Journal of Xidian University Doi.org/10.37896/jxu17.

10/040 ISSN No:1001-2400

A Review on Trasdermal Patch and Marketed Preparations

Adiba Rahman, Bipasha Ray, Sapna Yadav, Shweta Mishra, Jitendra Kumar Rai, Jitendra Jena

Pharmacy College Azamgarh, Itaura, Chandrshwar, Azamgarh, U.P. India

Corresponding author- Adiba Rahman

ABSTRACT: Transdermal drug delivery system (TDDS) is also known as “patches,”has made
major benefaction by providing advantages of being relatively painless medication through the
skin to achieve a systemic effect of a drug.These patches offer rewards such as bypassing first-
pass metabolism, ease of use, and controlled drug release. They can release drugs following zero
or first-order kinetics. Skin physiology, particularly the epidermis, acts as a barrier affecting drug
penetration. Various patch types exist, including those with single-layer drug-in-adhesive, multi-
layer adhesive, vapor delivery, reservoir systems, and matrix systems. Ideal drugs for
transdermal delivery have specific characteristics like low therapeutic indices, low doses, and
low oral bioavailability. Techniques to boost transdermal delivery include physical methods like
iontophoresis and electroporation, as well as chemical enhancers. Characterization methods
include diffusion cells, tape stripping, and microscopic/spectroscopic examination.In clinical
practice, it's crucial to apply patches correctly, avoid lotions at application sites, and follow
recommended wear durations. Future drug delivery technologies include thermal poration, jet
injectors, micro-infusion, combinations of delivery methods, and innovative companies like
Trans Pharma and Altea Therapeutics advancing transdermal solutions.

Key Word: TDDS; Transdermal Patches; Control release; Skin.

INTRODUCTION

Transdermal drug delivery systems often referred to as "patches," represent pharmaceutical

formulations meticulously crafted to transport a clinically beneficial quantity of medication
through a patient's skin. To accomplish the task of conveying therapeutic agents across human
skin for systemic impact, it is imperative to thoroughly evaluate the skin's intricate
morphological, biophysical, and physicochemical attributes ( kumar, 2010). Transdermal
medication are available for controlling and treating various condition such as hypertension,

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rheumatoid arthritis, diabetes mellitus, psychiatry disorder, motion sickness, migraine,

neurological disorder, smoking cessation (Savithri, 2021). Transdermal device offers a painless
technique of discrete self-controlleddelivery of medication into the blood stream for various
body and skin related issues over a prolong period of time.To sustain the objective, the drug
release from transdermal patches may follow zero or first order kinetic. Zero order kinetic is
constant release kinetic means the drug released from patch at a constant rate over time. First
order kinetic refers to a drug release profile where the concentration decreases exponentially
overtime (Tiwari , 2022). Transdermal patch have proven to be a valuable tool in expanding the
application of existing therapeutics and addressing the limitations of first pass drug degradation,
this metabolism can significantly reduce the bioavailability of orally administered drug.
Oestradiol patches are a commonly used form of medication, with over a million patients using
them annually. Unlike the oral formulation of oestradiol, these patches do not cause liver
damage. Apart from therapeutic oestradiol patches, there are also two major subcategories of
patches available in the market: aromapatches and non-medicated patches. Aroma patches are
typically used for their fragrance or therapeutic properties. Non medicated patches include a
wide range of product, such as thermal and cold patches, nutrient patches and skin care patches
(DigambarAudumbar, 2015).

A transdermal drug delivery system (TDDS) often referred to as "patches". It is a pharmaceutical

technology designed to administer medication through the skin for systemic distribution in the
body (Wokovich, 2006). Transdermal drug delivery systems optimize treatment by modifying
pharmacokinetic parameters, releasing drugs through zero order kinetics, first order kinetics, or
both (H., 2012).

PHYSIOLOGY OF THE SKIN

Skin is the largest organ of the human body that receives about one-third of the blood circulating
through the body. In adults it carries an area of between 1.5 and 2.0 m2. It is a complex organ that
performs a variety of crucial functions, including protection, sensation, regulation, temperature.
The skin consists of multiple layers, with the epidermis being the outermost layer, followed by
dermis and hypodermis. The epidermis has several morphologically distinct regions; upper most
stratum corneum, basal layer, spiny layer (Stratum spinosum), stratum granulosum (Prabhakar D,
2013). Various superficial disorders can be treated by using transdermal administration of

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medication. In the earlier 20th century the use of transdermal delivery system became a common
practice in daily uses only when this technology was developed to allow specific and consistent
administration through the skin for extensive effect (Pastore, 2015). Through hair follicles, sweat
duct and sebaceous pathways drug enter into the body. The patches adhere to the skin and drug
begin to penetrate through the stratum corneum layer which than slowly enters into the
bloodstream and shows healing effect.

EPIDERMIS: The outermost layer of the skin is epidermis which varies in thickness in different
region of the body. Stratum corneum also known as honey layer that has the ability to prevent
permeation of drug molecules and thus act as barrier.

DERMIS: Dermis is the layer between epidermis and subcutaneous tissue which consist of
connective tissue such as blood vessels, nerves, lymph, gland and hair follicles. Through
capillaries it provides oxygen to the skin and removes the toxins and waste product.

HYPODERMIS: This layer is the bottom layer that provides mechanical strength and regulates
the temperature. The hypodermis consists of subcutaneous tissues that hold up the dermis and
epidermis (Reshmi, 2017)

Figure 1. Physiology of the skin

PENETRATION OF DRUG THROUGH SKIN

Penetration of drug molecules can directly enter the top layer of the skin known as stratum
corneum through three pathways such as hair follicles, sweat duct, and sebaceous gland. When a
drug contains hydrophilic compounds, it moves or passes through the watery layer, while a

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lipophilic compound passes through the fatty layer. The way drugs transport through this barrier
depends on their movement rates, known as fluxes. Flux is represented by an equation:

J=m/At

Where;

J=Flux

m = Mass of compound

A= area of cross section

t = Time

Fick’s first law is followed by the outer membrane of stratum corneum for penetration of drug
which proves that flux is directly proportional to concentration gradient (Reshmi, 2017)

ADVANTAGES:

1. Bypass first-pass metabolism and liver enzyme deactivation.

2. Termination of drug therapy is swift by removing patches from the skin.

3. They can bypass digestive issues and substitute for oral meds in cases of vomiting or
diarrhea (Sharma, 2011)

4. Patients can self-administer medications using these systems.

5. Prolonged action, reducing dosing frequency.

6. Convenient administration for drugs needing frequent doses.

7. Enhanced bioavailability.

8. Uniform plasma levels for potent drugs.

9. Enhanced patient compliance and comfort.

10. Minimized variability, improved efficacy.

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11. Fewer side effects and better therapy ( Chaurasiya, 2019)

DISADVANTAGES:

1. Risk of skin irritation from formulation components.

2. Potential for drug binding to the skin and dose dumping.
3. Suitable mainly for chronic conditions requiring long-term therapy.
4. Variable lag time, ranging from hours to days.
5. Influence of cutaneous metabolism on therapeutic efficacy, limiting use to potent drugs.
6. Unsuitable for ionic drugs.
7. Unable to deliver drugs in a pulsatile manner ( Patel, 2018)

IDEAL PROPERTY OF TRANSDERMAL DRUG DELIVERY SYSTEM:

- Stability

- High drug
- Non-toxicity
incorporation

- Compatibility - Ease of
with host manufacturing

- Cost-
effectiveness

Ideal properties of drug for TDDS:

The ideal properties of a drug for transdermal drug delivery system (TDDS) include:

• Low Therapeutic Index.

• Low Dose.

• Low Oral Bioavailability.

• Low Concentration.

• Appropriate pH range should be 5-9.

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• Appropriate Log P: (Log P) fall within the range of -1 to 3.

• Non-irritating.

• Short Half-life: A half-life of 10 hours or less is preferred.

• Low Molecular Weight: A molecular weight less than 500 Daltons.

• Low Skin Permeability: skin permeability coefficient should be less than 0.5 x 10^-3
cm/hrs.

Appropriate Log P: (Log P) fall within the range of -1 to 3 (Patel G. , A Comprehensive Review
Article on Transdermal Patch, 2023).

TYPES OF TRANSDERMAL PATCHES

There are several types of transdermal patches, each designed for specific purposes. Here are
some common types:

(1) Single layers drug in adhesive:The adhesive layer in a transdermal patch not only holds the
layers together but also delivers medicine to the skin. There is a temporary liner and a backup
layer attached to the adhesive sheet (Nitika, 2021)

Figure 2. Single layer adhesion

(2) Multi layer adhesive drug: The drug is evenly mixed into a water-loving or fat-loving
material. This drug-containing material is placed onto a sealed base, inside a compartment made
from a layer that doesn'tlet the drug pass through.

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Figure 3. Multi layer adhesion

(3) Vapour Patches: The adhesive layer does more than just hold the layers together; it also
releases vapour. These patches, which are relatively new, are often used to release essential oils
for congestion relief. these vapour patches also used to improve sleep quality.

(4) Reservoir System: There are separate layer of drugs in this system .the drug is stored between
a sealed backing layer and a membrane that controls its release. The drug can be in various forms
like a solution, suspension, gel, or solid polymer. An outer layer of hypoallergenic adhesive
polymer is applied, ensuring compatibility with the drug.

Figure 4. Reservoir system

(5) Matrix system: Transdermal patches have a drug layer with a semisolid matrixcontaining
drug solution/suspension. The adhesive layer partially overlays and surrounds the drug layer,
facilitating controlled drug release and skin adhesion (Chetan G. , 2015)

Figure 5. Matrix system

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i. Drug-in-adhesive system: The drug reservoir is created by mixing the drug with a sticky
material and spreading this mixture on a solid backing layer. Additional layers of sticky material
are added on top to protect the drug reservoir.

ii. Matrix-dispersion system: The drug is evenly mixed into a water-loving or fat-loving
material. This drug-containing material is placed onto a sealed base, inside a compartment made
from a layer that doesn't let the drug pass through.

(6) Microreservoir system: This method combines a drug reservoir and a matrix dispersion. It
starts by mixing the drug with a water-soluble material, then spreading this mix within a fat-
loving material to create many tiny drug reservoirs.

Figure 6. Microreservoir system

COMPONENTS OF THE TDDS

1. Polymer matrix /drug reservoir

2. Membrane

3. Drug

4. Permeaton enhancer

5. Pressure sensitive adhesives (PSA)

6. Backing laminates

7. Release liner

8. Other excipients like plasticizers and solvents

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• Polymer matrix / drug reservoir:Polymer regulates drug release in the device.

• Certainly, here is a list of various types of polymers:
• Natural Polymers:e.g.Gelatin, Shellac, Waxes, Starch etc.
• Synthetic Elastomer:e.g. Neoprene, Polybutadieine, Butyl rubber etc.
• Synthetic Polymers:e.g. Polyvinyl alcohol, Polyamide, Polyurea etc.
• Membrane:A membrane can either be sealed to the backing to create a drug-containing
pocket or used as a single layer in the patch.
• Drug: They bypass the digestive system and liver, allowing for more efficient drug
absorption. They provide controlled and steady drug release, reducing the risk of
fluctuations in drug levels.
• Permeation Enhancers: These chemical compounds enhance the permeability of the
stratum corneum to achieve level of drug candidate in the body (Rastogi , 2012).
• Pressure Sensitive Adhesives: The effectiveness of a skin patch for medicine delivery
depends on its ability to stick to the skin. Pressure-Sensitive Adhesives (PSAs) are bond
to surfaces with light pressure (Francesco, 2004).
• Release Liner:Release liner is like a protective sheet for medication patches while they're
stored. It stops the medicine from diffused gradually into the sticky part of the patch and
keeps it clean (Reddy Y. Krishna, 2013).
• Backing Film: The backing film on a medication patch acts as a protective shield. It must
be flexible, adhere tightly to the medicine-holding part, and block water vapour from
passing through. E.g. polyester, metal-coated plastic and colored plastic film
(Vaseehabanu T.S, 2013).

Other Excipients and Plasticizer Plasticizers make polymers more flexible and less brittle by
fitting between polymer molecules. They enhance stretchiness, toughness, and flexibility but
reduce strength, hardness, static charge retention, and the solid-to-flexible temperature (Vikas,
2013).

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FACTORS AFFECTING TRANSDERMAL PERMEATION

Biological factor

(1) Blood supply: Variation in blood circulation influences the transdermal absorption.

(2) Skin condition: Numerous agents such as acids and alkalis penetrate by the skin and skin
itself act as impediment. However, some solvent like methanol and chloroform can remove skin
lipids and create small openings.

(3) Regional skin sites: The penetration of substances into the skin is significantly influenced by
the skin's nature, thickness, and density, which can vary from one site to another.

(4) Skin age: The skin of both adults and young individuals is morevulnerableto certain acids,
such as steroids, boric acid, and hexachlorophene, than that of older individual. This acid can
cause significant side effects in children.

(5) Species differences:Keratinization and skin thickness vary among different species,
impacting the penetration of substances.

Physicochemical factors

(1) Temp and pH: Skin penetration rates are influenced by temperature, with lower temperatures
resulting in reduced penetration. Weak acids and bases dissociate based on pH and pKa values.

(2) Skin hydration: Absorption ofwater in skin leads to skin softening and swelling, enhancing
drug penetration.

(3) Drug concentration: Drug flow through a barrier is directly related to the concentration
gradient, which is greater when the drug concentration is higher.

(4) Molecular size and shape: Smaller the particle easier the penetration of drug in skin (Martha,
2021).

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METHOD FOR PREPARING TRANSDERMAL DRUG DELIVERY SYSTEM (TDDS)

PATCHES INVOLVES THE FOLLOWING STEPS:(Sudam, 2016)

1. Take the polymer (e.g., PVP/HPMC) in a beaker with a small amount of solvent.

2. Mix 2/3rd of the solvent with other polymers (e.g., PVA) and add it to the beaker, stirring
initially at a lower rpm and then at a higher speed.

3. Add the plasticizer and mix it thoroughly.

4. Include the drug with continuous agitation and adjust the volume.

5. Cast the resulting film onto a specially designed glass mold.

6. Dry the films in an oven at 40°C.

7. Carefully remove the dried films using a sharp blade along the edges.

8. Wrap the dried films in butter paper and store them in a closed container, away from
light, in a cool place.

Polymer+ Drug+ Plasticizer

Stirrer for 10-15 min.

Homogeneous Dispersion

Poured into mercury surface

or poured on to the petridish

Covered with funnel to

controlled solvent evaporation

Fig. 07 Method of Preparing Transdermal Patches.

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CLINICAL CONSIDERATIONS FOR USING TRANSDERMAL DRUG DELIVERY

SYSTEMS (TDDS):

1. Apply to clean, dry, hair-free, non-oily, non-inflamed, non-irritated skin. Avoid wet or
damp skin and excessive hair.
2. Avoid using lotions at the application site, as they may affect drug absorption.
3. Do not tamper with the TDDS; remove it carefully without touching the adhesive.
4. Press firmly for 10 seconds with your palm during application.
5. Choose a location without friction, and keep it on during bathing or swimming.
6. Follow the specified wear duration and replace as instructed.
7. Practice hand hygiene after application, and avoid touching eyes or mouth. Seek
evaluation if skin sensitivity or irritation occurs.
8. When removing, fold the used TDDS in half with the adhesive side attached and dispose
of it safely, especially around children and pets (Galge, 2022).

TECHNIQUE FOR THE ADVANCEMENT OF TDDS

TECHNIQUES
PHYSICAL CHEMICAL
FOR
ENHANCER ENHANCER
ADVANCEMENT
OF TDDS.
Pyrrolidones
IontophoriesSonopho Alcohols
resis Electroporation Esters
Microneedles Water
Mechanical abrasion Esters sulfoxide
BIOCHEMICAL
Stripping Surfactant
ENHANCER
Thermal ablation Ionic liquid
Deep eutectic
Peptides solvent
Metabolic inhibitor

Fig. 08 Techniques for the advancement of tdds

Certainly, here are points elaborating on the methods to improve drug delivery through the skin:

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PHYSICAL ENHANCER:

1. Iontophoresis:Utilizes electrical current, typically around 500 microamperes cm².

• Enhances drug flow across the skin.

• Factors like current profile, valency, and polarity influence effectiveness.

2. Electroporation:Brief, high-voltage electric current creates small pores in the skin.

• Typically employs high voltage (e.g., 1000V) and short pulses (milliseconds).
• Suitable for lipophilic drugs with a molecular weight over 7 kg Dalton.

3. Ultrasound: Utilizes high-frequency sound waves (20 kHz to 10 MHz) to disrupt the skin
barrier.

• Applied at an intensity of up to 3W cm³.

• Improves transdermal drug distribution by facilitating penetration through the skin.

CHEMICAL ENHANCEMENT: - Uses chemical compounds to modify the skin barrier

function.

• Allows drugs to penetrate the skin and enter the systemic circulation.
• Substances such as amines, alcohol, fatty acids, esters, surfactants, and phospholipids can
be employed.

1. Drug/Prodrug: Use of prodrugs to enhance transdermal drug distribution.

• Prodrugs are chemical derivatives of the original drug designed to improve solubility and
partition coefficient in the stratum corneum.

2. Eutectic System:Involves a chemical compound or element that solidifies at a lower

temperature compared to other compositions.

• Can be used to optimize drug formulations for transdermal delivery

These methods are employed to enhance the effectiveness of transdermal drug delivery, allowing
for better drug absorption through the skin and into the bloodstream (Kajal, 2022).

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METHODS FOR CHARACTERIZING TRANSDERMAL DRUG DELIVERY SYSTEM

There are several methods employed for the drug delivery assessment, depending on the purpose
and drug type. The 3 most prevalent techniques include Diffusion cells, tape stripping,
microscopic and spectroscopic examination. These method works by measuring the quantity of
the drug present in each layer of skin’s surface (Yeup, 2021).

• Diffusion Cell Methods: In simple terms it is of two types: Franz Diffusion Cell and
Keshary-Chien Cell (modified version of Franz Diffusion cell). It is used to measure
how quickly the drug is moving through the skin and into the bloodstream (Mohit,
2015).
• Tape Stripping Methods: Tape-stripping technique is a method used to study how drugs
enter the outermost layer of our skin, called the stratum corneum. It involves using tape
to gently remove tiny layers of this skin layer. This technique is not only used to
understand how drugs get into the skin but also to check if substances might be harmful
when absorbed by skin layer (Luis, 2016).
• Microscopic and Spectroscopic Examination: Microscopy is used to assess the drug’s
solubility and its possible interaction of the drug with the polymer and different spectra
analysis software is used to determine the spectra of tested patches (Barbara, 2022).

The evaluation parameters for Transdermal Drug Delivery Systems (TDDS):

1. Interaction Studies (Compatibility Testing): Assess the compatibility of the drug with
excipients to ensure stability and bioavailability. Techniques like thermal analysis, FT-IR, UV,
and chromatography are used.

2. Thickness of the Patch: Measure the thickness of the drug-loaded patch using a digital
micrometer to ensure consistency.

3. Weight Uniformity: Cut specified areas of the patch, weigh them, and calculate the average
weight and standard deviation.

4. Folding Endurance: Repeatedly fold a strip of the patch at the same place until it breaks to
determineits folding endurance.

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5. Percentage Moisture Content: Weigh the films, keep them in a desiccator with calcium
chloride, and calculate the percentage moisture content before and after.

6. Percentage Moisture Uptake: Determine moisture uptake by weighing the films before and
after exposing them to a saturated potassium chloride solution in a desiccator.

7. Water Vapour Permeability (WVP): Measure the WVP using foam dressing method and
calculate it based on the amount of vapor permeated through the patch.

8. Drug Content: Dissolve a specified area of the patch, filter the solution, and analyze drug
content using UV or HPLC.

9. Uniformity of Dosage Unit Test: Cut a portion of the patch, dissolve it, and analyze for drug
content to ensure uniformity.

10. Polariscope Examination: Examine the drug crystals in the patch using a polariscope to
determine if they are crystalline or amorphous.

11. Shear Adhesion Test: Measure the cohesive strength of the adhesive polymer by assessing
the time it takes to pull the tape off a surface.

12. Peel Adhesion Test: Measure the force required to remove an adhesive coating from a
substrate at a 180º angle.

13. Thumb Tack Test: Determine the tack property of adhesives by pressing the thumb on the
adhesive and assessing its relative tackiness.

14. Flatness Test: Measure the variation in length of longitudinal strips cut from different parts of
thefilm to assess flatness.

15. Percentage Elongation Break Test: Determine the percentage elongation at the break point of
film strips.

16. Rolling Ball Tack Test: Measure the softness of a polymer by releasing a steel ball on an
inclined track onto horizontal adhesive.

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17. Quick Stick (Peel-tack) Test: Measure the peel force required to break the bond between
adhesive and substrate.

18. Probe Tack Test: Measure tack by recording the force required to pull a probe away from the
adhesive.

19. In vitro Drug Release Studies: Assess drug release from the patches using the paddle over
disc method and analyze the samples by UV or HPLC.

20. In Vitro Skin Permeation Studies: Conduct permeation studies on rat skin to determine flux
and permeability coefficients.

21. Skin Irritation Study: Assess skin irritation and sensitization on rabbits after applying the
patch for 24 hours.

22. Stability Studies: Store TDDS samples at specific conditions for 6 months and analyze drug
content at regular intervals (S, 2013).

Future Technologies and Approaches in Drug Delivery:

1. Thermal Poration: Involves creating aqueous pathways in the skin using pulsed heat to deliver
drugs or extract substances like glucose from the body.

2. Jet Injectors: Gaining attention for needle-free drug injection, leading to advancements in
device design for controlled, deep tissue delivery.

3. Micro-Infusion: Uses small needles inserted slightly into the skin with drug solutions
delivered at controlled rates through micro-infusion pumps.

4. Combination Approaches: Research focuses on combining techniques like iontophoresis,

electroporation, and ultrasound with chemical delivery for enhanced drug penetration.

5. TransPharma: Developing drug patches for improved safety, compliance, and efficacy over
traditional therapies.

6. ViaDerm System: Enables non-painful, safe, and effective topical application of medications,
potentially improving immunizations and cosmetic applications.

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7. Altea Therapeutics: Working on a transdermal patch to address unmet needs in managing

conditions like Parkinson's disease, aiming to prevent "off" periods ( Monika, 2012).

APPLICATION

Transdermal drug delivery system is the most discussed topic; there are high chances for
progress and advancement according to the global market trend.

Drug Indication Product Marketing

Name Company
Scopolamine Motion sickness Transderm- Novartis Consumer Health
Scope (Parsippany, NJ)
Nitroglycerine Anginapectoris Transderm- Novartis(East
Nitro Hannover,NJ)
Clonidine Hypertension Catapres -TTS Boehringer
Ingelheim
(Ridgefield ,CT)
Estradiol Menopausal Estradrem Novartis (East
symptoms Hannover, NJ)
Fentanyl Chronic pain Duragesic Janssen
Pharmaceutica
(Titusville , NJ)
Nicotine Smoking Nicoderm , GlaxoSmithKline
cessation Habitrol, (Philadelphia, PA) , Novartis
Prostep Consumer Health
(Parsippany,NJ) Elan
(Gainesville,GA)
Testosterone Testosterone Testoderm Alza, Mountain View,CA
Deficiency
Lidocaine/epinephrine Local dermal Iontocaine Iomed (Salt Lake City, UT)
(iontophoresis) Analgesia
Estradiol/norethidrone Menopausal Combipatch Novartis (East Hannover, NJ)
symptoms

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Lidocaine Post-herpetic Lidoderm Endo Pharmaceuticals (Chadds

neuralgia pain Ford PA)
Ethinyl Contraception Ortho Evra Ortho-McNeil Pharmaceutical
estradiol/norelgestromin (Raritan, NJ)
Estradiol/levonorgestrel Menopausal Climara Pro Bayer Healthcare
symptoms Pharmaceuticals (Wayne, NJ)
Oxybutynin Overactive Oxytrol Watson Pharma (Corona, CA)
bladder
Lidocaine (ultrasound) Local dermal SonoPrep Echo Therapeutics (Franklin,
anesthesia MA)
Lidocaine/tetracaine Local dermal Synera Endo Pharmaceuticals (Chadds
analgesia Ford, PA)
Fentanyl HCl Acute Ionsys Alza,Mountain View, CA
(iontophoresis) postoperative
pain
Methylphenidate Attention deficit Daytrana Shire(Wayne, PA)
hyperactivity
disorder
Selegiline Major depressive Emsam Bristol-Myers Squibb
disorder (Princeton, NJ)
Rotigotine Parkinson’s Neupro Schwarz Pharma (Mequon, WI)
disease
Rivastigmine Dementia Exelon Novartis(East
Hannover,NJ)(Hanumanaik,
2012)
Granisetron Chemo-induced Sancuso Kyowa
emesis Kirin(www.kyowakirin.com)
Oxybutynin Overactive Gelnique Anurol(www.mayoclinic.org)
bladder

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Buprenorphine Chronic pain Butrans Napp Pharmaceuticals

Limited(www.medicines.org.uk)
Tolubuterol Anti-asthematic Astherol Bliss GVC
Pharma Limited
(www.blissgvs.com)
Ketoprofen Musculoskeleton Ketopron Bliss GVC
pain and Pharma Limited
inflammation (www.blissgvs.com)
Diclofenac Musculoskeleton Lofnac Bliss GVC
Diethylamine pain and Pharma Limited
inflammation (www.blissgvs.com)
Sumatriptan Migraine Zecuity Teva Pharmaceutical
Industries Ltd.
(www.myoclinic.org,
www.google.com)
Asenapine Antipsychotic Secuado Noven Pharmaceutical
Incorporated Companies.
(https//my.clevelandclinic.org)
Capsaicin Relief of Qutenza AveritasPharma
Neuropathic pain (https://medlineplus.gov)
Glyceryltrinitrite Widening blood Nitroderm TTS Novartis Pharma
vessels(reduced (ema.europa.eu, 2021)
the frequency of
angina attacks)

Table 1: Marketed Products of Transdermal Patches

CONCLUSION: In conclusion, transdermal drug delivery systems (TDDS) represent a

promising avenue for drug administration, offering advantages such as convenience, steady drug
release, and potential benefits for specific patient populations. These systems are not only
expanding their application to a wide range of drugs, including hormones, antibiotics, and

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vaccines, but they also provide effective solutions for addressing challenges associated with
altered pharmacokinetics and systemic conditions, as seen in heart failure scenarios. As ongoing
research and development continue to refine TDDS technology, it is clear that they will play an
increasingly important role in modern healthcare, providing safer and more efficient ways to
deliver essential medications to patients.

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