Wireless and Mobile

Communication
BITS Pilani
Rekha.A
Pilani Campus
BITS, Pilani
Doppler Effect

• When the receiver is moving , the frequency of the

received signal will not be the same as that of the
transmitted signal.
• When the receiver is moving towards the source, the
frequency of the received signal is higher than the source.
• When they are opposing each other, the frequency
decreases.
Thus the frequency of the received signal is
fr=fc ± fd.
fc- frequency of the source carrier.
fd= Doppler shift in frequency.

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Doppler Effect

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Doppler Shift
The difference in the path length travelled
by the wave from source S to the mobile
points X and Y is Δl = dcosθ = Δt.v.cosθ

The Phase change in the received signal

due to the difference in path length is

v : velocity (m/s)
λ : wavelength (m)
θ : angle between mobile direction and
arrival direction of RF energy
+ shift → mobile moving toward S
− shift → mobile moving away from S

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Delay Spread

• Each multipath signal travels different path lengths , so

the time of arrival for each path is different.

• A single transmitted pulse will be spread in time when it

reaches the receiver. This effect which spreads out the
signal is called Delay Spread.

• Delay spread leads to increase in the signal Bandwidth.

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Delay Spread
Signals from close by
reflectors

Signals from intermediate

reflectors

Signals from far away

reflectors

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Intersymbol Interference

Intersymbol Interference (ISI) is a form of distortion of a

signal in which one symbol interferes with subsequent
symbols.

For low bit error rate,

R < 1/ 2ԏd

R – transmission Rate
ԏd - Delay Spread

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Inter symbol Interference

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Problems

Consider a transmitter which radiates a sinusoidal carrier

frequency of 1850 MHz. For a vehicle moving 60 miles per
hour, compute the received carrier frequency if the mobile
is moving directly towards the transmitter.
Solution:
Carrier frequency = 1850MHz
Therefore, wavelength = c/f = 0.162m
Vehicle speed v = 60 mph = 26.82m/s ;(60* 1609.344/3600)
Fd=26.82/0.162
F= fc+fd = 1850.00016MHz

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Problems

An urban RF radio channel have excess delay as large as

150μs. The multiple path bin is 70. calculate Δԏ and the
maximum bandwidth for the channel model.

Solution:
Given ԏN = 150μs
N= 70
Δԏ= ԏN/N = 2.14 μs.

The Maximum bandwidth = 2/ Δԏ = 0.933MHz.

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Parameters of Mobile Multipath
Channels
Time Dispersion Parameters
– Determined from Power Delay Profile
– Parameters include
– Mean Access Delay
– RMS Delay Spread
– Excess Delay Spread (X dB)

Coherence Bandwidth

Doppler Spread and Coherence Time

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 Doppler spread and
Coherence time
BD (Doppler spread) is the measure of the spectral broadening
of Tx signal caused due to doppler shift.
BD = max Doppler shift = f max = v/λ
Coherence time is the time duration over which the channel
impulse response is considered not to be varying. It is also
the measure of the minimum time required for the magnitude
change or phase change of the signal imposed by the
channel to become uncorrelated from its previous value.

Tc = 9/(16πf m)

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Delay Spread : Because of multipath reflections, the
channel impulse response of a wireless channel looks
likes a series of pulses

Doppler Spread

Time varying fading due to the motion of a transmitter or

receiver or both results in Doppler spread

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 Timer Dispersion Parameters
Determined from a power delay profile.

 P( )( ) k k
Mean excess delay( ): = k

 P( )k
k

Rms delay spread ( )

 =  −  2
()
2

 k k)
P ( )( 2

2 = k

 P(
k
k )
 Timer Dispersion Parameters

Maximum Excess Delay (X dB):

Relative delay of the ith multipath component as

compared to the first arriving component.
It is also called excess delay spread.

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Types of Fading

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Flat fading:
•This form of fading occurs when the coherence channel
bandwidth is greater than the bandwidth of the transmitted
signal.

•The Bandwidth of the applied signal is very narrow.

•The strength of the received signal changes with time due to

multipath.

• Almost all frequency components of the signal will experience

the same magnitude of fading

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 Fast and Slow Fading
The terms slow and fast fading refer to the rate at which the magnitude
and phase change imposed by the channel on the signal changes.

Coherence Time: It is the measure of the minimum time required for

the magnitude change or phase change of the signal imposed by the
channel to become uncorrelated from its previous value.

Fast Fading: If the coherence time of the channel is smaller than the
symbol period of the transmitted signal.

Slow Fading: If the coherence time of the channel is larger than the
symbol period of the transmitted signal.

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Problem

Calculate the mean excess delay, rms delay spread, and

the maximum excess delay for the multipath profile given
in the figure below. Estimate the coherence bandwidth of
the channel.

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  P( )(
k k )
 = k

 P( )
k
k

= ((0*0.01) + (1*0.1) +(2*0.1) + ( 5*1))/(0.01+0.1+0.1+1)

= 4.38 μs

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  P( )( k
2
k )
2 = k

 P( ) k
k

= ((0*0.01) + (12*0.1) +(22*0.1) + ( 52*1))/(0.01+0.1+0.1+1)

= 21.07 μs2

 =  − 
2
() 2

= (21.07 – (4.38)2)1/2
= 1.37 μs
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Coherence BW Bc = 1/5στ
= 146KHz

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