STORMWATER

HARVESTING SYSTEM
DESIGN IN
AUGMENTATING WATER
SUPPLY
DELIVERED BY:
ENGR. HADJI PEEJAY ARANDA
ABOUT THE
SPEAKER
ABOUT THE SPEAKER
●
Licensed Civil Engineer (May 2003)
●
Licensed Master Plumber (Feb 2012)
●
Licensed Environmental Planner (Jun 2018)
●
BS Civil Engineering – Water Resources
DLSU – Manila (Dec 2002)
●
MS Civil Engineering – Water Resources
DLSU – Manila (Academic Units Completed 2014)

3
ABOUT THE SPEAKER
●
MS Environmental Science
UE – Manila (2018 - Present)
●
MM Environmental Planning
PCU – Manila (2023 – Present)
●
Design Principal
HP Aranda Engineering Services (2003 – Present)

4
INTRODUCTION
INTRODUCTION
●
In a given community, water supply is usually provided
by an entity having legal rights within its jurisdiction.
●
This entity must obtain a license from the national
water resource board to obtain water from sources
such as:
– Groundwater (deep wells or springs)
– Surface water (man made reservoir or natural
lakes)
●
This entity is obliged to provide water that satisfies the
needs of the people under its jurisdiction.
6
SCARCITY OF WATER
●
Scarcity of water is a common problem not only in the
Philippines but also in many places around the world.
●
Water scarcity, in the context of communal water
supply, means that there is not enough water for the
people living in a town or city that is served by a water
utility.
●
The causes of water scarcity can either one of the
following:
– Infrastructure problems
– Lack of sources
7
SCARCITY OF WATER
(INFRASTRUCTURE)
●
Scarcity of water via infrastructure cause means that
lack of water is caused due to deteriorating or under
investment in the infrastructural components that
ensures the supply of water.
●
Examples of under investments in water infrastructure
are as follows:
– Water distribution pipes are unable to keep up with
the urban sprawl
– Water treatment capacity is not at par with the
demand.
8
SCARCITY OF WATER
(SOURCE)
●
Scarcity of water via source issue means that the
locally available sources of water is unable to supply
the required amount of water due to the high
population of an area.
●
An example of this is the water supply problem of
Metropolitan Manila. It relies on Angat Dam for about
98% of its water need.
●
Angat dam is located in the Province of Bulacan and
politically outside its jurisdiction and hydrologically,
located in another basin. In short, the water needed
by the people is taken from another place.
9
SCARCITY OF WATER
(SOURCE)
●
Problems with respect to sources can also occur due
to climate change events such as El Nino/La Nina (In
Latin America, La Nina pertains to drier months while
in Asia Pacific it means rainier than usual months)
●
Earthquakes that can cause aquifers to be isolated
and unable to be recharged from the rain.
●
Recharge areas that are compromised due to
unregulated land development that prevents
groundwater from being recharged

10
SCARCITY OF WATER
(SOURCE)
●
Since majority of buildings and households in the
Philippines are not connected to a sewer system,
improperly designed septic tanks can also
compromise the quality of groundwater even when
the quantity is sufficient.

11
STORMWATER HARVESTING
●
While rainwater harvesting is already known and were
being implemented in many places around the world,
harvesting rainwater as a mean of augmenting or even
providing for the community water supply is also
gaining interest.
●
While stormwater collection for communal water
supply is difficult before due to the lack of filtration as
well as the impact of stagnation due to long term
storage, improvements in filtration have allowed for the
utilization of harvesting rainwater

12
STORMWATER HARVESTING
●
Stormwater harvesting is the practice of collecting and
storing rainwater runoff, typically from urban areas, for
beneficial use.
●
It can provide the following benefit as follows:
– Alleviate water scarcity
– Reduce flooding
– Decrease the strain on traditional water sources.

13
LEGAL BASIS AND
REGULATIONS FOR
STORMWATER
HARVESTING
LEGAL BASIS FOR
STORMWATER HARVESTING
●
Before using rainwater, it should be noted that there
are legal considerations to be made.
●
By considering the legal aspect before setting up
stormwater harvesting, individuals and organizations
can ensure that the system is established in
accordance with the law, is environmentally
sustainable, and contributes positively to water
resource management.
●
Taking the legal aspect into consideration prior to
setting up stormwater harvesting is crucial for several
reasons:
15
REGULATORY COMPLIANCE
●
Different cities and provinces have specific regulations
and laws related to water rights, land use, and
environmental protection.
●
Understanding and complying with these legal
requirements is essential to ensure that the
stormwater harvesting system is established within the
boundaries of the law.

16
WATER RIGHTS AND
ALLOCATION
●
In the Philippines, water rights are legally allocated,
and diverting or capturing rainwater may be subject to
these regulations.
●
It's important to understand the legal framework
around water rights to ensure that the stormwater
harvesting activities do not infringe upon existing water
allocations.

17
OWNERSHIP AND LIABILITY
●
Determining ownership and liability for the stormwater
harvesting infrastructure is essential.
●
Legal considerations may include who owns the
captured rainwater, who is responsible for
maintenance and upkeep of the system, and potential
liabilities in case of any issues related to the
stormwater harvesting setup.

18
PERMITTING AND APPROVAL
●
Setting up a stormwater harvesting system may
require obtaining permits or approvals from local
authorities.
●
This may involve submitting engineering plans,
environmental impact assessments, and other
documentation to ensure that the system complies
with regulations and is safe for the environment.

19
WATER QUALITY AND HEALTH
REGULATION
●
Legal considerations also extend to water quality and
public health regulations.
●
Ensuring that the collected rainwater meets safety
standards for its intended use, such as irrigation or
non-potable water supply, is essential to comply with
health regulations.

20
ENVIRONMENTAL IMPACT
ASSESSMENT
●
Depending on the size of the system as well as the
prevailing environmental condition of the place, it
might be required to perform an environmental impact
assessment in order to evaluate the potential impacts
of gathering stormwater on the surrounding
ecosystem.
●
This assessment helps in identifying and minimizing
any negative effects on the environment.

21
WATER CODE OF THE
PHILIPPINES (PD1067)
●
PD 1067 institutes a Water Code, which revises and
consolidates the laws governing the ownership,
appropriation, utilization, exploitation, development,
conservation, and protection of water resources in the
Philippines.
●
The code applies to all waterways inside the Philippine
territory, including surface waters, groundwater,
airborne waters, and ocean waters. It establishes the
basic principles and framework for the appropriation,
control, and conservation of water resources to
achieve their optimum development and rational
utilization.
22
WATER CODE OF THE
PHILIPPINES (PD1067)
●
Article 3 of PD1067 underlies the following principles:
– All waters belong to the State.
– All waters that belong to the State can not be the
subject to acquisitive prescription.
– The State may allow the use or development of
waters by administrative concession.

23
WATER CODE OF THE
PHILIPPINES (PD1067)
●
Article 3 of PD1067 underlies the following principles:
– The utilization, exploitation, development,
conservation and protection of water resources
shall be subject to the control and regulation of the
government through the National Water Resources
Council, hereinafter referred to as the Council.
– Preference in the use and development of waters
shall consider current usages and be responsive to
the changing needs of the country.

24
WATER CODE OF THE
PHILIPPINES (PD1067)
●
Article 5 states the ownership of water by the state as
follows:
– Rivers and their natural beds;
– Continuous or intermittent waters of springs and
brooks running in their natural beds and the beds
themselves;
– Natural lakes and lagoons;

25
WATER CODE OF THE
PHILIPPINES (PD1067)
●
Article 5 states the ownership of water by the state as
follows:
– All other categories of surface waters such as water
flowing over lands, water from rainfall whether
natural or artificial, and water from agriculture
runoff, seepage and drainage;
– Atmospheric water;
– Subterranean or ground waters;
– Seawater.

26
WATER CODE OF THE
PHILIPPINES (PD1067)
●
Article 6 states the ownership of water by the state on
private land as follows:
– Continuous or intermittent waters rising on such
lands;
– Lakes and lagoons naturally occurring on such
lands;
– Rain water falling on such lands;
– Subterranean or ground waters; and
– Water in swamps and marshes.
27
WATER CODE OF THE
PHILIPPINES (PD1067)
●
The owner of the land where the water is found
may use the same for domestic purposes without
securing a permit, provided that such use shall be
registered, when required by the Council.
●
The Council (NWRB), however, may regulate such use
when there is wastage, or in times of emergency.

28
WATER CODE OF THE
PHILIPPINES (PD1067)
●
Appropriation of water, as used in this Code, is the
acquisition of rights over the use of waters or the
taking or diverting of waters from a natural source in
the manner and for any purpose allowed by law.
●
Water can be appropriated for the following purposes:
a. Domestic f. Livestock raising
b. Municipal g. Industrial
c. Irrigation h. Recreational, and
d. Power generation i. Other purposes
e. Fisheries

29
WATER CODE OF THE
PHILIPPINES (PD1067)
●
Use of water for domestic purposes is the utilization of
water for drinking, washing, bathing, cooking or other
household needs, home gardens, and watering of
lawns or domestic animals.
●
Use of water for municipal purposes is the utilization of
water for supplying the water requirements of the
community.
●
Use of water for recreational purposes is the utilization
of water for swimming pools, bath houses, boating,
water skiing, golf courses and other similar facilities in
resorts and other places of recreation.
30
WATER CODE OF THE
PHILIPPINES (PD1067)
●
Use of water for domestic purposes is the utilization of
water for drinking, washing, bathing, cooking or other
household needs, home gardens, and watering of
lawns or domestic animals.
●
Use of water for municipal purposes is the utilization of
water for supplying the water requirements of the
community.
●
Use of water for recreational purposes is the utilization
of water for swimming pools, bath houses, boating,
water skiing, golf courses and other similar facilities in
resorts and other places of recreation.
31
RAINWATER COLLECTORS AND
SPRING DEVELOPMENT ACT OF
1989
●
This law was meant to address water shortage in the
country due to structural under investment in water
supply structures.
●
It provides for isolated communities the option to
develop locally available water resource for their own
benefit.
●
This law also provides for the establishment of
Barangay Waterworks and Sanitation Administration
allows for a participative approach in managing the
local water distribution system.

32
PHILIPPINE NATIONAL
STANDARDS FOR DRINKING
WATER
●
The history of the Philippine National Standards for
Drinking Water (PNSDW) started in the year 1963.
●
It was based on the 1958 World Health Organization
International Standard for Drinking Water and the
1962 United States Public Health Service Standards.
●
The 1963 PNSDW edition was subsequently revised in
1978, 1993 and 2007.

33
PHILIPPINE NATIONAL
STANDARDS FOR DRINKING
WATER
●
The history of the Philippine National Standards for
Drinking Water (PNSDW) started in the year 1963.
●
It was based on the 1958 World Health Organization
International Standard for Drinking Water and the
1962 United States Public Health Service Standards.
●
The 1963 PNSDW edition was subsequently revised in
1978, 1993 and 2007.

34
PHILIPPINE NATIONAL
STANDARDS FOR DRINKING
WATER
●
The history of the Philippine National Standards for
Drinking Water (PNSDW) started in the year 1963.
●
It was based on the 1958 World Health Organization
International Standard for Drinking Water and the
1962 United States Public Health Service Standards.
●
The 1963 PNSDW edition was subsequently revised in
1978, 1993 and 2007.

35
LEVELS OF
SERVICE
LEVELS OF SERVICE
●
There are three (3) water service level classification in
the Philippines depending on the method by which the
water is made available to the consumers:
– Level 1 – Point Source
– Level 2 – Communal Faucet or Stand post
– Level 3 – Waterworks or individual connections

37
LEVEL 1 SERVICE
●
This level provides a protected well or a developed
spring with an outlet, but without a distribution system.
The users go to the source to fetch water.
●
This is generally adaptable for rural areas where
affordability is low and the houses in the intended
service area are not crowded.
●
A level I facility normally serves an average of 15
households within a radius of 250 meters.

38
LEVEL 1 SERVICE

39
LEVEL 2 SERVICE
●
This type of system is composed of a source, a
reservoir, a piped distribution network, and communal
faucets. One faucet serves an average of five (5)
households within a 25 meter radius.
●
It is generally suited for rural and urban areas where
houses are clustered in sufficient density to justify a
simple piped system.

40
LEVEL 2 SERVICE

41
LEVEL 3 SERVICE
●
This system includes a source, a reservoir, a piped
distribution network, and individual household taps.
●
It is generally suited for densely populated urban
areas where the population can afford individual
connections.
●
One characteristics of a Lever 3 service is the
presence of metered connection.

42
LEVEL 3 SERVICE

43
STORMWATER
HARVESTING
SYSTEM
COMPONENTS
STORWATER SYSTEM
COMPONENTS
●
The components of stormwater harvesting
components are similar to rainwater harvesting system
except that the scale is enlarged in order to
accommodate the needs of the community.
●
Stormwater harvesting system consists of several
components that are connected together in order
collect, treat and distribute water together.

45
CATCHMENT OR COLLECTION
SURFACE
●
The catchment area is the surface from which
rainwater is collected.
●
This can include rooftops, paved areas, and other
impermeable surfaces.
●
The size and type of catchment area will determine the
amount of rainwater that can be harvested.
●
The collection is limited to public areas only, private
property owners can use the collected from their
properties

46
HOW MUCH WATER CAN BE
HARVESTED?
●
In theory, approximately 9.92 liters per square
meter of collection surface per 10mm (1cm) of
rainfall can be collected.
●
In practice, however, some rainwater is lost to first
flush, evaporation, splash-out or overshoot from the
gutters in hard rains, and possibly leaks.
●
Rough collection surfaces are less efficient at
conveying water, as water captured in pore spaces
tends to be lost to evaporation.

47
HOW MUCH WATER CAN BE
HARVESTED?
●
Also, impacting achievable efficiency is the inability of
the system to capture all water during intense rainfall
events.
●
For instance, if the flow-through capacity of a filter type
roof washer is exceeded, spillage may occur.
●
Additionally, after storage tanks are full, rainwater can
be lost as overflow.

48
CONVEYANCE SYSTEM
●
The conveyance system consists of gutters,
downspouts, and pipes that channel the collected
rainwater from the catchment area to the storage and
treatment components of the system.
●
Proper design and installation of the conveyance
system are essential to ensure efficient water flow.
●
Conveyance components can also be a dedicated
series of pipes that flow towards the pre treatment
component.

49
PRE TREATMENT DEVICES
●
Pre-treatment devices such as leaf screens, sediment
traps, and first flush diverters are used to remove
debris, sediment, and pollutants from the collected
rainwater before it enters the filtration components.
●
This helps improve water quality and reduces the risk
of blockages in the system.
●
Pre treatment component must include an isolation
tank that allows for sediments coming from dust or
from collection surface impurities to be collected and
isolated before moving on to the raw water storage.

50
STORAGE TANK
●
Rainwater storage tanks or reservoirs are used to
store the harvested rainwater for later use.
●
These can be above-ground or underground tanks,
and their capacity is determined by the water demand
and frequency of rainfall in the area.
●
The storage tank is the most expensive component of
the rainwater harvesting system.
●
Usually it is made of stainless steel, concrete or
Polyethylene plastic

51
STORAGE TANK
●
The size of storage tank or cistern is dictated by
several variables:
– Rainwater supply (local precipitation),
– End Use Demand
– Projected length of dry spells without rain,
– The catchment surface area, aesthetics, personal
preference, and budget.

52
STORAGE TANK
●
Storage tanks must be opaque, either upon purchase
or painted later, to inhibit algae growth
●
For potable systems, storage tanks must never have
been used to store toxic materials (this applies only to
recycled tanks)
●
Tanks must be covered and vents screened to
discourage mosquito breeding
●
Tanks used for potable systems must be accessible for
cleaning.

53
STORAGE TANK
●
Tanks should be located as close to supply and
demand points as possible to reduce the distance
water is conveyed.
●
Storage tanks should be protected from direct sunlight,
if possible.
●
To ease the load on the pump, tanks should be placed
as high as practicable.

54
STORAGE CAPACITY
●
The decision of whether rainwater will be used for
irrigation, potable and domestic use, or both, will
dictate water demand, and therefore, capacity.
●
A simple method of roughly estimating storage
capacity, popular among professional installers is to
size the storage capacity to meet quarterly demand.
●
The system is sized to meet estimated demand for a
three-month period without rain.

55
STORAGE CAPACITY
●
As a rule of thumb, the storage tank volume should be
at least equal to one-fourth (25%) of average daily
demand of the community.
●
The structural design of reservoirs must meet the
standards set by the National Structural Code of the
Philippines.
●
The reservoirs must be strong enough to withstand all
loads, such as hydrostatic pressure, earth pressure,
wind loads, seismic loads and other dead or live loads.

56
FILTRATION SYSTEM
●
Filtration and treatment systems such as sand filters,
UV sterilization, or chlorination may be incorporated to
further purify the harvested rainwater, especially if it is
intended for domestic usage.

57
FILTRATION SYSTEM
●
Filtration and treatment systems such as sand filters,
UV sterilization, or chlorination may be incorporated to
further purify the harvested rainwater, especially if it is
intended for domestic usage.
●
While filtration system can be optional in individual
rainwater harvesting, it is mandatory for stormwater
harvesting system specially if the water will be used to
augment to current water supply

58
 RAINFALL
CHARACTERISTICS
RAINFALL DISTRIBUTION
●
Even at a given year, the distribution of rainfall in this
country is not uniform even for a given month. In order
to better understand rainfall distribution it would be
best to know about the climate in this country
●
There are four climate types in the Philippines
according to the Modified Corona's Classification of
Climate. These are the Types I, II, III, and IV.
●
The rainfall average per region based on these four
climate types are given below:

60
RAINFALL DISTRIBUTION

61
MONTHLY RAINFALL
●
While the annual rainfall per region can help determine
which region would greatly benefit from stormwater
harvesting it cannot really help in determining the
optimal size of the tank since the distribution for the
year is not uniform
●
In order to have a more optimal sizing of storage, the
monthly average rainfall must be determined for the
particular region where rainfall harvesting will be
made.

62
MONTHLY RAINFALL

63
MONTHLY RAINFALL
●
Two different estimators of monthly rainfall are
commonly used:
– Average rainfall
– Median rainfall.
●
Average annual rainfall is calculated by taking the sum
of historical rainfall and dividing by the number of
years of recorded data.

64
MONTHLY RAINFALL
●
Median rainfall is the amount of rainfall that occurs in
the midpoint of all historic rainfall totals for any given
month.
●
Median rainfall provides for a more conservative
calculation of system sizing than average rainfall.
●
The median value for rainfall is usually lower than the
average value since large rainfall events tend to drive
the average value higher.

65
MONTHLY RAINFALL
●
In other words, the sum of monthly medians is lower
than the annual average due to the fact that the
arithmetic average is skewed by high intensity rainfall
events.
●
For planning purposes, median monthly rainfall can be
used to estimate water availability to a reasonable
degree of certainty

66
EXAMPLE
For the month of January, the rainfall obtained are as
follows:
YEAR MONTHLY RAINFALL FOR
JANUARY (mm)
Determine the following:
2000 8.50 a. Average Rainfall
2001 16.50 b. Median Rainfall
2002 9.80
2003 7.50
2004 12.40
2005 19.50
2006 10.20
2007 7.60
2008 9.40
2009 6.40

67
EXAMPLE
YEAR MONTHLY RAINFALL FOR
JANUARY (mm)
2000 8.50
2001 16.50
2002 9.80
2003 7.50
2004 12.40
2005 19.50
2006 10.20
2007 7.60
2008 9.40
2009 6.40

8.50+16.50+9.80+7.50+12.40+19.50+10.20+7.60+9.40
Avg= =10.78
10

68
EXAMPLE
YEAR MONTHLY RAINFALL FOR
JANUARY (mm)
For design purposes, it
2000 8.50 will be prudent to
2001 16.50 choose the value of
2002 9.80 monthly rainfall
2003 7.50
obtained from median
2004 12.40
2005 19.50
calculations
2006 10.20
2007 7.60
2008 9.40
2009 6.40

19.50 ,16.50 , 12.40 ,10.20 , 9.80 , 9.40 , 8.50 ,7.60 , 7.50 , 6.40 ,
9.80+9.40
Ave M = =9.60
2
69
EXAMPLE
Determine the amount of rainfall that can be harvested
when the stormwater collection area for a proposed
stormwater harvesting facility is only 150m 2. Take the
monthly rainfall to be 1285mm and the assigned
surface efficiency is 0.75.
SURFACE COLLECTION EFFICIENCY CAN RANGE FROM 0.75 –
0.90 AND IT IS WHERE THE DESIGNER’S JUDGEMENT WILL COME
IN.
A VALUE OF 0.75 CAN BE SAFELY USED TO ACCOUNT FOR THE
LOSS FOR FIRST FLUSH DIVERSION

70
EXAMPLE
SOLUTIONS:

[ ]
li
9.92 2
m
R COLLECTED =RAINFALL x x SURFACE AREA x Eff
10 mm

[ ]
li
9.92 2
m
R COLLECTED =1285 mm x x 150 m 2 x 0.75=143,4068 liters
10 mm
R COLLECTED =143.4 m 3 NOTICE:
Since the number of household is
not given, it will not be easy to tell
if the collection is sufficient or not
71
DETERMINATION
OF WATER
DEMAND
DETERMINATION OF WATER
DEMAND
●
The basic rule for sizing any stormwater harvesting
system is that the volume of water that can be
captured and stored (the supply) must equal or exceed
the volume of water used (the demand).
●
The variables of rainfall and water demand determine
the relationship between required catchment area and
storage capacity.
●
In some cases, it may be necessary to increase
catchment surface area by addition of a rain barn or
outbuilding to capture enough rainwater to meet
demand.
73
DETERMINATION OF WATER
DEMAND
●
Cistern capacity must be sufficient to store enough
water to see the system and its users through the
longest expected interval without rain.

74
DETERMINATION OF WATER
DEMAND
●
The following questions can be very useful:
– What is the Intended End Use?
– Quantity of water that can be captured?
– How is the collection surface?
– How much is the Rainfall Distribution and monthly
rainfall?
– How to size up the storage?
– How to Estimate the demand

75
ESTIMATED DEMAND
●
The first decision in storm harvesting system design is
clear up the intended use of the water.
●
The water demand is a summation of all the
consumptions given in the preceding sections and will
determine the capacity needed from the source/s.

SOURCE:
DPWH DO 160 s.2023

76
ESTIMATED DEMAND
●
For Level 2 service, take the estimated water demand
to be 50 – 60 liters per person per day
●
For Level 3 service, take the estimated water demand
to be 80 – 100 liters per person per day.
●
It should be noted that as per study by the PIDS, a
demand of 115 liters per person per day is the average
in this country.
●
However, since the peak demand factor of 2.5 – 3.0 is
used to determine the peak flow demand, the design
demand of 100 lppd is adequate
77
EXAMPLE
A barangay water supply system is to be established
and it is expected that 200 connections will be
establish. Each house hold is estimated to have 5
members. The service is Level 3
Determine the following:
– Average demand per household
– Maximum Daily Demand
– Peak Hourly Demand

78
EXAMPLE
SOLUTIONS:
From the Demand of 100lppd the following can be
obtained

ADD=100 llpd

79
EXAMPLE
SOLUTIONS: IMPORTANT!
The water consumption behavior
Average Hourly Demand of the end users must be known if
possible.
100
AHD= ** Normally for a city water utility,
24 the demand can be divided by
100 liters 24hours since technically large
AHD= =4.17 urban areas never sleeps.
24 hour
For residential or isolated
100 liters communities, the demand may
AHD= =6.25 not even be for 24 hours. It can be
16 hour set conservatively to 16hrs.

80
EXAMPLE
SOLUTIONS:
Average Daily Demand =100*5 = 500 lpd (per hh)
Ave Daily Demand per system =500∗200=100,000

Maximum Daily Demand

Max Daily Demand =100∗1.3=130lppd
Max Daily Demand per household =130∗5=650lpd
Max Daily Demand per system =650 lpd∗200=130,000
Peak Hourly Demand
Peak Hour Demand per household =6.25∗3.0=18.75lph
81
EXAMPLE
A barangay has 150 households and presumed to
have 5 members each. If the population growth of the
barangay assumes to follow the national trend of 3%,
determine the population:
– 5 years from now
– 10 years from now

82
EXAMPLE
SOLUTIONS: WHERE:
n PF = Projected Population
P F =P P ( 1+GR ) PP = Present Population
GR = Growth Rate
5 years from now n = time between two census
5
P F =150∗5 ( 1+0.03 )
5
( )
P F =150∗5 1+0.03 =869 or 870

10 years from now

10
P F =150∗5 ( 1+0.03 ) =1008

83
POPULATION GROWTH AND
DEMAND
●
System demand are anticipated for 5 to 10 years.
●
In this assumption, it is presumed that the water
utilities can already reach the said isolated community
hence an upgrade is not needed.
●
If the location is indeed far, ensure that the system can
support at least 25 years or more.

84
EXAMPLE
For the given barangay water and sanitation
association in the previous example (150 household),
determine the size of the storage tank that will last for
10 years following:
– Rule of thumb Storage
– 4 days of no rainfall if supply is solely on rainwater
harvesting alone.

85
EXAMPLE
SOLUTIONS:
Storage Sizing by Rule of Thumb:
Given that the population 10 years from now is 1008
the average daily demand of the system can now be
computed by
3
m
100lppd∗1008=100,800 liters or 100.8
day
Storage Capacity = 0.25 * Average System Demand
Storage Capacity = 0.25*100.8 = 25.2m3
This storage capacity is good when wells are present.
86
EXAMPLE
SOLUTIONS:
Storage Sizing by actual demand:
Given that the population 10 years from now is 1008
the average daily demand of the system can now be
computed by
3
m
100lppd∗1008=100,800 liters or 100.8
day
Storage Capacity = 4 * Average System Demand
Storage Capacity = 4*100.8 = 403.2m3
This storage capacity will last for 4 days if it is full.
87
EXAMPLE
A village with 100 household (5 members each)
currently relies on a small well with a yield of 400 liters
per hour.
Determine the following:
– Storage capacity
– The optimal catchment area given the one year
climate data. Use 0.75 as collection factor

88
EXAMPLE

89
EXAMPLE
SOLUTIONS:
Average Daily Demand
100 liters
AHD= =6.25
16 hour
3
liters m
ADD system =6.25∗16∗5∗100=50000 or 50
day day
Daily Well Production
400 lph * 24 = 9600 liters per day or 9.6m 3/day
The well can supply almost 1/5 of the demand
90
EXAMPLE
SOLUTIONS:
Determine the volume of water to be augmented by
stormwater harvesting
Daily deficit = 50m3 – 9.6m3 = 40.4m3
-> To be augmented by stormwater harvesting
The month with the lowest rainfall is February and
number of rainy days is only 5 days.

91
EXAMPLE
SOLUTIONS:
Determine the volume of water to be augmented by
stormwater harvesting
The rainfall for the month of february is 22.27mm and
the number of rainy days is 5.36 or 5 days
3
(
Vol needed =40.4 m =Area∗rainfall∗
10 )
9.92 li
∗Eff

Vol needed =40.4∗1000∗30=Area∗22.27∗

2
( )9.92
10
∗0.75
Area=73,149.18 m TOO LARGE!!!!
92
EXAMPLE
SOLUTIONS:
Determine the storage capacity of the system:
Assuming that the barangay can offer the structure it
owns as additional storage space and the ideal
collection area are obtained, the storage will now be
determined.
24hrs well production = 9.6m3/day
Average storm collection per day
40.4∗1000∗30 3
Avecollection = =242,400 liters or 242.4 m
5 days
93
EXAMPLE
OBSERVATIONS FROM THE EXAMPLE
●
The system is too large to be practical. This means
that unless the rainfall is very frequent, stormwater
harvesting will not be practical for large scale use
●
It will be difficult to obtain large collection areas.
●
The problem can be solved by drilling additional wells
to reduce dependence on stormwater harvesting
●
If the soil/geologic conditions are right, include also
infiltration systems to ensure that the wells will be
recharged always.
94
MODELING