evaluate yourself based on these
guidelines:
1. Simple Language
2. Specific Language
3. Vivid Language
4. Forceful Language
5. Stylistic Devices
Change your speech according to the guidelines. Compare
and contrast what you have changed and explain why you
have made that change on a piece of paper to be
submitted to the instructor.
195
D. REFERENCES
Azar, B. S. 2002. Understanding and Using English
Grammar. New York: Pearson Education.
Delahunty, G. P., & Garvey, J. P. 2010. The English
Language: From Sound to Sense. Colorado: The
WAC Clearinghouse.
Hamilton, C. (2012). Essentials of Public Speaking (5th
ed). Boston: Wadsworth.
Ivy, D. K., Bullis-Moore, L., Norvell, K., Backlund, P., &
Javidi, M. (1993). The lawyer, the babysitter, and
the student: Non-sexist language usage and
instruction. Paper presented at the annual meeting
of the Western States Communication Association,
Albuquerque, NM.
Ivy, D. L., & Backlund, P. (2008). Gender speak Personal
effectiveness in gender communication (4th ed.).
Boston: Pearson Allyn Bacon.
Personification. n.d. Retrieved from:
https://www.myopenmath.com/course/showlinkedtex
tpublic.php?cid=1986&id=54258
Phillips, D. 2001. Longman Complete Course for the
TOEFL Test. New York: Pearson Education.
196
The Twenties. n.d. Retrieved from:
https://instruct.uwo.ca/history/234e/234-
20/tsld012.htm
Truth, Sojourner. 1851. Speech Entitled “Ain’t I a

Woman?”. Retrieved from:
https://thehermitage.com/wp-
content/uploads/2016/02/Sojourner-Truth_Aint-I-a-
Woman_1851.pdf
197
MEETING X
DO’S AND TABOOS IN PUBLIC SPEAKING
A. OBJECTIVES
At the end of this meeting, students are expected to be
able to:
1. Distinguish when to use or not to use humor;
2. Conclude when to read or not to read a speech;
3. Control the eye contact, voice, gestures, and postures
during a speech;
4. Create and deliver a speech that is engaging to the
audience.
1. Humor in Public Speaking

In Public Speaking, you may think of humor as a
double-edged sword. If you get to make your audience
laugh, chuckle or even smile, they’re most likely engaged
with what you’re saying. It’s not that you need to make a
comedy skit or gag show, you just need to add a little bit of
spice to your presentation to help entertain your audience
and keep them engaged.
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Adding appropriate humor to your speech is a judicious
and strategic way for your audience to have a positive
feeling about your: 1) subject, 2) speech and 3) you as the
speaker. However, other speakers are uncomfortable with
adding humor to their speeches probably because humor
is not their personality or they might not be able to deliver it
well or the audience might not receive it the way they want
them to receive it. You shouldn’t think like this. If you have
the right plan, preparation, and practice, your audience will
find themselves eager to listen to you and your message!
Do not think of this as an easy feat. A great message with
appropriate humor is NOT easy. When you are feeling
wary of adding humor to your speech, think of this:
A speaker with humor is more likable and relatable to the

audience. If the audience relates to you, they will be more
welcoming to your message as well.
On the contrary, humor does not always work. As

speakers, you also have your limitation, especially with
humor. Therefore, here are points about the advantages
and disadvantages of humor to know when to use or not to
use humor in your speeches:
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Advantages:
Humor is an attention-getter and keeper.
When using humor, your audience might feel the need to
hear more about your topic. Attention span is short, but
humor helps keep the attention on you as the speaker.
It is exciting and non-monotonous.

What we don’t want in a speech is monotony. It is simply
boring. If there are a lot of technical topics to discuss, reign
the audience’s engagement with humor.
It helps the audience remember.

Through numerous studies, it is believed that humor can
act as a way to retain information and improve cognitive
function. Make sure to connect the joke to the information
in your message.
It promotes the speaker.

If you entertain the audience, they would likely have
positive feelings about you, your speech, and your
message. Build trust with your audience through humor
and make them feel connected and susceptible to
receiving your message. Maya Angelou, an American poet,
even said:
200
“I’ve learned that people will forget what you said, people
will forget what you did, but people will never forget how
you made them feel.”
It creates soft tension.

Sometimes, there are serious areas of consideration in
your speech. This may be controversial, or something that
your audience would not want to hear. To soften the blow
and provide your audience with emotional relief, use well-
placed humor to soften the blow or diffuse the tension of an
otherwise serious talk. Presidents Kennedy and Reagan
are good at this, deflecting criticisms when running for
president.
Disadvantages:
Humor may offend someone from the audience.
Humor may be offensive at times. Sexist, racist or
degrading humor should be avoided at all costs. Because
public discourse should be suitable and proper and void of
profanity and vulgarity. Your language must always be
suitable for the situation.
It may undermine the message.
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When you utilize irrelevant comedy, humor may make your
issue appear inconsequential. If you are not a comic, use
suitable humor sparingly in your discourse.
It may serve as an unnecessary filler.

Some presenters just inject humor into a speech to be
amusing. This isn't true. You must always tie the humor
you use in your speech to the issue at hand. It's only a
distraction if it has nothing to do with your message.
It may be difficult to understand.

Humor may be difficult to communicate and comprehend at
times. If the audience does not understand or has
previously heard your comedy, they may not laugh or even
remember it. When this happens, continue speaking
without trying to repeat the joke. You're just wasting your
time on stage.
It may be culturally inappropriate.

Some of your amusing gestures or statements may be
different in other cultures. Remember the last discussion
regarding slanted language? What you consider culturally
suitable may not be so for others. When adding comedy to
a speech, keep your audience in mind.
202
After reading about the advantages and disadvantages of
adding humor to a speech, we can be sure that humor may
be both a good and a bad thing. It all boils down to how
you will deliver it, how relevant it will be to the message of
your speech, and most importantly, how your audience will
take it in. It may not be easy, but when done correctly, it
may help in making your speech even more effective.
Remember, humor may come off as an amusing joke or an
insulting one. Therefore, as a speaker, you always have to
prepare and be careful with this aspect. The more you
practice this, the more you’ll be able to naturally add it to
your public speaking speeches.
2. Reading in Public Speaking
Reading is not advised when doing public speaking,

except for when you are reading a reference to a part of
the message in your speech. This is because our attention
to the audience is very important. It limits you, as the
speaker, to engage your audience and keep their attention
on your speech. Moreover, reading while speaking may
bore your audience. You must acknowledge that reading
while publicly speaking would mean that you’re sacrificing
203
eye contact, a key factor for building trust with the
audience of your speech. This is because if your audience
feels connected to you, and trusts your message, they
would feel involved with what you’re saying personally and
even embody this, effectively making you into quite a
speaker. A way to combat this would be to regularly look
up to your audience. However, there are cases where
reading a speech can be excused. An example would be a
Manuscript Speech (one of the delivery styles) where you
have your speech written down for your audience. In a
manuscript speech, all the words that you will voice out to
your audience are planned, and you do not need ad-libs.
These scenarios where a manuscript speech is acceptable
and even commonly used is when you have a state of the
nation address as president or prime minister, legal
proclamation or reports from work, news reporters, or a
speech on your best friend’s wedding. In cases where you
must read your speech, here are suggestions to make it
more effective:
Practice reading your speech aloud.

Try practicing in a situation that is comparable to the one
where your suggested speech will be delivered. If you'll be
giving a presentation in a huge auditorium, for example,
204
practice in one. If you have to use a microphone, do it
during practice so you can become used to the increased
sound of your voice.
Don’t lose eye contact with your audience as much as

possible.
Don't simply stare straight ahead when you glance up from
your text; make eye contact with those on the left, right,
and middle. Looking up will be considerably easier if you
have read the book aloud several times because you are
already familiar with the words you will speak. Using short
phrases and paragraphs also makes maintaining eye
contact simpler. Practice leaping ahead in your reading
with your eyes to read the end of the sentence, which is
generally the most significant portion of the notion. Then
say those phrases while gazing up at your audience.
Prepare your written or printed text in a proper and

readable format.
Your material is important. Check if the font is too small;
this is usually the cause of why speakers tend to read
longer than they should. An improper format for your notes
will cause you to focus on what you are reading rather than
focusing on your audience. Mark where you want to
205
emphasize as well so that you can articulate your tone of
voice while reading. Avoid reading monotonously because
this would make the audience feel unenthusiastic about
your speech and your message. Take note of these
questions you must ask yourself if you are using effective
notes:
Can I see the font size from afar?
Are the lines spaced out enough not to confuse the lines
from each other?
Is how I arranged the pages the most optimized way for
that I can deliver the pauses when I read?
At the end of the day, you must ensure that your print is
readable enough for you on the day of your speech.
3. Getting Physical
In executing public speaking, it is believed that delivery
is more important than the content. This is a famous
statement promoted by a famous speech trainer, Arch
Lustberg. Whenever a speaker stands in front of the
audience, the posture, gesture, facial expression and the
move of the whole body communicate more dynamically
than the words. Now, here are things any speaker needs to
know to engage the audience during the speech according
to Axtell (1992):
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a. The Eye
Eye contact in communication is such a crucial thing.
Having a conversation with someone who always looks
away will give a sense that this person is uncomfortable
and perhaps is not honest. The focus of the eye will
illustrate how important the talk is. If someone’s eyes focus
on gadgets during a conversation, it shows that the
conversation is not that important or, perhaps not that
interesting. It also shows that this person disrespects the
other person who is in the conversation.
The old suggestion told that to reduce nervousness, a
speaker can focus his eyes on the above head of the
audience. However, we need to consider the audience’s
feelings about this. Imagine if we talk to our manager, or
our boss, or anyone, and they are focusing on the top of
our heads, we might feel uncomfortable we might think that
they disrespect us. To sum up, taboos in doing eye contact
do not look away from your audience and do not focus on
the top of your audience’s head. Some suggestions to
engage the audience with eye contact are as follows
- Be aggressive. Take some moments to look directly
at the audience’s eyes and focus the eye contact
from one audience to another through eyes.
207
- Do your eye contact on purpose. Look at a side,
then make a statement. Movanotherthe another
side, then make a statement. Look to the center of
the room, then make a statement.
- Each time your eyes move, pretend to yourself that
you are talking only to that individual
This trick in doing eye contact is not only applicable in
public speaking but also in usual or daily conversation.
Respect your partner, leave your gadget, and do contact
with the person you are talking to.
b. The Voice
Some people feel ashamed of hearing they are on
voice. However, positive thinking about ourselves needs to
be developed to increase confidence. Believing that our
voice is not as bad as we think and our effort to improve its
quality will help us to speak confidently. Some ways can be
done to reduce our nervousness and to improve our voice
quality.
- Slow down. Just like driving a car, it is easier to
control a car when it is slower.
- Release the upper body. To create more relaxed
vocal cords and to make our voice deeper and more
208
pleasant we need to take a breath, rotate our
shoulders, and relax our neck.
- Take a breath from the stomach, not the chest.
Breathing deeply from our diaphragm results in
richer, and more relaxed sounds. On the other hand,
short breathing reduces our vocal quality.
- Laugh appropriately at the proper time. A speaker is
allowed to laugh as long as it is appropriate and at
the proper time. Do not laugh when you are talking
about sorrow.
- Be careful with dry mouth syndrome. To avoid this
syndrome we need to take hot water, instead of cold
water because it can tighten our vocal cords. We
can also try to force a yawn. Though it sounds
weird, yawning tends to stimulate saliva and relieve
our dry mouth.
c. Gestures and Postures
Gestures speak louder than words. A person who is
inexperienced in delivering a speech might only focus on
digging words that have been stored inside the brain
shortly before coming to the stage. This person keeps
focusing on words so that the gestures do not show that he
has mastered the topic. If a speaker does not master the
topic, how can the audience understand the message?
209
Here are some signals that indicate weak gestures
according to Axtell (1992):
- Fiddling with spectacles
- Playing with paper or paper clips
- Reaching pocket unconsciously
- Repeatedly patting hair, scratching head, pulling on
an ear, buttoning and unbuttoning coat
- Frequently clearing throat
- Using any single gesture over and over and over
again
The proper gestures and postures while delivering a
presentation or a speech can be shown by the way a
speaker stands in front of the audience. Appropriate
gestures according to Harrington and LaBeau are as
follows:
- Place your feet shoulder-width apart
- Balance your weight evenly on both feet to show
self-control and confidence. This is also a firm
foundation to build a speech upon
- Holds your hand together
- Keep your hands about waist height in front of you
- You may use your hands to help the audience
visualize
210
Figur 13. Gesture to visualize explanation from
Harringtond and LaBeau
211
4. Practice!
You know what they say, practice makes perfect. When
you keep practicing your speech, the tendency is you will
be able to be so familiar with your speech that you can
memorize it. Even without having to read all the time, you
will be able to say the words you have to say next.
Practicing your speech beforehand will also make you
even more confident. According to the book How To Speak
Powerfully (Taman, 2021), “the more you practice, the
more you feel ready and gain more confidence.”
212
PART 1
Direction: Answer the following questions based on your
understanding!
1. Identify when and how to use humor in certain parts of
the speech to make it engaging to an audience.
2. Consider where and when to read certain parts and
mark them.
3. In all, these speeches would be delivered in front of
the class, and the other students will evaluate the
student’s speech
PART 2
Direction: Write down a script containing appropriate
attention-getter in the following situations:
No Situations Possible Appropriate
attention-getter
1. Theme: Graduation
Venue: University
Hall
Audiences:
Graduates, lectures,
university
213
committee, parents
2 Theme: Friend’s
wedding ceremony
Venue: Wedding
hall
Audience: Family,
Relatives, Friends
3 Theme: Public
speaking
competition about
education
Audience:
participants, judges
Table 7. Attention Getter
214
A. REFERENCES
Axtell, Roger E. 1992. Do’s and Taboos of Public
Speaking: How to Get Those Butterflies Flying in
Formation. New York: John Wiley & Sons, Inc.
Taman, P. (2021). Public Speaking: How To Speak
Powerfully. Pena Persada.
Tucker, Barbara; Barton, Kristin; Burger, Amy; Drye, Jerry;
Hunsicker, Cathy; Mendes, Amy; and LeHew,
Matthew. 2019. Exploring Public Speaking: 4th
Edition. Communication Open Textbooks.
Yakovlev, O.H. 2012. Public Speaking in English. Udmurt
State University
215
MEETING XI
ADVANCED SKILLS: CAPTIVATING AND
FLOURISHING YOUR AUDIENCE
A. OBJECTIVES
At the end of this meeting, the students are expected to:
1. Understand and do the pre-speech activities;
2. Understand and practice how to give a powerful and
memorable opening;
3. Understand and practice how to maintain audience
involvement;
4. Understand the audience’s responsiveness;
5. Understand and practice how to read the audience.
6. Understand the traps and apply the tricks in public
speking.
7. Understand and apply how to deliver the presentation
successfully.
Captivating and flourishing the audience are advanced
skills of public speaking explained by Davidson (2003). He
break down his explanations into some sub-topics. They
are pre-speech activiries, giving powerful and memorable
opening, maintaining audience involvement, audience’s
216
responsivensess, reading the audience, traps and trics in
presentations, and hitting the mark.
Pre Speech Activities

Prior to conducting public speaking, it is necessary to have
a personal connection with the audience. Davidson (2003)
suggests a confrontational way to build an initial
connection with his audience. It is mentioned that
somebody who will give a presentation can greet his or her
audience at the venue's entrance. By doing that, a
presenter can impress his or her audience from the earliest
time of their coming. In addition, he also suggests that
giving personal greetings can make the audience feel
treated as individuals rather than a part of the mass of
people. Furthermore, greeting every audience member can
reduce nervousness since a presenter does not focus too
much on himself or herself. However, such activity takes
much energy if applied in front of a large number of
participants. Thus, Davidson (2003) also offers an
alternative to building a rapport before the delivery. Only
participants who come early and who have been seated
are greeted. A presenter can walk around the room, and he
or she can send the audience appreciation for coming early
while greeting them. When needed or possible, a speaker
217
can also give extra materials to those who come early not
included in the speech package. All in all, building a good
and harmonious relationship with the audience is crucial so
that the audience's willingness to follow the presentation
has been established since the earliest time.
Giving a Powerful and Memorable Opening

According to Davidson (2003), a powerful opening in a
speech should convey energy and enthusiasm from a
speaker to his or her audience. There are some points
streamlined by Davidson regarding what to avoid if a
speaker wants a powerful opening. A speaker should avoid
a run-of-the-mill opening such as merely mentioning to
whom the speech is addressed. For instance, on one
occasion a speaker often gives salutations like Dear Sir,
Dear Madam, and so on; those expressions need to be
rephrased so that the opening can be more captivating.
Moving to a fundamental question commonly asked before
delivering a speech namely "How are you" question, a
speaker may consider another way to do so. Then, to
capture the audience's attention needs what is beyond
ordinary. Davidson (2003) brings forth insightful matters
from which a convincing and powerful opening comes. An
opening of a presentation can be taken from what is
218
around. For example, a speaker should be knowledgeable
enough about the latest occurrence to use it as an
opening. Then, Davidson continues to say that a speaker
may pick some ideas to grab the audience's attention. A
story can be a delightful way to make a powerful and
convincing opening. Certainly, it should not be a long story.
Then, a speaker may also throw a challenging question to
the audience. Furthermore, a speaker may also throw a
compliment at the audience. The aforementioned attempts
can result in a great impact on audience attentiveness.
A speaker must also show affection to his or her audience.
The advantages of showing affection to the audience are
as follows:
a. The audience may think and feel that their needs are
addressed by the speaker. Thus, the audiences feel
comfortable during the speech as the speaker does not
act as their superior.
b. To show love to the audiences is a reciprocal matter.
On one occasion, a speaker may feel his or her energy
drained. Audiences accustomed to being loved or
appreciated by the speaker can boost the energy
dropped.
c. Showing empathy to audiences is also a practical way
to win over the whole room. It is a kind of emotional
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intelligence. By showing mindfulness, a speaker has
created a healthy pattern of communication. It helps
him/her understand better his/her audience. Thus, the
audiences keep following what the speaker says since
it is in line with the audience's needs.
Another aspect of speech opening taken into consideration
is how memorable it is. What is commonly done by a
speaker is sharing background knowledge. It is usually
done to guarantee that the audiences can connect to the
material about to be delivered. However, that is not enough
to make a memorable opening. A speaker can try some
ways to make his/her opening memorable such as shifting
his /her pitch along the talk, making an intriguing action
during the opening, making gestures, showing the
audience an emotional experience, and so on. In other
words, a speaker should be able to manipulate the
audience’s mind in a thoughtful and synchronized fashion.
Maintaining Audience Involvement

Delivering a speech is not merely considering a particular
material to be delivered in front of a mass of people.
Another aspect of public speaking may come from the
audience. Davidson (2003) suggests that every audience
varies in concentration levels. In other words, a speaker
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should realize that audience involvement matters. It
requires effort to make sure that all audiences can keep up
with the speech pace. Therefore, a speaker can do some
strategies as mentioned by Davidson.
a. During a speech or presentation, audiences are usually
given material either printed material or oral material
along with visual prompts shown. Then, a speaker is
also allowed to give exercise to the audience. It can
generate audience participation. Exercise given can
range from easy to difficult one. For instance, let the
audience interact with other members of the audience.
Such participation can give a positive impact on the
balance of the presentation. In short, the underlying
principle of giving exercise to the audience is to
maintain their involvement during the event.
b. Another factor of which a speaker needs to be aware is
the speaker’s genuineness. It means that a speaker
must show his/her true characteristics whatever
circumstances happen. It does not need to fabricate or
make exaggerated acts during the speech. A speaker
should focus on how he/she is there to address the
audience’s needs.
c. It is worth remembering the audience’s names to make
them involved in the event. The audiences may give
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high value to a speaker who can know their names. In
addition, a speaker can use the audience’s names to
make them keep awake and alert during the
presentation.
d. Audience participation can also be gained by
connecting the material to the reason why it matters to
the audience’s life. In other words, a speaker should
show what the material means to everyone in the room.
In short, linking the words a speaker says to the
audience’s experience is crucial and can develop their
involvement.
e. There is another way to maintain audience involvement.
Rather than picking up random names of the audience,
a speaker can try to focus on an audience and have a
conversation with him/her. One underlying strategy is
raising the attention levels of all audiences. A speaker
keeps making that person the center of attention.
Certainly, it should be done in a good and natural way.
At the end of the activity, a speaker must give gratitude
to that person.
Audience Responsiveness
Audience responsiveness is another aspect that needs to
be maintained when delivering a speech or presentation.
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Davidson (2003) suggests some strategies to keep the
audience’s responsiveness stable and equally performed.
a. Speaker’s volume is the first matter that can be
used to maintain audience responsiveness. The
speaker’s voice must be audible to every audience
during a speech or presentation. However, it is not
necessarily loud all the time. Instead of maintaining
the audience’s responsiveness, it can drop the
speaker’s energy. Thus, a speaker can vary his/her
volume. The combination of high/low or loud/soft
volume is believed to be effective in making the
audience’s alertness maintained. For instance, while
moving in a controlled fashion along the room, a
speaker can use a soft voice to talk with a particular
audience in a considerate proximity. Then, a
speaker can also soften his/her voice when it comes
to an important line of the material.
b. Giving a speech in front of people at a particular
time can make the audience’s responsiveness
reduced. Another way to minimize such things is by
providing adequate quotes from articles or books. A
speaker should also mention from which the quotes
come to convince his/her audience that the
information shared is valid. . In addition, to increase
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the responsiveness of the audience when it seems
low, a speaker can also prepare and share a video
on a big screen. That kind of action can draw the
audience’s attention so that their attentiveness
increases.
c. Before delivering a speech/presentation, a speaker
can consider preparing properties to bring as they
can help gain the audience’s attention. Paper, coins,
cards, pins, clothes, and so on are some properties
that a speaker can bring to the stage. Certainly,
those properties must be relevant to the matters
discussed. The properties that the speaker brings
and uses benefit the speech since they can make
the information easier to digest or retain.
d. During a speech or presentation, a speaker can also
allow his/her audience to ask him/her a question.
That way may have a positive effect since it can
help the audience understand better some points
the speaker discusses. Moreover, not only does it
benefit the audience, but also the speaker. This
answer-and-question session is advantageous for
the speaker since there is the possibility of
questions that can improve his/her presentation in
the future.
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e. Davidson (2003) also suggests an idea about asking
some audiences onto the stage. It can increase
audience responsiveness as well. However, it is a
risky choice and should be thought of well in
advance. If a speaker randomly chooses the
audience brought onto the stage, make sure that
they will not be given difficult tasks. They may not
get what the speaker asks them to do, and it can
affect the overall presentation. Another possible risk
the speaker may encounter is he/she embarrassing
the audience. Besides, the risk of being
outperformed by the audience is also big. To reduce
those risks, a speaker can determine some
audiences to come onto the stage in advance. The
speaker can give some guidance beforehand. When
a speaker is not convinced about bringing the
audience onto the stage during the
speech/presentation, this kind of activity can be
skipped/omitted.
Reading the Audience

The audience consists of a lot of types of people and
personalities who will respond differently to the speech.
Their responses can affect the speaker vividly in both good
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and bad ways. A speaker who sees the roar from the
audience when the explanation should not be responded to
with a roar will find it annoying and it will disturb him for
sure. A speaker who finds that no one laughs at his humor
will feel this situation disappointing. A well-experienced
speaker knows how to deal with these situations. Some
tips can be useful to face various types of audiences.
1. If the speaker has not had any idea about the audience,
their personalities, their track record, or any other
information, the speaker can try to shake their hands
before the speech. Nonetheless, it will take forever if
the speech is attended by dozens of audience. Besides,
not all people are welcome for shaking hands. Another
way to be engaged with the audience before delivering
a speech is by moving closer to them, focusing
intensively on their expressions when the speaker is
talking to them. Some of them might be seen as very
interested in the topic the speaker talk about from their
attentive eyes. This type of audience can help the
speaker to proceed confidently. The others might feel
bored and it can be seen because they are yawning or
focusing on their gadget. To face this type of audience
the speaker might ask them to communicate by
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addressing simple and attractive questions related to
the topic.
2. Be sensible to the audience’s voices. If the speaker
tells a joke then it is responded with laughter, see who
laughs loudest. This type of audience will be beneficial
for the speaker to indicate that the joke is amusing and
acceptable. Besides, this type of audience can attract
other audiences to do the same. The speaker may pick
this person by asking for his name and use his name as
an example of something important in the explanation.
This will give the sense that /the speaker is a caring
and friendly person. If there is an audience who gives
unexpected laughs or other noises, the speaker may
show surprise and ask a question like “was it something
that I said?’
3. Be sensible to the audience’s movement. It is believed
that leaning forward is a sign of interest. On the other
hand, stirring and shuffling papers is an indication that
they are bored and wish the speaker to end the speech
soon. If the speaker still has plenty of time and a lot of
things to be delivered but most of the audience shows
that they want the presentation to end soon, a proper
joke can change the atmosphere and save the
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presentation. Make sure that the joke does not hurt
anybody.
4. Dealing with resistant audiences who are constantly
opposing the speaker and accepting nothing from the
speaker’s explanation can be hard. However, a well-
experienced speaker will maintain his self-assurance
and will not attack this kind of audience. A good
speaker will receive the audience’s responses calmly
and let this resistant audience express themselves
more.
5. Some of the audience may be hecklers and
challenging. They tend to draw attention from other
audiences or the speaker. They ask funny, silly, and
unimportant questions to the speaker. Sometimes, they
give their comment unnecessarily. To handle this type
of audience, a speaker needs to be more patient and
give feedback in a good manner. For example, in an
English for Foreign Language classroom presentation,
an audience constantly says “nice” to almost every
statement, then when the Q&A session comes, this
person asks a personal and unrelated question like “Did
you graduate from that campus?”. This question can be
a mocking or disbelieving question that attacks the
presenter directly in front of the class. The presenter
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then smiles and answers politely and confidently “yes”
with a firm nod and confident smile. She addresses a
very good question “excuse me, Sir, could you please
tell us your name and is there any relation with my
educational background?” politely. The heckler then
answers nothing. The important point to handling this
type of audience is to be positive, patient, and calm.
Reading the audience can be done effectively if it is
supported by sufficient preparation. Because reading the
audience takes time, a speaker needs to be well-prepared
in time management. The time allotment for opening,
reading the audience, throwing good jokes, explaining the
topic, and closing the presentation should be effectively
designed. Good jokes should also be prepared as carefully
as the presentation itself.
Traps and Tips

Is a know-it-all speaker a perfect speaker? Is a know-by-
heart speaker a perfect speaker? The definition of a perfect
speaker may be various, but do not think that great
speakers never stumble over passages. A situation when a
speaker suddenly lost of track of the place or the
discussion is usually known as blanking out. It normally
happens and sometimes it can be a humorous situation
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that can be beneficial for the speaker. The speaker can just
ask forthright questions such as “where are we?”, “Okay,
who knows where we left off?”, or “let’s see, what number
of passages did we get up to?”.
Most presentations have Q&A sessions. This session is
important and crucial because most of the audience find it
easier to understand the topic in this session, rather than
listening to the presentation. Here are things that normally
happen during the question and answer session and how
to handle them.
a. Not repeating questions
Repeating questions will not take too much time and it
will help the audience who is out of audible range to
hear the question.
b. Answering too quickly
Being not in hurry will not decrease the speaker’s value
of being an effective speaker. Sometimes, answering
the question too quickly will make people judge that the
speaker is a know-it-all speaker. Giving a pause a
moment before giving information about the question
even though that information is very familiar and the
answer is very easy will not give any negative
impression.
c. Guessing the answer
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If the speaker is not sure about the answer he/she may
just say so, or if the speaker tends to answer the
question anyway, he/she may start by saying “in my
estimation…”, “I am not sure, but I guess…”. This
phrase will inform the audience that the speaker is
careful enough to answer questions that he/she does
not really understand.
d. Over answering
A long response to a question is not necessary. It will
take time and make the audience to get bored with
unnecessary information.
e. Letting one person to dominate.
The audience consists of a lot of people who have
different personalities. On some occasions, one person
from the audience is very attentive so he actively asks
questions in all Q&A sessions. If the speaker lets this
session is dominated by one person, it will be unfair to
the others. It is best to say “let’s give others to
participate..” after the second question.
f. Looking away from the questioner
It is suggested by Davidson (2003) to give 10 to 15
seconds to address the questioner by looking directly
and politely to make eye contact. This is to show
respect to the questioner.
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g. Pointlessly debating with the questioner
If the questioner is not satisfied with the speaker’s
answer and the speaker stubbornly insists the
questioner agrees with the answer, the debate will be
pointless and make the audience bored and frustrated.
The speaker may simply ask the questioner to discuss
this question after the presentation or during break
time.
h. Enduring long-winded questioner
Some questioners may ask questions only to hear their
own voices or only to show their existence. This type of
questioner will ask questions with long-winded narrative
words that oftentimes consist only of statements to see
the speaker’s response. If the speaker lets this
questioner take the stage as long as he/she needs, it
will screw up the time allotment and reduce everyone’s
focus. The speaker may cut this long-winded question
by saying “in recognition of the time constraints, let me
jump in and answer the question”.
i. Answering without understanding the question
Sometimes when a speaker does not clearly hear the
questions or if the question is cut before it is completed
because it comes from a long-winded questioner, the
speaker can say “now, if I understand the question…”.
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This phrase is used to clarify the questions. The
questioner may respond with a nod or revise the
question.
j. Answering hypothetical questions
If a speaker is given a question about something that
seems to be impossible to happen a phrase may be
used to start the answer like “I would not speculate”, or
“I am not really sure, but…”.
k. Conveying contempt answer to the question or
questioner
A speaker must attempt to remain emphatic although in
a difficult situation like when a questioner ask a
question that distorts the presentation.
Hit the Mark

A successful deliver of a presentation should be prepared
by the speaker carefully. Some common mistakes that are
oftentimes done by speakers must be avoided. Those
common mistakes are as follows:
1. Missunderstanding the assignment
It is crucial to understand why the speaker is chosen to
speak in that occasion and to that audience in that
place, so that the presentation given will be effectively
delivered.
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2. Failing to know the audience.
Information about the audience will help the speaker to
treat them, to chose words, and to dress appropriately.
The important information can be their educational
background, the job levels, age range, and perhaps
their salary.
3. Waiting for latecomers
If the speaker has been given time to present, he/she
does not need responsibility to wait for the latecomers
because the committee told to do so. However, if the
people who come late are those who are most
important to attend the presentation and it is informed
that they will come, the speaker may tell a story or give
some warm-up activities so that the latecomers will not
miss important things.
4. Offering excuse
Telling the audience about unwell condition by directly
stating that they are sorry because they are sick will
sound pitiful. If the speaker is really ill, make sure that
the committee has been alerted so that they can find
substitute speaker.
5. Speaking without a microphone
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To make sure that all audience can hear the speaker’s
voice clearly, a microphone is a must-thing to be
available.
6. Tapping or blowing into the microphone to test it
These things should ever been done by public speaker.
The speaker should have checked the microphone
before presentation. If the speaker does not have
opportunity to do this, the speaker may observe the
other microphone-user and just use it. If the speaker
does not work well, the committee will find the other
one.
7. Shifting wardrobe
If the speaker does not feel confortable with tie, it
should be left before coming to stage. Be well-prepared
with the outfit before coming to the stage.
8. Fiddling with AV equipment in midpresentation
When the speaker is about to present in any second, it
is not the time to determine an overhead projector, LCD
panel, or other AV equipment. Make sure that the AV
equipment has been determined and prepared well
before the presentation.
9. Using innapropriate AV materials
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Recheck the visual aids and make sure that the clarity
is appropriate, readable, and help the audience to
understand.
10. Stepping out of sight
Stepping out of sight does not mean becoming invisible.
Some speakers tend to move closer to the audience
and pass the first row of the audience so that they need
to turn their heads to see the speaker.
11. Reading from notes or a script
Most speaker have prepared their script of the
presentation to avoid their blanking out moment.
However, it does not mean that presenting is reading.
The audience will not grab the message of the reading.
Presenting is sharing the speaker’s understanding.
12. Building up to slowly
Some presenters add or improvise their presentation to
elaborate their explanation. However, most of them
forget to manage the time.
13. Pacing back and forth
Pacing back and forth repeatedly will let the audience
aware of the speaker’s nervousness.
14. Mismanaging the sniffles
Everyone will face different situation when the
nervousness comes before the presentation. Some of
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them are having sniffles, sneezing and coughing. Make
suse that tissue or handkerchief is always ready in the
pocket.
15. Making repeated references to sports
Be prepared with all references about the topic so that
all examples will not refer to one thing
16. Looking at watch
Repeatedly looking at watch indicates whether the
speaker is running out of topics or they have much
more things to be presented. Although perhaps some
speaker only checks the time allotment works well. The
best way to check the time is by placing a small watch
in rostrum or the speaker can see the time on the
laptop.
17. Airing commercials
Never promote the product during presentation,
especially when there is no agreement before the
presentation that the speaker is given time to sell
his/her product,
18. Running overboards
Make sure that the time management has been
prepared well before the presentation.
19. Finishing too abruptly
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Give the appropriate closing to the presentation so the
closing will not destroy the whole presentation.
20. Disappearing after the presentation
Stay in the venue after the presentation ends. Some
audience might want to meet the speaker directly.
21. Not thanking the meeting planner
Be respectful and spare the time to give appreciation to
the meeting planner.
Thus, the advanced skills of public speking proposed
by Davidson (2003). Reading and rereading the whole
explanation will help you to improve your public speaking
skill.
238
PART I
Make the summary about the topic by filling the following
table:
No Topics What you need to do as
a speaker
1 Pre-speech activities
2. Giving a powerful
memorable opening
3. Maintaining audience
involvement
4. Audience responsiveness
239
5. Reading the audience
6. Traps and Trics
7. Hit the Mark

Table 8. Summary
PART II
Practice your answer in PART I!
240
D. REFERENCES
Davidson, Jeff. 2003. The Complete Guide to Public
Speaking. New Jersey: John Wiley & Sons.
State University
241
CHAPTER XII
PERFORMING INFORMATIVE SPEECH:
An informative speech informs listeners. In order to do
this, the speaker must present information and apply
strategies to maintain the audience's attention. In this
session, the students will be introduced to the definition,
types, designs, and techniques of informative speech.
The learners should be able to comprehend and apply
the following aspects of informative speech at the end of
this chapter: know the definition and types of informative
speech, understand how to prepare an effective
informative speech and write an effective informative
speech design
Osborn et al. (2007) assert that an informative discourse
informs rather than requests its audience. This kind of
speech calls for an informed speaker and attentive
listeners who will absorb the information without seeking
to alter their conduct. By providing knowledge and
raising awareness about a subject, informative speeches
help to reduce ignorance. Additionally, it
242
offers the viewers fresh and crucial information. It
provides all pertinent details and all important angles on
a subject. Some pointers from Harrington & Lebeau
(2009) on how to deliver an informational speech well
include: be precise and give examples. Similar to this,
Beebe & Beebe (2014) noted that an instructive speech's
speaker has a responsibility to educate his audience.
Typically, the three following elements comprise the core
of an informative speech:
a. To increase comprehension and widen knowledge.
b. To maintain the audience's attention.
c. To be kept in mind.
Brydon & Scott (2008) defines informative speech as the

procedure that occurs when a speaker conveys a public
new knowledge or a fresh perspective upon old
information. In other words, the objective of informative
speaking is to educate the audience. The skills are as
follows:
a. Keeping the audience's interests in mind and catering to
their diverse learning preferences.
b. Recognizing the connection of persuasion and
informative speaking.
243
c. Knowing how members of a social and informative
speaking are related.
d. Learning the way you will likely communicate information
in school, the industry, as well as the society throughout
your life.
e. Keeping educational talks engaging, acceptable,
approachable, and maybe existence for the public.
f. Applying concepts in talks that educate, clarify,
illustrate, or characterize.
Furthermore, Beebe & Beebe (2014) contend that

communicating effectively may improve understanding of
the listener. Transparency from the presentation is
essential for the audience to comprehend what is being
said.
The purpose of informative discourse is emphasized in The
Ethics of Informative Speaking (Osborn et al.,2007).
Ensure you can defend the ethics of the subject you
choose.
a. If you have various viewpoints on an issue, give them
all.
b. Provide all the information necessary for listener
understanding.
244
c. Wouldn't falsify information that the reader is expected
to comprehend.
d. Conduct enough research to be able to talk about our
topic intelligently.
a. Don't leave out crucial information since it goes
against our view of things.
f. Make an effort to remain objective.
1. Types of Informative Speech (Osborn et al., 2007)

a. Speeches that emphasize descriptions
As per Osborn et al. (2007), in order to expand our
perception and comprehension of the things around
us, we require a statement of an occasion, place,
person, or object. Such gives a clear overview of what
is actually there, as well as distant and invisible things
like interior tissue.
An instructive presentation attempts to make a subject
completely accessible to the audience through
explanation. Bright and precise vocabulary must be
utilized in replacement of basic ones in order for the
audience to fully comprehend the descriptions of an
item underneath the circumstances the presenter is
following.
b. Speeches of Demonstration
245
Presentations that illustrate anything are a part of the
second category of instructive communication. This
speech pattern is used to deliver instructions and
respond to inquiries. Viewers would be able to
complete the process on their own after seeing and
hearing a statement in this presentation voice.
Therefore, using devices to make certain the
presentation is successful is quite beneficial (Osborn
et al., 2007).
c. Speeches of Explanation
Educative communication is the last category of
informative speech according to Osborn et al. (2007).
This speaking type conveys knowledge about difficult
subjects or abstract ideas. As a consequence, in this
form of speech, numerous examples must be provided
alongside images to help convey the item or idea, as
well as a thorough discussion of the features.
Furthermore, Beebe & Beebe (2014) categorize

informative speech into the following five foci:
a. Objects: Provides details or information on actual
objects
246
b. Procedures: Explains how anything works little
further.
c. People: Gives details about prominent and also well
individuals.
d. Ideas: Outlines conceptual information which needs
to be considered.
e. Events: Offers details on recent or forthcoming
events.
2. Attention Techniques
Osborn et al. (2007) state that informative presenters
may utilize the strategies to draw inside and maintain in
focus of their audience:
a. Speak with enthusiasm while using accurate language
to explain your subject.
b. To ensure your argument is understood, carefully
repeat your main phrases.
c. Use unique illustrations and ideas to depend on
originality. Use strong words to bring your topic to live.
Osborn et al. (2007) assert that after capturing your

audience's attention, you should understand what to do to
maintain it. How to keep your listeners' interest throughout
the speech. Given the fact that you're conscious about
247
whatever initially piqued his attention, then ought to focus
upon that. These specific components are listed below:
a. Intensity
Attention can be attracted and kept by using
innovative wording and aesthetically appealing
information. An idea can be reinforced more effectively
by presenting examples that highlight its significance.
Intensity can also be increased by speaking with
focus, using a range of people can express, and using
presentation aids.
b. Recurrence
Repetition is a powerful technique that skilled
presenters can use to strengthen concepts, facilitate
listeners following the thought process, and aid in
concepts sticking in listeners' minds.
c. Novelty
The relevance of novelty comes from our attraction to
unique or novel things. A catchy phrase has the ability
to hold listeners' attention.
d.Activity
Intensity Attention can be attracted and kept by using
innovative wording and aesthetically appealing
information. An idea can be reinforced more effectively
by presenting examples that highlight its significance.
248
Intensity can also be increased by speaking with
focus, using a range of people to express, and using
presentation aids.
e. Gestures
Activity can be increased through gestures, getting
closer towards the audience to highlight points, and
using presentation aids. Making a speech spring to life
and maintaining the audience's interest can be
accomplished by using an engaging tale or example.
By using vibrant vocabulary, rhythm, and a range of
vocal tones, you can further elicit a feeling of vitality.
e.Contrast By portraying contrasting scenes that evoke a
sense of struggle and exaggeration, the audience's
attention may become lost. Presenting exact opposites
as good fortune and terrible luck, or the top and
bottom of a scenario, can also accentuate contrast.
f. Relevance We are drawn to things that actually match
our unique needs, interests, or issues. No matter how
intimately it relates to their lives, emphasized by
discussing polar opposites like good fortune and bad
fortune, or the top and bottom of a scenario.
Table 9. Speech design according to Osborn et al.

(2007):
249
Design Definition When to use
Spatial Spatial organization is Your idea might be
Design useful in speeches communicated by
that cover a wide the way it is placed
range of topics in a in a real-world
physical environment. situation or
The sequence of physical
discussion is entirely environment. It
determined by how enables you to
close various speak about your
elements are to one subject in a
another. structurally sound
manner to your
audience.
Sequenti A sequential The description of
al design arrangement the topic is based
encourages the crowd on the timing. This
to move according to indicates that it is
time periods. For presented as a set
speeches of the of actions in a
demonstration variety, process. It
this strategy works progresses from
particularly well. the start to the
Discourses with a finish in a
250
sequential structure systematic way.
frequently depict the
steps as a handle. It
begins by identifying
the essential phases
of the process and the
sequence in which
they need to occur.
The main points of the
speech now center on
these actions.
Chronolo The sequential plan Subject and
gical and the chronological substance are
Design design are closely communicated
related. It does, through the
however, follow the progression of past
order of significant figures. It describes
events within the the sequence of
entirety of the material occurrences
about a subject. through time.
However, the
chronological form is
much more effective
for explanation-type
251
speeches whereas the
sequential approach
works best for
demonstration-type
talks. The main focus
of a chronological
design is how
something is done
before moving on to
how it occurs or
functions.
Categori using the category The distinctions
cal design occasionally your make in your
Design when it is necessary to argument are
highlight topics using typical or
established or typical conventional. Every
categories. Within the division becomes a
topic itself, there could place to start of
be distinctive progress. It's
subcategories, such indeed helpful
red, white, and when you need to
blended wines. Typical manage big
divisions reflect concepts.
common approaches
252
to thinking about a
topic.
Compara A comparative design Subject that is

tive is valuable when your unused to your
Design theme is new, unique, gathering of
specialized, or people, unique,
particular. This design specialized, or
can assist you portray essentially difficult
relational changes in a to comprehend. It
subject. A comparative will be meaningful
design relates your for comparing or
content to something differentiating it
the group of audience with something the
253
knows and are familiar listeners know and
with. It can be understand will as
particularly valuable of now know and
for explanation types already
of speeches. understand. s.
Causatio To clarify causes and Your theme is best

n Design effects, a causation caught on in terms
design is usually used. of its fundamental
It deciphers a subject causes or results.
either as an impact of May be utilized to
particular causes or as account for the
the cause of particular display or foresee
impacts. This design is possibilities in the
usually started with future.
subject explanation
and the significance.
Then it is followed by
the causes and
consequences as the
primary concerns.
254
1. Create a short speech about your chosen
topic using the speech design discussed above. An
example of informative speech can be found here
https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=iZc4n8Bwa7A
Your topic:
_________________________________________
_________________________________________
_________________________________________
Speech design you choose:
________________________________________
Speech outline:
_________________________________________
_______________________________________
____________________________________
_____
_________________________________________
_________________________________________
_________________________________________
_________________________________________
_________________________________________
_________________________________________
_________________________________________
255
_________________________________________
_________________________________________
_________________________________________
_________________________________________
_________________________________________
_________________________________________
_________________________________________
_________________________________________
_________________________________________
_________________________________________
_________________________________________
2. Find a partner and practice your created speech.

3. Once done, perform your speech in the class.
256
D. REFERENCES
Beebe, S. A., & Beebe, S. J. (2014). A Concise

Public Speaking Handbook (4th Edition) (4th
ed.) [E-book]. Pearson.
College of the Canyons. 2017. Fundamentals of
Public Speaking. Creative Commons.
Speaking Eighth Edition. Boston, MA: Allyn &
Bacon.
Hamilton, C., 2012, Essentials of Public Speaking,
5th Edition, Tarrant County College—NE
Campus
Harington, D. & Lebeau, C. (2009). Speaking of
Speech: New Edition. Macmillan Press.
257
CHAPTER XIII
PERFORMING A PERSUASIVE SPEECH
In this chapter, you will learn about how to perform a
persuasive speech through the following guidelines:
differentiate between informative and persuasive speech,
understand the persuasive process, adapt the persuasive
message to a different audience, understand the
importance of providing reasoned argument and avoiding
the defective evidence, and apply these skills in conducting
persuasive speech. These guidelines are essential to help
you become an effective persuasive speaker.
At the end of this chapter, the participants should be able

to:
• Differentiate between informative and persuasive
speech
• Understand the persuasive process
• Adapt the persuasive message to a different
audience
258
• Understand the importance of providing reasoned
argument and avoiding
the defective evidence
• Apply these skills in conducting persuasive speech.
1. The Difference between informative and persuasive
speech
The easy way to understand the persuasive speech is to

compare this type of speech with informative which has
been explained in chapter one and its application in
chapter twelve. You may go back to those chapters for
informative speech in detail. In short, the purpose of the
informative speech is generally known to acknowledge
choices, while the job of the persuasive speaker is to drive
the audience to one choice that the speaker favour for. The
same is true that in an informative speech, the speaker’s
job is to have a role as a teacher. The speaker in an
informative speech uses the supporting material to guide
the audience in order to expand the audience’s knowledge.
The speaker does not necessarily need a big amount of
commitment from the audience even though he needs
strong credibility in bringing up the topic. The speaker in an
259
informative speech does not always need strong attraction
as long as he obliges ethics highly. On the other hand, in a
persuasive speech, the job of the speaker is to drive to one
choice among many. His role is to advocate and use the
supporting material as a medium in order to reach an
agreement from the audience. The audience in a
persuasive speech is an agent of change that they need
strong commitment. Thus, the speaker’s credibility in this
type of speech is much more important than when he does
an informative speech. He should also be able to attract
the feeling of the audience with a strong ethical obligation.
This comparison is simplified in the following table based
on (Osborn, Osborn, & Osborn, 2009) p.372
260
Table 10. Informative vs Persuasive speech (Osborn,
Osborn, & Osborn, 2009) page 372.
2. The persuasive process

Understanding how persuasion works is helpful for the
speaker and listeners to do their speech more effectively.
There are five stages that help us to understand the
persuasion process: awareness, understanding,
agreement, enactment, and integration (Osborn, Osborn, &
Osborn, 2009). A speaker should be able to build
awareness of a problem that exists and pay attention to it.
This is the first step to do in preparing your persuasive
speech. When people do not believe there actually is a
problem, the role of creating awareness for a persuasive
speech is becoming more demanding. The second stage of
the persuasive process is understanding. The speaker’s
job is to bring up the proposal, to make the listeners accept
the message, and then bring the proposal into effect.
Having done these, the stage of the agreement, the
acceptance by listeners of the speaker’s position, can be
achieved. The speaker should be the important model of
his/her own position. There are various forms of agreement
that ranges from small concessions to total acceptance. An
agreement can also be seen by having the listeners
261
change of their attitudes, beliefs, and values or the
willingness to accept the risk by accepting your ideas. The
fourth stage is enactment. When the listeners have
accepted your ideas, they should be willing to do the
actions as a form of their commitment. The last stage is
integration, the combination of new commitments to the
audience’s previous beliefs and values. The audience in
this stage should be able to see the relation between the
speaker’s proposal and the audience’s important values.
Thus, the speaker should be able to urge the audience, not
to just accept his recommendation but to act as a form of
solution. This action is an actualization of their total
acceptance which is integrated with their attitudes, beliefs,
and values. The stages are simplified and can be seen in
the following figure:
Figure 14. Five Stages of Persuasive Process
262
(Osborn, Osborn, & Osborn, 2009)
To apply those five stages of the persuasion process

above, as a speaker, first of all, you must arouse the
audience’s attention with your introduction. As you have
learned in chapter three that you have gained some
knowledge about your audience’s background, you can
now relate your messages to your audience’s interests and
needs. It is critical in the early stage of your speech to
clearly define complex terms. You can use a concrete
example to help your audience fully understand the basic
terms you are going to use for the whole length of your
speech. Organizing your material in a clear step-by-step
manner is as equally important as the previous steps. You
can emphasize the use of facts, statistics, and expert
testimony to win the logical acceptance of your statement.
Then, you can share a clear plan of action. It is not
necessary for you to dramatize your language, but it is
important to use vivid language to help your message be
memorably perceived. You can, then, ask your audience to
make a public commitment to the ideas they have just
accepted. When you are able to relate your proposal to
your audience’s values, you can consider you have
reached your persuasion goals.
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3. Organising the Pattern of Your Persuasive Speech
To be more specific, this part discusses six organizational
patterns ideally suited for a persuasive speech.
Compare and Contrast

The major purpose of this pattern is to highlight
the similarities dan differences between two
things. This is especially efficient when you aim
for your listeners to discover one subject and its
connection with the other. It is always possible
for you to compare and contrast one particular
thought over another to gain a better
understanding. This pattern is not only suitable
for academic context but also daily engagement
and also professional. Buying daily supplies for
food for a housewife, for example, may be
compared and contrasted by considering the
amount of money needed when purchasing in
bulk, the time efficiency, the time span for the
product, and also the economic value of actually
saving money or more affordable. On one hand,
buying a small portion daily stock of food may
allow one to spare some money for a more
264
urgent necessity like children’s education fee or
medication, especially for those who are
financially challenged. The persuasion of this
organization may not be strong as the choice is
mainly left to the audience’s decision. This is,
therefore, considered a weak persuasion.
Comparative Advantages
This pattern as its name suggests does not
simply show the comparison between two things
but rather showing one is better than the other.
The main aim of this speech pattern is to clearly
compare part by part in order to find out that is
one is more beneficial or advantageous over
another. Certainly, when a speaker
demonstrates this particular pattern, they should
be able to compare things that are functionally
equivalent. They cannot compare an apple to an
orange or the like.
Cause and Effect

The major purpose of this organizational pattern
is to discover a variety of possible causes and
effects of a particular issue. As a speaker, you
265
have a strong goal to enlighten your listeners
with a certain understanding of the essential
relationship between two things. For instance,
the connection between domestic litter and the
daily food consumption. Then, you explain and
show a better way to take better care of
domestic litter, as a consequence of the need
for a human being to consume food. Having
shown how to solve the problem, you want your
listeners to contribute by taking the action
towards the considered matter.
There are two ways to prepare the outline of this

pattern: “block format and point by point.” Block
format splits your outline into two parts which
consist of the causes and the effects of
something. whereas point by point allows the
speaker to divide their outline based on the
diversity of causes, which is then straight away
shadowed by the effects. Making a speech to
university students about the cause of the
increasing divorce rate in a certain country using
point-by-point, for example, can be started by
presenting the fact that there are women
266
nowadays who are financially independent due
to improvements in education and job
opportunity. After this, the second considered
cause can be shared and then followed by two
possible effects associated to the provocations
of divorce.
Problem Solution
When you organise your speech outline using
this pattern, you can start by describing variety
of aspects of the problems, with data to support
your claim. You can then follow that with
possible solutions. The major aim of this pattern
is to assure your listeners that the proposed
actions need to be done. Your listeners are
expected to alternate their opinions or reactions,
as part of the solutions as they become more
aware of the problems. When you wish to share
an idea about using public transportation to go
to work is a better way to reduce traffic jams in
our capital city, for example, you can start by
making your listeners aware of how every
individual vehicle driven to the workplace
contributes the traffic congestion. Thus, the
possible way to help reduce it is to use public
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transportation and car-sharing arrangement for
colleagues.
Problem-Cause-Solution
Compared to the previous pattern, this pattern is
particular because, as a speaker, you start
making aware of a specific problem at the
beginning of your speech, and you follow your
stage by mentioning the potential cause of the
problem, and directly proposing the logical
solution. The major aim of this particular format
is to persuade your audience of a particular
belief or idea by showing a certain problem. As
soon as you have shown the problem, you can
explain to your listeners the cause of the
problem. Lastly, you provide a solution to the
problem mentioned previously. When presenting
a problem, that could be solely separated.
However, cause and solution should link one
another perfectly. Thus, this pattern is called
problem-cause-solution.
Monroe’s Motivated Sequence
268
The main aim of this pattern is to provide
assistance for the speaker to short the outline in
order and to add motivation on their speech. By

doing this, the listeners are hoped to be able to
do the action directly which therefore it is crucial
to provide emotional reasoning as part of the
outline. The following table would help you
execute your plan.
Attention - To gain the audience’s attention

according to this pattern is that speaker should
have strong attention grabber, vibrant topic, and
thorough elucidation why the listeners should
pay attention on the topic.
269 Motivated Sequence

Table 10. The steps of Monroe’s
Needs – There are four concepts of problem or
need in this patters which are statement,
illustration, ramification, and pointing. A
statement that is clear and concise with
example(s) to exemplify the problem(s), and
especially given evidence to demonstrate how
the problem is truly connected to the listeners
personally.
Satisfaction – “The speaker sets a solution to

the problem within five steps (statement,
explanation, theoretical demonstration, practical
experience, meeting objections)” Monroe
(1935). As a speaker, you need to initially have
clear statement about attitude, value, faith, or
action that you wish to be accepted by your
listeners. After that, you can tell the major aim of
your speech. Your argument is crucial for your
audience so that they are willing to accept the
solution you are proposing. The solution you
propose should meet the problem which is
shown by the example of success somewhere
else through research, statistics, or expert
testimonies. Remember, it is normal when you
270
face an objection. You need to deal with it
wisely.
Visualization – It is an essential part of the
stages when a speaker is able to let the
listeners visualize what is going to happen when
the problems have been solved. Solid logical
reasoning why the solution would eventually
benefit them is one thing the speaker should not
miss out.
Action – the approval of the proposal can be
seen by the agreement itself and the physical
actions done by the listeners. This is the final
step of the succession of the speech.
4. Establish the goals of your speech.

In Harrington & LeBeau’s Speaking of Speech, they
mentioned three (3) messages in a speech. One of which
is the story message. They defined this as the way you
organize the information to make it into a standard
presentation structure. Just like a story, a speech contains
an (a) introduction, (b) a body, and (c) an end. These parts
should all be connected to each other so your audience will
understand you.
a. The Introduction
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This is your beginning in which you will have the
crucial moment to catch your audience’s
attention and give them a glimpse of what your
speech/story will be all about and why it is
important. In other words, this is where you will
have the opportunity to prepare your audience.
b. The Body
Next to your introduction, this is where you
transition to integrate your visuals to your story.
You give your audience a glimpse in the
introduction about the points you will be sharing;
in the body, you explain each point you
mentioned in detail.
c. The End
This is also called the conclusion – your final
message. This is where you summarize
everything that you have said, and finally,
complete your story. This is also where you get
the opportunity to emphasize the most important
parts of your speech or story for your audience
to remember.
A good structure of your speech is important; especially if
your goal is to persuade your listeners. In persuasive
communication, gestures are important, and it is your duty
272
as a speaker to know your goal. Are you asking the
audience to join a petition, boycott a product, talk to their
friends, vote for someone, buy a certain product, or take
any other concrete actions? In many cases, the entirety of
the speech allows you to issue a call to action. Therefore,
you must make your story message compelling and
convincing.
4. Building Arguments
To be straightforward, to successfully achieve the goal of
persuasive speech, a speaker in a persuasive speech
should be able to provide strong arguments that he
deserves respectful attention from their attentive listeners.
One way is to provide evidence, facts dan figures, for
example, to support the persuasion. See the following
guidelines for ethical use of evidence:
Figure 15. Ethical Use of Evidence
273
(Osborn, Osborn, & Osborn, 2009) p.375
There is always clear ethical regulation in using evidence
to support your persuasive speech in order to gain
reputation. One important thing is to supply evidence from
trustworthy sources so that you are sure with its credibility.
Then, the evidence can be checked by the experts in the
field. It is equally important that the evidence is one whole
unity of the information needed to avoid missing parts and
misunderstanding. When there are pros and cons among
experts in interpreting the data, you should inform this to
the audience. Do not only inform based on your own
interest. The audience has the right to discover both sides
of point of views. It is unethical to conceal important
evidence even though it may weaken your reasoned
arguments. However, you can use expert testimony to
274
establish facts, prestige testimony to empower your
credibility and lay testimony to create identification.
4. Developing Proof
Producing powerful persuasion in a persuasive speech is
key to success. This can be done by providing logical
evidence by tapping the emotional feelings of the
audience, laying on cultural practices, and empowering the
personal leadership quality of the speaker. Logos,
generally known as logic, is the ability of the speaker to
supply strong reasons for the belief or value that the
speaker aims to persuade the listeners. A speech that
makes good sense is grounded in strong evidence that
leads the listeners to a logical conclusion. The next one is
pathos which is known as affirmation that possibly touches
personal feelings like sympathy, indignation, anger, fright,
guilt, excitement, and compassion. If used ethically in a
persuasive context, attractions of personal feelings can
drive bad attitudes into good or better actions. Personal
stories, for example, can emotionally move the audience’s
feelings that project strong credibility of the speaker. The
third one is ethos. It is the competence, character,
goodwill, and dynamism of the speaker which are projected
and perceived by the audience when speaking. Your
275
listeners see that you have a strong conviction about what
you are talking about. Your sincerity and your strong
commitment are unquestionable. These particular
characteristics would eventually win the audience’s feeling
of respect toward the speaker. Thus, winning the sense of
credibility. Some scholars confirmed the existence of the
fourth dimension of proof, mythos. It is the formation of
tradition, value, faith, and culture that the speaker connects
or relates with the audience, that is manifested into a
sense of acceptance feeling. Humans as social creatures
by nature build the identity of the group membership as
part of society. When a speaker creates a connection
between his/her proposal and this social culture identity
through traditional stories, sayings, symbols, and even
religious narratives, they are likely to be listened to and
respected. See the following figure for a summary:
Figure 16. Priorities in Argument Persuasion
276
(Osborn, Osborn, & Osborn, 2009) p.377
5. Developing Powerful Argument

It is critical to build arguments which enable to influence
thoughtful listeners. The following guidelines can help you
achieve the goal:
1. you have to provide a clear definition of basic
terminology. This is important because a thorough
understanding of terms is the foundation to retain
the correctness of the basic principle.
2. You have to justify your argument by providing
reasoned arguments which are accepted by
principles.
277
3. You always need to remind your audience of the
reasons why they honor the principles.
4. You have to be able to convince your audience that
the reasoned arguments you provided are based on
real evidence.
5. Supply a real sense of the problem. A problem that
a vast majority of your audience could feel it.
6. You can now build arguments to answer reasonable
questions that might come from your audience.
6. Avoid Defective Evidence

It is unethical for a speaker to use the facts, statistics, or
testimony incorrectly or inappropriately. This can be
considered defective evidence. Misusing facts may
establish an irreversible trend that leads to the problematic
condition. Moreover, a misused fact can also lead to
confusion between facts and opinions. When a speaker
provides statistical evidence to support their argument,
they should be careful not to supply incorrect information or
incorrect statistical comparison. The next one that is
considered defective evidence is defective testimony.
There are many possibilities of a speaker using flawed
testimony. This can be exemplified by the testimony being
outdated for example, and the speaker omits the date in
278
reporting it. Another possibility is also when there is a
tendency from the speaker in quoting the source of
testimony incorrectly. For example, the vocabulary used is
correct but its overall meaning is actually wrong. Thus,
making sure the evidence you use is correct and true is
considerably important before your presentation.
7. The Obstacles to Persuasive Speech

There are a considerable number of obstacles for a
persuasive speaker to reach their goal. This can be as
simple as facing a reluctant audience to the most
demanding one, ethical tests. When you prepare a
persuasive speech, you might have imagined the position
of your audience on your topic, how they will react to your
position and the condition or situation which you are going
to present your speech. You may go back to chapter three
to know your audience more and to stick to your purpose.
Mapping the outcome of your audience’s position whether
they hold different attitudes or whether you need to unify
them around your position is another further step of your
speech. You also need to consider how your audience
regards you as a speaker on the subject. You have to gain
their respect, trust, and goodwill. If you don’t, you can use
supporting testimony from sources they are familiar with
279
which they trust to enhance your ethos and improve your
opportunity to succeed. Evaluation of the connection
among the audience, the topic, and you as the speaker will
provide you more effective strategy for your persuasive
speech. You may face some listeners that oppose your
position during your speech. You should be grateful for
small achievements like getting thoughtful attention. In this
case, you can adopt the co-active approach, and bridge
the difference between you and your listeners as follows:
a) Initiate identification and goodwill early in your
speech. Highlight experiences, backgrounds,
beliefs, and values that your share with your
audience.
b) Begin with an agreement point of view before you
eventually tackle the area of disagreement. This
shows that you understand their position, provide
space for your audience, and accept the fact that
indeed there are always two sides of a coin.
c) Spotlight the explanation over the argument. By
explaining your position, and not highlighting your
disagreement, you avoid facing defensive behavior
from your audience.
d) Cite authorities the audience will respect and
accept. To know your audience better means to
280
know which statement by such authorities works
better for them.
e) Set simple goals for change. As a speaker, you
should be able to make a good sense of setting an
appropriate goal for them. You cannot set your goal
too far and too fast that sounded ridiculous. You
have to raise an awareness that is rational to
accomplish a good deal.
f) Compare your position with others in a likable way.
You have to show respect for people who oppose
your position and understand why others might
support them. Then reveal how this position may not
justify such support. Your position should become
enlightenment, not judgment.
As you have learned six strategies to bridge the differences
between you and the audience, this time you are going to
find out the audience’s consideration for your persuasion.
There are mainly three types of audience: those who
respond to your position with antagonism or even antipathy
which you need an early establishment of goodwill and
credibility. In this position, you are expected to provide
more explanation and to simplify your goal. You can try to
weaken their resistance by acknowledging their opposite
argument but be able to tackle why you do stick to a
281
different commitment. Secondly, you may face an audience
that is just unwilling to commit. In this condition, you can
supply as much as information needed by the audience to
arouse their interest and encourage their commitment. The
third one is a group of audience who are friendly but not
yet committed. In this stake, you can remind them that
taking an action is required. See the following table in order
for you to prepare which strategies may be applied
depending on the condition you face in a speech. In other
words, there will always be a fraction of the audience who
agrees, disagrees, or is indecisive about the topic you are
discussing. Persuading the people who already believe in
what you are advocating may help solidify their beliefs.
However, trying to persuade the fraction of the audience
who disagrees with your perspective is your challenge.
Therefore, this is where you focus. By knowing your
audience, you can personalize your message to the
concerns of those who disagree with you or those groups
who are yet to decide whether to believe you or not.
Above all the strategies listed, to be a persuasive speaker
is to be a believer, be a doer, and be committed to the
topic that you present it. You can’t be a genuine and
truthful persuasive speaker when you yourself do not
282
employ the belief and the value you aim to share and
demand action from others.
Table 11. Audience Consideration for Persuasive

Speeches
Summary
As it has been mentioned at the beginning of this chapter
that the job of a persuasive speech is to drive an option
among many and demand a commitment. To see the
difference between persuasive and informative speech is
to compare between those two. Five stages of the
persuasive process are presented for you to easily
283
understand. Those stages are so much in line with
Monroe’s motivated sequence – more than any other – in
organizing the pattern of your speech. Ethically, persuasive
speaking lays on qualified reasons based on responsible
knowledge reflected in argumentative persuasion.
Supporting materials become evidence that proofs
comprise our rational nature (logos), appeal to feeling
(pathos), appeal to credibility of the speaker and sources
cited within the speech (ethos), and appeal to cultural
identity (mythos). Humans in general are thinking creatures
who respond to a well-reasoned demonstration. The
meaning of key terms and concepts of persuasion should
be defined clearly early in the speech. Error reasoning can
damage persuasive speech. Thus, avoiding defective
evidence such as misused facts, statistics, and testimony
means avoiding faulty conclusions.
284
1) What are the key features in preparing a persuasive
speech?
2) Examine social media advertisements or newspaper

articles to find “infomercials”. Bring them to the class
and analyze what alert you to the persuasive intent.
3) Bring to the class another media advertisement or

newspaper article and show the emphasis on each
of the four forms of persuasive proof: logos, pathos,
ethos, and mythos. Do the advertisements combine
any forms of proof? How effective is each form of
persuasive proof?
4) Find a news story that interests you. Using the

information in the story, (a) show how you might use
this material as evidence in your persuasive speech,
(b) indicate how this evidence might be used to
develop a proof, and (c) explain how this proof might
function as part of a pattern of reasoning.
5) Choose one of the titles below and compose your

persuasive speech outline. Then, organize your
285
speech pattern using one of the appropriate
methods explained in this chapter (Compare and
Contrast, comparative Advantage, Cause and
Effect, Problem Solution, Problem-Cause-Solution,
or Monroe’s Motivated Sequence).
a. “Which is more important: PE class or music
class?”
b. “Should Primary students be taught sex
education in school? ”
c. “Should students be able to attend public
universities for free? ”
d. “What is the most effective way to change the
behaviour of school bullies? ”
e. “What is the best way to reduce cheating in
school? ”
f. “Can music be an effective way to treat
mental illness? ”
g. “Should all high school students be required
to take a class on financial literacy? ”
h. “Is it better to spend a summer as an unpaid
intern at a prestigious company or as a paid
worker at a local store/restaurant? ”
i. “Is national security more important than
individual privacy? ”
286
j. “What responsibility does the government
have to help homeless people? ”
287
D. REFERENCES
David, T. (2017). How to Give a Persuasive Speech.
Psychology Today. Retrieved June 9, 2022, from
https://www.psychologytoday.com/us/blog/the-
magic-human-connection/201702/how-give-
persuasive-speech
LeBeau, C., & Harrington, D. (2009). Speaking of Speech:
Basic Presentation Skills for Beginners. New
Edition. Macmillan Publishers.
Monroe, A.H.n(1935). Principles and types of speech.
Chicago,IL: Scott Foresman.
Speaking - Eight Edition. Boston: Allyn & Bacon,
Pearson Education, Inc.
University of Minnesota, 2016, Stand up, Speak out: The
Practice and Ethics of Public Speaking, University of
Minnesota Libraries Publishing,
https://open.lib.umn.edu/publicspeaking/ retrieved
on 09/08/2022
288
MEETING 14
PERFORMING CEREMONIAL SPEECH
In this chapter, you will be focusing particularly on
ceremonial speech. Specifically, the intention and the types
of ceremonial speech, the value and the technique, the
preparation, and the development of ceremonial speech.
By the end of this lesson, the students are expected to:

1. Understand the intention and recognize the types of
ceremonial speech.
2. Recognize the value and master the technique of
ceremonial speech.
3. Be able to prepare and present the most common
types of ceremonial speech.
4. Develop a ceremonial speech
The Intention and the Types of Ceremonial Speech
There would always come a time, in every individual’s life
when they may not have yet an opportunity to deliver a
speech. However, they may have been invited to speak
289
during special occasions such as an award ceremony,
birthday celebrations, and even giving a tribute speech.
The intention of a ceremonial speech is to entice and hold
the listeners and build a feeling of connection towards the
event. Ceremonial speech highlights sharing of identities
and values that bring people together in the communities. It
helps by uplifting and voicing out a perspective that fits the
substantial qualities of a certain special occasion. For
instance, giving a eulogy to a close friend. The speaker
can elevate the audience’s emotion by going through the
best memories the speaker had to commemorate the
person that has passed. The following are common types
of ceremonial speech we are going to learn:
Tribute Speech
Tribute speech is a mean to recognize and magnify the
importance of accomplishments. It values an individual’s
effort, responsibility, and achievements. It is a celebrational
speaking whose purpose is to respect an individual or an
occasion. An acknowledgment to tribute to an individual
particularly includes good deeds the person has done,
influences the person has brought, funny or emotional
stories about the person, and their legacy. Tribute speech
290
can occur and is usually presented at presentations,
eulogies, and toasts.
1. Presentation
When someone receives an award, it is often accompanied
by a speech of tributes. It recognizes the achievements
and efforts of the recipient. The speaker of this type of
tribute speech usually discusses two main points that
explain the nature of the award and applauding the
recipient of the award. In the following excerpt, Drew
speaks to the audience attending “Doolittle Raider reunion”
_ a celebration for people leading the first attack after the
bombing of the Pearl Harbour.
291
2. Eulogies
A tribute speech commemorating the death of an individual
is what we call a eulogy. During the memorial services, a
eulogy must be able to express the grieving, and the pain
then offers comfort. Your audience may not know who the
person you are celebrating. Thus, you are not informing but
celebrating. Informing would cause such a boring speech
in this occasion. You would rather pick specific information
about the person to celebrate. It is important to hold back
your emotions because you are meant to speak with the
people still living. To achieve that, one must be able to
share a shared send of grief, share memories and lastly
292
focus on how it has been a great opportunity to have
shared even just a short time more than the feeling of loss.
Numerous celebrities and politicians have been asked to
deliver commencement speeches at colleges and
universities including eulogies. Barack Obama delivered a
eulogy at the funeral of civil rights activist Rosa Parks in
November 2005.
“Another example of a eulogy text is by Caitlyn Steiner who

wrote a tribute speech about the love her grandparents
have for each other. Notice how she uses the little things to
demonstrate love.”
3. Toasts
This particular type of tribute speech is a means to honor
someone whose goal is to make the person feel special
and to allow others included in the celebratory event. Every
293
ceremonial speech normally includes narration,
magnification, and identification. The speaker for this
event should be able to make everyone feel the event is
part of them. As a speaker, you should invite the audience
in several times throughout the speech. You also need to
have honest elaboration about the person you are talking
to with a particular or meaningful achievement. Toasts are
expressions of honoring goodwill, appreciation, and
gratification or asking for a toast to catch the attention of
the audience to an issue in a public setting, usually
followed by synchronous consumption of beverages and
toasting the glasses with their companions. For instance,
asking for a toast at a wedding ceremony by congratulating
the couple, toasts at gatherings after a team they are
betting won or a toast to health for everyone’s special
occasions
To better achieve and be able to develop a successful
tribute speech here are some guidelines such as:
• Avoid exaggerating your tribute speech - Avoid

using excessive terms to the recipient, it might end
up making the speech unbelievable.
• Avoid making your speech about you but focus
more on the recipient of the award - The aim of
294
the speech is to honor the recipient, you may have
similar achievements and capabilities, it is still best
to honor and consider the presence of the recipient
• Use vivid images describing the
accomplishment - This type of speech usually
revolved around the award and the recipient it is
best to tell them stories regarding the award and
the recipient.
• Lastly, be sincere - During the duration of this
speech, it is filled with warm and appreciative
words. The manner of saying these words must
reflect what you really feel to present the tribute.
Welcome Speech
The purpose of a welcome speech is to highlight the
initiation of any specific occasions, meetings, assemblies,
and celebrations. This is done for warm greetings to all
attendees. Moreover, the speech should also include
essential information regarding the particular occasion. A
welcome speech should also have a proper structure to
raise excitement, delight, and anticipation for each
individual in the gathering. The authenticity is to note every
single participant and to share the message that is
appropriate for the event, and it is important for the person
295
in charge to hold the event with joy and excitement from
the starting minute until finish. The person in charge should
be able to make sure that all the attendees are happy and
appreciated. That is why a warm welcome speech is
necessary to express the introductory message particularly
suitable for the occasion.
It is important to keep the tone that best suit the occasion.

You may need to welcome the audience with formal
language for formal occasions, or otherwise, you can greet
the guests informally with light-hearted language. Then,
you can do something that grabs the audience’s attention
and excite them and make them thrilled about the event.
Provide a short introduction to the name and the purpose
of the event, and you also need to add individual greetings
for any special guests. In your body speech, you may need
to include people who participate the major role for the
occasion. You can then state particular series of occasions
that are especially important, restate your welcoming line
again, and eventually end your speech.
Acceptance Speech
A speech of acceptance expresses the pure gratitude of an
individual after receiving an award or honor. The tone must
296
remain humbling and thankful. The articulateness of your
language must fit the dignity of the moment. There are
three components of acceptance of speech.
a. Honor the people who gave the award, this is to

acknowledge and be able to say how thankful you are
who have given the award.
b. Acknowledge the people who have been with you and
helped you achieving the award.
c. Highlight the award you have received and how it is
meaningful to you. To avoid unusual and blubbering,
prepare it ahead of time.
“Gretta Thunberg was awarded The Special Prize for

Climate Protection at the 2019 Goldene Kamera Awards
in Berlin, Germany”. She delivered her acceptance
Speech at the 2019 Goldene Kamera Awards – on March
30, 2019.
Introduction Speech
297
The purpose of this speech is simply to be able to feature a
specific topic or a featured personality. A good introduction
must be able to make the speaker feel the warmth of being
welcome, able to establish the expertise of the speaker
and be able to prepare the audience regarding the topic
that will be discussed by the feature’s personality. As a
speaker of an introduction speech, after knowing the
purpose of the speech, your job is to introduce the guest
speaker, give them a warm welcome, and most importantly
create “ready-and-motivated-to-listen” anticipation for the
audience. In other words, your essential task is to focus
and unite the audience members to get ready for what is
coming.
When preparing, your introduction speech should include

the name of the guest speaker with the title if necessary,
depending on the degree of formality of the event. Make
sure you pronounce their name correctly and properly. If
you are unsure, you may ask your guest directly and
practice pronouncing it. Next, you also need to the
biography or credentials of the speaker according to the
expertise associated with the event. Make sure your guest
is happy with what you are preparing. Last but not least is
to delight the audience, to gain their attention by bringing
298
thing that is not commonly known, and make the speaker’s
name and their speech title the climax and end of your
speech.
Inspiration Speech
This speech magnifies the audience to appreciate, grasp,
and pursue the values of beliefs set by the speaker. The
introduction’s speech allows its listeners to take a glimpse
of better opportunities ahead. It can be religious,
commercial, political, and social. Inspiration speeches are
usually filled with enthusiasm that their attitude must be
consistent with their advice, must be able to draw on their
traumas and bad experiences in the past, and also
revitalizes our appreciation towards values and beliefs that
individuals used as their strength to keep on going. J.K
Rowling was given an opportunity to speak at Harvard
University where she shared all of her trials to become one
of the famous authors
(http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=nkREt4ZB-ck).
299
After-Dinner Speech
These types of speeches are usually the very last event in
a conference or seminar, which occurs after a meal whose
basic purpose of an after-meal oration is to entertain, to be
able to create a positive atmosphere filled with
amusement, and happily send off the guests. This is
definitely the most memorable part of the whole series of
events. This speech according to the majority has been
considered the hardest type of speaking to accomplish for
its effectiveness depends on how humorous the speaker is
able to deliver his speech, an understanding of the
audience, and the particular importance is the delivery. To
be able for speakers of this type to be effective, the
speaker must go through years of training to develop these
coming timings, or to effectively use the verbal and
nonverbal delivery that is very vital to the humor value of
content. Despite the hardship of being an after-meal
speaker, it is still not impossible to become a professional
speaker of this type.
300
There is no specific template, handout, or exercise to be
successfully able to present a great after-dinner speech,
but professional speakers usually put something together
that will resonate with their audience. It is important to have
a proper schedule to make sure the audience is ready for
the speech rather than still chewing the food. The
relevance of the speech content with the audience’s
experience is highly important. The speaker may add a
joke since this may be the least formal part of the whole
series of the event hoping the audience to enjoy
themselves and be more relaxed compared to the rest of
the day. Here is one example of an after-meal oration by
President Teddy Roosevelt on the celebration of Mark
Twain’s seventieth birthday
(https://twain.lib.virginia.edu/sc_as_mt/70birthday/harpers0
2.html).
301
Master of Ceremonies
Master of Ceremonies plays an important role in the
success of the event. It is a part of events that coordinated
with skills and confidence to be able to make the program
of the event run smoothly. The success of this speech
relies on careful planning, preparation, and multiple
rehearsals. Being a master of ceremony, you must keep
the program going smoothly as planned. Several jobs of
the master of ceremonies are to represent the event, to
302
make sure the event goes well including the timeline, to
engage with the audience, to inform any necessary
information regarding the event, and many more.
Therefore, and a master of ceremony should be
knowledgeable, master the basic requirement for being an
MC, confident, enthusiastic, and essentially be able to build
a relationship with the audience. The master of ceremony
is also tasked to set the tone and the mood of the program.
The job of an MC is to prepare the crowd for the program
ahead, to make the main star to look properly good and to
smoothen the transition between segments of the program.
An MC should be able to gain an impression that interests
the audience as this will set the tone for the rest of the
event. An MC with positive, energetic, and enthusiastic
vibes with a bright voice on the stage influence the tone of
the entire program. With their positive energy, an MC can
be more engaged with their audience and eventually bring
excitement to them. However, an MC should also be able
to have a good balance between a serious and fun tone. A
good MC is able to gauge the audience and set the right
tone and be able to control the timeline. Time management
is ultimate for an MC as if one segment overruns, they
should recover by cutting some time off another segment.
303
Background knowledge plays an important role to establish
credibility and rapport between the speaker and the
participants. An MC should introduce themselves at the
beginning of the program even if they are so confident.
One thing to note is that an MC should never mumble on
the stage. Nervous tends to happen but an MC should be
able to tackle this in advance. A great MC always address
the audience like they are talking to every single member
of the audience personally. They need to project their voice
into the microphone and confidently talk to the entire
audience. To be able to establish credibility with their
audience and make them believe that you are genuinely
interested in talking to them is an absolute thing to achieve
for an MC. If you have a large group, you can look up and
sweep your eyes across them. Managing your speaking
speed by making it faster or slower to create the dynamics
can add beauty to your MC-ing job.
Overall, ceremonial speeches play an important role in
social function as they empower the value that connects
people in a community and offers a sense of order and
purpose for human life. They uphold leadership and create
principles for later in life. There are three major techniques
for ceremonial speeches: narration, magnification, and
identification. The narration is created by the speaker in
304
order to magnify and identify the event. Identification is to
create a close feeling, while magnification selects the
feature spotlight to eventually convey the speaker’s
message.
305
1. Select a public figure whom you admired and
prepare a speech of tribute honoring the person.
Which aspect of your subject life did you choose to
magnify and why?
2. List three heroes/heroin who are often mentioned in
ceremonial speeches. Why do you think speakers
refer to them so frequently?
3. Find a video or a speech, and identify what type of
ceremonial speech is it. Watch it with your group
and share your insights based on the lessons
discussed.
4. Choose any type of ceremonial speech and try to
make one.
306
D. REFERENCES
Mapes, M. (2022) SPEAK OUT, CALL IN: PUBLIC

SPEAKING AS ADVOCACY from
https://uwm.pressbooks.pub/uwmpublicspeaking/ch
apter/ceremonial-speaking/
Osborn, M.et al. (2007) Eight Edition: Public Speaking from
http://pdfpremiumfree.com/download/public-
speaking-osborn-8th-edition-pdf/
Wrench, J. (2011) Stand up, Speak out: The Practice and
Ethics of Public Speaking from
http://uilis.unsyiah.ac.id/oer/files/original/e338b347a4
696d3376bf5377224e228d.pdf
Obama,B. (2005) Death of Rosa Park Senate Floor
Statement from http://obamaspeeches.com/034-
Death-of-Rosa-Parks-Obama-Speech.htm
Mclean, S. & Murray, M. (2005) Communication for
Business Success: Canadian Edition from
https://2012books.lardbucket.org/pdfs/communicatio
n-for-business-success-canadian-edition.pdf
307
GLOSARIUM
(Jenis Huruf Arial, Font 12, Spasi 1,5)
Alliteration : Repetition of consonants (usually the

first or last letter in a word)
Antithesis : Two parallel but contrasting ideas

contained in one sentence
Assonance : Repetition of vowel sounds
Audience : The group of people who have

gathered to watch or listen to something
(a play, concert, somebody speaking,
etc)
Audience analysis: A way to establish a connection in a

speech by knowing the information
about people who are going to listen to
you, and to your topic when speaking.
Audience behavior: The feedback or responses from your

listeners about the topic you are trying
to convince
Bias : A strong feeling in favour of or against

one group of people, or one side in an
308
argument, often not based on fair
judgement
Captivate : To keep somebody’s attention by being

interesting, attractive, etc
Cognitive restructuring: is a method to help people to

reduce nervousness when speaking in
public by raising positive self-thoughts
and substituting undesirable spirits with
encouragement.
Communication Anxiety: Nervousness that is experienced

by a speaker when communicating in
public
COM (Communication Orientation Motivation): techniques

to establish a relationship with the
audience to equally be active
participants.
Ethos : competence, character, goodwill, and

dynamism of the speaker which are
projected and perceived by the
audience when speaking.
309
Eulogies : A tribute speech commemorating the
death of an individual
Gesture : A movement that is made with hands,

head, or face to show a particular
meaning
Heckler : A person who interrupts a speaker at a

public meeting by shouting out
questions or rude remarks
Humor : The quality in something that makes it

funny; the ability to laugh at things that
are funny
Hyperbole : Deliberate exaggeration
Logos : the ability of the speaker to supply

strong reasons for the belief or value
that the speaker aims to persuade to
lead the listeners to a logical conclusion.
Metaphor : Implied comparison between two items

without using like or as
Mythos : formation of tradition, value, faith, and

culture that the speaker connects or
310
relates with the audience that is
manifested into a sense of acceptance
feeling
Onomatopoeia : Use of words that sound like their

meanings
Parallelism : Similarly phrased ideas presented in

succession
Pathos : affirmation that possibly touches

personal feelings like sympathy,
indignation, anger, fright, guilt,
excitement, and compassion.
Personification : Assigning human characteristics or

feelings to animals, objects, or concepts
Persuasive speech: A speech that attempts to get a

person or a group of people to act in a
way, or to grip an opinion associated to
values, attitudes, and beliefs
Posture : The position in which it is held the body

when standing or sitting
311
Repetition : A word or series of words repeated in
successive clauses or sentences
Simile : Direct comparison between two items

using the word like or as
Speech : A formal talk that a speaker gives to

audience
Systematic desensitization: a technique to minimize

anxiety as a response to stimuli when
speaking by continually supplying a
relaxation response.
Visualization : a process of arousing your self-

esteem and suggesting that you are
good by imagining yourself speaking in
front of so many people, rehearsing and
practicing your speaking to reduce
communication anxiety.
312
313
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PUBLIC SPEAKING

Jl. Surya Kencana No. 1 Pamulang

Perencanaan Pendidikan Islam 2

Hak cipta dilindungi undang-undang.

Perencanaan Pendidikan Islam 3

All praise and gratitude to Allah SWT who has bestowed

The structure of this book consists of learning objectives,

The authors are aware that there are still shortcomings in

Perencanaan Pendidikan Islam 4

Perencanaan Pendidikan Islam 5

Perencanaan Pendidikan Islam 11

By attending this course, participants can be benefited

. Figure 1. Types of Speech

People should speak in front of others for a variety of

The following list should be in your speech to be effective:

Figure 2. How to do an effective informative speaking

5. Addresses Various Learning Styles

2. Speeches about people,

3. Speeches about procedures,

4. Speeches about events,

5. Speeches about concepts,

6. Speeches about Describing,

7. Speeches about Demonstrating,

8. Speeches about Explaining,

9. Speeches about Defining,

Attitude refers to a personal predisposition toward

The Organisation of a persuasive speech

a. Fact – whether something is true, real, or actual. It is

false. As a speaker, you will never say that global

b. Value – whether something is desirable, important,

c. Policy – whether something is against the principle or

3. Identify Your Audience Behaviours through their

4. Brainstorm Your Ideas and Create a Cohesive

6. Structure Your Speech

7. Prepare Your Introductory and Concluding

8. Build Your Authority and Credibility.

9. Provide Visual Aids & Cue Cards

10. Practice, Practice, Practice!

Advantages of Public Speaking Skills

Public speaking course does not only teach you to become

The participants are expected to be able to:

Figure 4: In a specific situation, a speaker

To be a good speaker is to be a great listener. The

During a speech, all of the above elements are usually

2. Each speech should be taken seriously - A

WHAT PREVENTS A SPEECH FROM BEING

Understanding Communication Anxiety

Among the symptoms of this condition are:

Controlling Communication Anxiety

1. Selective Relaxation: Selective relaxation is a

2. Adopting Communication Orientation Motivation

3. Visualization is arousing your self-esteem and

4. Systematic desensitization the main purpose of

5. Cognitive restructuring is a method for helping

a. transforms your negative notions into positive

6. Training for Public speaking skills is a staging

TRAIT ANXIETY MANAGEMENT

As a speaker, you should appreciate the necessity of

The importance of knowing your audience before your

Approaches to audience analysis

Addressing your Audience Before doing any

2. Collecting data Formally: You might wish to do a