PATHFIT 3: Dance and Sports

(Philippine Folk Dance)

LEARNING OUTCOMES
At the end of this module, you are able to:

a. Identify the history and nature of dance, benefits of dance, phases of dance program,
purpose of dance, elements of movement space, movement qualities, elements of
rhythm, basic natural movements, basic dance positions (arms and feet), and dance
formations commonly used; and

b. Execute the basic natural movements, basic dance positions and dance formations
commonly used in a dance routine.

Lesson 1: History and Nature of Dance

History of Dance

From the earliest moments of known human history, dance accompanied ancient rituals,
spiritual gatherings and social events. As a conduit of trance, spiritual force, pleasure,
expression, performance and interaction, dance became infused into our nature from the
earliest moments of our existence. Without a doubt, dancing remains one of the most
expressive forms of communication that we know.

History accounts cited that the archaeological proof of dance's first existence can be traced
back to those nine thousand old paintings in caves over in India. The earliest form of structured
dances were used by Egyptian priests to create and visualize storytelling rituals both for
entertainment and religion. Dance also plays a very important role to Roman and Greek
ceremonies. As depicted in history books, dance, at whatever form, has always been a part of a
country’s culture. People from the Pre-historic Era performed ways they hoped would appease
the forces of nature or give them new powers of their own. Dance became full-blown and was
richly recorded in ancient Egypt as reflected in their wall paintings, reliefs, and in the literary
record in hieroglyphs. Greeks also used dance to aid education in general as philosophers such
as Plato, Aristotle, and Socrates strongly supported this art as an integration of the body and
soul.

Nature of Dance
Rhythm
 is measured motion or flow, characterized by basically regular recurrence of elements of
features as beats, sounds, or accents.
  is natural to every individual because we born with a sense of rhythm which is influence
by the rhythmic beating of the heart, the rhythmic movement of our lungs, and the other
rhythmic movement of the organs of the body.

 denotes an aspect of a quality of movement which is sometimes thought of a dance.

When an individual moves in response to a particular rhythm or music we call the
movements as rhythmic movements or rhythms.

Dance
 teaches the importance of movement and fitness in a variety of ways through a
variety of disciplines. Barbara Mettler defined dance as an activity which can take
many forms and fill different needs, it can be recreation, entertainment, education,
therapy, and religion. In its purest and basic form, dance is an art of body
movement. This also refers to movement set to music where there emerges
organization, structure and pattern. It is a composition that implies arrangement
of parts into a form.

Dancing
 means expressing of one’s emotions through movement discipline by rhythm. It
is an act of moving rhythmically and expressively to an accompaniment.

Dance and/or Dancing came from an Old German word “danson” which means to “stretch”.
Essentially, all dancing is made up of stretching and relaxing.

Lesson 2: Benefits of Dance

The benefits of dance come from better physical and mental health to a boost in emotional
and social well-being. Moving your body to the sound of music can transform your life.

1. Improves Cardiovascular Health

 The heart-pumping health benefits of dance are right in line with the Department
of Health and Human Services for adults. It states for health benefits, adults
should do at least 150 minutes to 300 minutes per week of moderate-intensity
exercise, or 75 minutes to 150 minutes per week of vigorous-intensity aerobic
physical activity. A Professional ballroom dancer and certified personal trainer
Leon Turetsky says that all styles of dance make for great cardio workouts since
your heart rate gets challenged from executing the different moves.

2. Improves balance and strength

 Professional dancer Jonathan Tylicki, the director of education for AKT, a
boutique fitness concept rooted in dance, says one of the reasons why dance is
such a great form of physical fitness is because it incorporates movements on all
planes of motion and from all directions. “Movements that we typically do in our
daily life, like walking, taking the stairs, and common workouts like treadmills and
cycling, occur in the sagittal plane, but dance works your body from all planes,
including lateral and rotational, which turns on and conditions all muscles,
 meaning no muscle is left behind,” he said. This type of movement not only
increases strength, it also improves balance.

3. Gentle on your body

 Many forms of dancing, such as ballroom, are appropriate for people with limited
mobility or chronic health issues. If you have concerns about the intensity of a
class, talk with your doctor and the instructor before starting the class. They can
help you with any modifications, if needed.

4. Boosts cognitive performance

 If you need a reason to get moving, consider this: A lot of research shows how
dancing can maintain and even boost your ability to think as you age. According
to some studies, scientists have found that the areas of the brain that control
memory and skills, such as planning and organizing, improve with exercise like
dance.

5. Challenges your brain

 If you’ve ever tried dancing, then you know exactly what we mean by dance
challenging your brain. Tylicki points out that the brain power you need to access
for dance, specifically, requires you to focus on both the constant changing of
movement and recalling moves and patterns. Page
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6. It is inclusive for everyone
 One of the greatest things about dance is that anyone can participate. If you’re
able to move, even if it’s only your upper body, you can dance. This equalizer is
what makes dance so popular with people who typically shy away from other
forms of exercise.

7. Increase Social Improvement & Confidence

 Everybody enjoys meeting new people and dancing provides a fun environment
to meet people who have the same interest as you- they want to learn how to
dance! This type of environment is perfect to either utilize your social skills if you
are outgoing or to help strengthen your social skills if you have a quiet
personality. Dancing is a great way to meet new friends and improves your social
outlook while in an atmosphere where you can feel safe and comfortable.

8. Reduce Stress
 When you are dancing, your body is fully in that moment, focused on the music
and your surroundings. Being around friends or that someone special to enjoy
dancing to your favorite music can help you focus on strictly the moment you are
in and aid in reducing the amount of cortisol your brain produces (the hormone
that is associated with stress), lowering your stress and tension levels.

9. Diminish Depression
 Dance can be a very therapeutic and healthy way for people to channel any
feelings they may be experiencing. If you are suffering from depression, dance
can give you an outlet for your emotions by using music or movements that you
 connect to while in a positive environment. Being able to express yourself without
having to talk about anything can give a sense of freedom both physically and
physiologically. As you continue to dance, you will see how easy dancing will
become and your confidence and self-esteem will also naturally increase, both
on and off the dance floor only helping to further reduce your feelings of
depression.

Lesson 3: Phases of Dance Program and Purpose of Dance

Phases of Dance Program

1. Creative Rhythms
 This is sometimes called fundamental rhythms or natural dances. A creative
rhythm is an end product of exploration and improvisation of movements as
children learn to move the parts of their body and to use them as instruments of
expression.

2. Folk and Ethnic Dance

 This is a cultural art form handed down from generation to generation. It
communicates the customs, beliefs, rituals, and occupations of the people of a
region or country.

Folk dancing belongs to the people, it emanates from them. Examples of folk dances are the
rural and country dances, jotas, mazurkas, pandanggos, among others with foreign influence.

Ethnic tribes have their specific tribal art forms originated and danced by the people of the tribe.
Examples of ethnic dances are the dances of the mountain peoples of the Cordilleras, dances of
the ethnic groups in the Cagayan Valley Region and the ethnic dances in the Mindanao Regions.

3. Social and Ballroom Dance

 The setting of the social and ballroom dance is a social gathering with a more
formal atmosphere than the simple and informal parties in which the recreational
dances are the usual forms. Social and ballroom dancing are generally held in
the evenings. The participants are usually in formal attire.

4. Recreational Dance
 This includes dance mixers, square dance round and couple dances. Many of
these dances have simple patterns and combinations of walking steps, polka
step and the waltz step. The setting is usually informal gatherings and parties,
reunions etc.

5. Creative Dance
 This is the highest form of dance. It is the end-product of exploration and
improvisation of movements as the dancer or the choreographer expresses his
feelings or emotions, ideas, and interpretations. This is a dance with a definite
form, a beginning and an ending. The principles of art form are all observed in
 the composition of the dance. Examples of creative dance are ballet, jazz, and
modern or contemporary dance. Page
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Purpose of Dance
1. Ceremonial Dance-Celebrating life events, religious rituals and other occasions reflecting
cultures or traditions.

 Culture is defined as our way of life. The tradition and norms which are important in
every culture can be represented in a way of dancing and this is what we call cultural
dance. A graceful dance, colorful props and costumes, slow movements and fast that
catches the attention of every person.

 Religious ritual- a ceremony or action performed in a customary way. As an adjective,

ritual means “conforming to religious rites,” which are the sacred customary ways of
celebrating a religion or culture.

2. Recreational Dance- Dances performed in a social setting like folk, social dancing and
aerobic dance

 Folk Dance- generally, a type of dance that is a vernacular, usually recreational,

expression of a historical or contemporary culture.

 Social Dance- recreational and usually performed with a partner and in groups or as a
community activity or fun and enjoyment.

 Aerobic dance- energetic physical exercises, often performed with a group of people
to music that make the heart, lungs and muscles.

3. Artistic Dance- Performed on a stage for an audience like ballet, modern, narrative, tap, and
lyrical.

 Ballet- classical dance form characterized by grace and precision of movement and by
elaborate formal gestures, steps, and poses.

 Modern dance- theatrical dance that began to develop in the United States and
Europe late in the 19th century.

 Narrative dance- a choreography structure that follows a specific story line and
intends to convey specific information through that story

 Tap dance- style of dance in which a dancer wearing shoes fitted with heel and toe
taps sounds out audible beats by rhythmically striking

 Lyrical dance- relatively recent form of dance coming from a fusion of jazz dance and
ballet.
Lesson 4: Elements of Movement Space, Movement Qualities and
Elements of Rhythm

Elements of Movement Space

Direction The line of movement taken

which may be forward,
backward, sideward,
diagonal, upward, or a
combination of these.

Level Movement through space

that may be done at a high,
low, or medium level.

Range Refers to the area covered

as the body moves. Page
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Floor The path or design that is made
Pattern while moving in space. It may take a
form of a circle, square, straight line
or zigzag

For a video demonstration you can visit our PSU-DPE You Tube Channel. Click the link to proceed to the
video of Elements of Movement Space: https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=K_KyHsqGqkE
Movement Qualities

Movement expression is attained through the elements of time, force and space.
Time Qualities Examples

1.Movement Galloping
which is fast Horse
Jet Plane

2.Movement Flower
which is slow Growing
Turtle

Force Qualities Examples

1.Soft light Fairy
movement Bird
Butterfly

2.Strong, heavy Elephant

Movement Bulldozer

3.Strong, jerky Frog

movement Kangaroo
Jumping
Jack
4.Smooth, Airplane
sustained Fish
movement Swimming

Space Examples
Qualities
1.Movement up Bouncing
and down Ball
Yo-yo

2.Movement Rowing
across, back Boat
and forth or Merry-go-
around round
3.Movement Ant
which is low Turtle

4.Movement Kite
which is high Cloud

For a video demonstration you can visit our PSU-DPE You Tube Channel. Click the link to
proceed to the video of Movement Qualities: https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=wCcSIHKajjo
Page
12
Elements of Rhythm
1. Beat- the underlying pulse of a rhythm.
2. Tempo- rate of speed of a movement.
3. Intensity- variation of stress of movement
4. Pitch- lowness or highness of a tone.
5. Accent- emphasis on certain beats
6. Meter- the regular recurrence of beats which divides a musical design into measure.
7. Phrase- measures group together.
8. Bar- in music a vertical line across a staff dividing it into equal measures of time.
9. Count- a pulse beat at time limit.
10. Note- a printed symbol of a musical tone.
11. Measure- a group of pulse beats.
12. Note pattern- refers to a note or set of notes with or without rest used for a certain dance
steps.
 13. Step pattern- refers to the movement or movements done for each of the dance steps.
14. Time signature- composed of two numbers, the number above denotes the number of
beats in a measure, and the number below denotes the kind of note that receives one beat.
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Lesson 5: Basic Natural Movements, Basic Dance Positions (Arms
and Feet), and Dance Formations Commonly Used
Basic Natural Movements
Our body is designed to move to any possible desired positions. Movement is the basic reason
to execute our daily activities or purpose.

1. Non-Locomotor Movement- movements in which the various parts of the body

move in space with a fixed base. It may be standing, kneeling, sitting or lying.
Example: (See DPE YouTube: https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=nn2XUdvu-1I)

Movement Description Illustration

Flexion Bending or
shortening of
a body
part
occurring at a
joint.

Extension Extending of
a body part
occurring at a
joint.
Pendular Swinging or
swaying of
arms
forward,
backward or
sideward.

Percussive Striking and

hitting;
pushing and
pulling.

Vibratory Slow, smooth

flowing
movement
with a
balance of
movement
throughout
the entire
series.
Sustained Slow, smooth
flowing
movement
with a
balance of
movement
throughout
the entire
series.

Suspended A sharp
movement
followed by a
series of slow
or prolonged
movements
until a peak
is reached.

2. Locomotor Movement- movements that move the body in space in any direction with the
feet as the moving base.
Example: (See DPE YouTube: https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=nn2XUdvu-1I)
Movement Description Illustration

Walking Move at a regular

pace by lifting and
setting down each foot
in turn, never having
both feet off the
ground at once.

Running Walking with longer

strides and there is a
push-off by the foot to
suspend the body
momentarily in
the air.

Jumping Springing on one foot

or both feet
and landing on both
feet in any
direction.
Hopping Springing on one foot
and landing
on the same foot.

Skipping Springing on one foot

and landing
on the other foot.

Leaping Springing on one foot

and landing
on the other foot.

Galloping Moving in continuous

forward or
sideward direction with
one foot
leading.
Sliding Gliding the foot along
the floor.

Fundamental Dance Positions of Arms and Feet

There are five fundamental or basic positions in dance that are commonly termed as
1st position, 2nd position, 3rd position, 4th position, and 5th position of the feet and arms.
For a video demonstration you can visit our PSU-DPE You Tube Channel. Click the link to
proceed to the video: https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=suZMKKSu91Q&t=43s

1st position

Arms: Both arms raised in a circle in front of the chest with the finger tips about an inch apart.
Feet: Heels close together, toes apart with an angle of about 45 degrees.
 2nd Position

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Arms: Both raised sideward with a graceful curve at shoulder level.

Feet: Feet apart sideward of about a space distance. Page

3rd Position

Arms: One arm raised sideward as in 2nd position; and the other arm raised upward.
Feet: Heel of one foot close to in-step of the other foot.

4th Position

Arms: One arm raised in front as in 1st position; the other arm raised overhead.
Feet: One foot in front of the other foot of a space distance.
 5th position

Arms: Both arms raised overhead with finger tips about an inch apart.
Feet: Heel of front foot close to big toe of rear foot

Dance Formations Commonly Used

For a video demonstration you can visit our PSU-DPE You Tube Channel. Click the link to
proceed to the video: https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=M-UCs7SheE8&t=40s

Formation Illustration
Single circle
facing clockwise

Single circle
facing counter
clockwise
Single circle
facing partner

Double circle
partners
facing

Double circle
facing
clockwise

Double circle
facing counter
clockwise
Double circle
couples
facing

Semi-circle or
half moon

Double lines
partners
facing

Double lines
facing front
Long open
Formation

Long open
formation
facing partners

Single line
formation

Scattered
formation in pair
 Republic of the Philippines
PALAWAN STATE UNIVERSITY
Puerto Princesa City

College of Teacher Education

Department of Physical Education
STUDENT/S PERFORMANCE FORM
Performance Task No. ________

Name/s: _____________________________ PATHFIT PROF.MARY JANE G. MACOLA

_____________________________ Program/Block: ___________________
_____________________________ Date: ________________
_____________________________
_____________________________
_____________________________
_____________________________
_____________________________
_____________________________
_____________________________

RUBRIC IN DANCE PRESENTATION

CRITERIA 96-100 91-95 86-90 80-85 Points Weight

Mastery Shows 100% Shows 85% Shows 75% Shows 50%
25% mastery of Mastery of Mastery of the Mastery of the
the skills the Skills Skills Skills
Interpretation Dance steps Dance steps Troublesome Trouble in
30% were were in dance dance
correctly and executed but presentation presentation
precisely displayed committed
executed minor multiple
mistakes mistakes
Performance/ Shows full Shows Shows less Lack of
Poise confidence & confidence & confidence & confidence &
15% projection in projection in projection in projection in
dance dance dance dance
presentation presentation presentation presentation
but displays And displays Tension and
tension tension nervousness
are obvious
Rhythm Very well and Can follow Can follow but Cannot follow
15% in time with and in time out of timing the rhythm
the given with the
rhythm given rhythm
Gracefulness Executed the With ease With grace Stiff movement
15% skills with and
aesthetic smoothness
movement
Total 100
Prepared by: MARY JANE G. MACOLA
DPE Faculty