Elastic Deformation on a Pivoted

Michell Pad Bearing

David Alves
Department of Eletromechanical
Engineering,
University of Beira Interior,
Calçada Fonte do Lameiro 6, 6200-358,
Covilhã, Castelo Branco, Portugal
email: david.filipe.alves@ubi.pt
The primary goal of this study is to use computational analysis to better understand
the effects of elastic deformation on the load capacities of pivoted Michell pad bearings.
It focuses on the vulnerability of pad bearings to ’crowning’, a phenomenon that signif-
icantly reduces bearing performance by deviating the pivot point from optimal surface
geometry. This research focuses on a one-dimensional, pivoted Michell pad bearing that
is subjected to elastic deformation, and it uses an isoviscous hydrodynamic lubrication
model to simulate the bearing’s elastic deflection. The use of the isoviscous Reynolds
equation for fluid film behaviour in conjunction with an elastic deformation equation al-
lows for a more comprehensive understanding of how deflections affect film geometry and,
as a result, bearing load capacity. Through Iterative computation of bearing and pad
deformations insights are provided into how Michell-type bearings can be optimised for
superior performance in dynamic conditions. This study advances our theoretical under-
standing of bearing elasticity and how variations in parameters such as pad thickness,
material elasticity, and operational film thickness have a direct impact on bearing efficacy.

Keywords: Michell Pad Bearing, Elastic Deformations, Crowning, Isoviscous Reynolds

Equation, Elastic Deformation Equation, Pad and film thickness

1 Introduction 1.1 Background. Building upon this foundational under-

Pivoted Michell pad bearings, also known as tilt pad thrust bear-
ings, are masterly at supporting axial loads and are widely integral
in machinery that sustains thrust loads from rotating shafts [1].
These machines, however, are unavoidably subjected to deflection
due to the elastic nature of the materials from which they are con-
structed. All bearing materials possess a finite elastic modulus [2],
which indicates that they will experience some degree of deforma-
tion under load, significantly affecting the performance and useful
life.
The original construction of these bearings was based on a line
pivot, which limits the bearing’s ability to compensate for radial
misalignment’s [3]. However, due to Kingsbury improvements
using a spherical pivot allowing for the pads to tilt in all direc-
tions to compensate for misalignment and aligning with load and
movement variations, thus accommodating for the inevitable defor-
mation. This capability is crucial, as the existence of deformation
is a given in any mechanical system under load.
Strategically, the design of these bearings enhances their func-
tionality by promoting the formation of a wedge-shaped film of
lubricant, usually a high viscosity oil [4], between the pads and the
rotating disc or collar. This film is essential, not only for reducing
metal-to-metal friction, thereby minimizing wear and the risk of
rupture, but also for enhancing the load capacity of the bearing,
operating that way in the hydrodynamic lubrication regime, play-
ing that way an important role in the stability of the mechanical
systems, due to its damping characteristics.
The crowning phenomenon of the bearing pads is a design re-
sponse to deflection and deformation in search for the optimal
position of the pivot point [5]. By incorporating a slight convex
shape to the pad surface, crowning ensures an even distribution
of pressure across the pad despite any misalignment or deflection.
This maintains the integrity of the lubricant film, ensuring consis-
tent operation and enhancing the bearing’s capacity to carry the
load. Therefore, crowning serves as a bridge between the design
intention of pivoted Michell pad bearings and the practical reality
of material deflection.
Version 1.18, March 18, 2024
standing, it becomes clear that the study of this science began
long before with the researcher, Mr. Beauchamp Tower, a pioneer
figure in the field of lubrication. The Pivoted Michell pad bear-
ings can be traced to a connection between the assumption’s of
Beauchamp Tower and the Osborne Reynolds theory of hydrody-
namic lubrication [6].
In his 1883 experimentation with journal bearings statically
loaded, Beauchamp Tower noted a deviation from solid friction
(Coulomb Friction [7]) behaviour, observing instead that they fol-
lowed fluid dynamic principles and that the peak lubricant pres-
sure considerably exceeded the load over the projected bearing
area. Upon the introduction of rotational movement to the journal,
it carried oil up from the bath to the bearing clearance through
capillary action [8]. Tower suggested that a ais complete film of
lubricant be maintained between the journal and bearing, ensuring
their separation. However, he was unable to explain the mechanism
behind the lubricant’s ability to generate such pressure, leaving a
gap to fill in his research [9], establishing the following frictional
characteristics:
• Frictional resistance is nearly constant, regardless of the bear-
ing load.
• The frictional coefficient is very small (usually of the order
of 1/1000).
• Frictional resistance increases with sliding speed.
• Frictional resistance decreases with a rise in temperature.
That gap has been filled in 1886 by Osborne Reynolds, he de-
rived a partial differential equation describing the generation of
the lubricant pressure film. He found the film was produced by the
journal running in the bearing, thus forming a converging wedge.
The viscous shear forces imposed on the lubricant by the rotation
of the journal force the fluid into the wedge thereby increasing the
pressure.
Enter Osborne Reynolds, who, in 1886, developed a partial dif-
ferential equation that shed light on the generation of lubricant
pressure film, filling the gap left by Tower. Reynolds demonstrated
that the lubricant film was produced by the motion of the journal

Journal of Heat Transfer Copyright © 2024 by ASME PREPRINT FOR REVIEW / 1


Fig. 1 Tower’s test rig. A, bearing bush; B, bearing cap, [8]
. Source: Yukio Hori / Hydrodinamic Lubrication / Foundations of
Hydrodynamic Lubrication.
within the bearing, which formed a converging wedge. As the jour-
nal rotated, viscous shear forces acted upon the lubricant, forcing
it into this wedge and consequently increasing the pressure within
the film. Additionally, Reynolds identified a second pressure gen-
eration mechanism: when the radial position of the journal varied
within the bearing, the motion of the journal toward the bearing
surface forced lubricant out, creating a pressure film that was inde-
pendent of shaft rotation. These dual mechanisms—wedge action
and radial squeezing—give rise to the hydrodynamic phenomena
known as wedge and squeeze films.
The equation that Reynolds derived from these principles has be-
come a cornerstone of hydrodynamic bearing theory, aptly named
Reynolds’ equation. Reynolds also provided a solution for a sim-
ple case of pure wedge action, such as that produced by an in-
clined plate of infinite width, laying a robust foundation for the
understanding and calculation of pressures in lubricated bearing
systems.
Together, Tower’s empirical observations and Reynolds’ theo-
retical development map the early journey of hydrodynamic lubri-
cation theory. Tower identified the remarkable property of the lu-
bricant to keep the bearing surfaces apart, and Reynolds explained
the physics behind the pressure buildup that made this separation
possible. Reynolds’ work not only substantiated Tower’s empiri-
cal findings but also expanded them, providing a comprehensive
model that encapsulated both the wedge effect and the squeeze film
action. His insights have since remained integral to the design and
analysis of hydrodynamic bearings, ensuring their efficient oper-
ation and the longevity of mechanical systems globally. Through
their collective efforts, Tower and Reynolds established the bedrock
of lubrication science, paving the way for modern tribology and
engineering applications.
unveiled the essential mechanics of hydrodynamic lubrication,
highlighting how a lubricant film could effectively support a load
between two sliding surfaces, thereby reducing friction and wear.
Tower’s discovery that the oil film in journal bearings could
sustain significant pressure, leading to the revolutionary insight
that the bearing surfaces were essentially floating on a layer of
oil, laid the groundwork for hydrodynamic lubrication theory. The
innovative aspect of Tower’s experiments was the demonstration
of high pressure within the oil film, challenging the prevailing
understanding of friction and lubrication.
Osborne Reynolds, drawing inspiration from Tower’s practical
observations, embarked on a theoretical journey that culminated
in the formulation of the Reynolds equation. This mathematical
model delineates the flow of lubricant within the bearing clearance,
affirming Tower’s empirical findings and establishing a theoretical
framework to predict the behavior of lubricated contacts under di-
verse conditions. This fusion of Tower’s empirical insights and
Reynolds’ analytical acumen established the foundational princi-
ples of hydrodynamic lubrication, upon which the design of pivoted
Michell pad bearings is predicated.
2 / PREPRINT FOR REVIEW
The advent of Michell’s tilting pad design marked a pivotal evo-
lution in bearing technology. By recognizing the limitations of line
contact in addressing misalignments, Michell’s innovation through
the implementation of spherical pivots enabled the pads to tilt in
all directions. This adjustment facilitated the alignment with load
and movement variations, accommodating the inevitable deforma-
tions. This enhancement was not just a solution to the mechanical
limitations of previous bearings but also a practical application of
hydrodynamic lubrication principles, optimizing performance and
longevity under operational stresses.
Hence, the development of pivoted Michell pad bearings is a
testament to the intricate dance between historical experimentation
and theoretical advancement. From Beauchamp Tower’s ground-
breaking experiments to Osborne Reynolds’ theoretical formula-
tions, the trajectory of these bearings from their conceptual origins
to Michell’s innovative design encapsulates a compelling narrative
of scientific exploration and engineering prowess.
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Transactions of the ASME
 𝑦 Table 1
𝑟0 = 1
𝑟
𝜙0 𝜙 𝑥
𝑅 The first experiment
𝐶 we ran this morning
Fig. 2 A figure caption with math, Eq. (1): z = (r , φ) [? ]
4 Tables and Figures
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Journal of Heat Transfer
A simple table
Experiment 𝑢 [m/s] 𝑇 [°C]
Run 11 12.5 103.4
Run 12 24 68.3
Table 2 Table with more complicated columns
Experiment 𝑢 [m/s] 𝑇 [°C]
124.3 68.3
we ran this morning
The second experiment 82.50 103.46
Our competitor’s data 72.321 141.384
note = {\doi{10.1115/1.4042912}}
Include doi numbers in references whenever possible.
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6 More on Math
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PREPRINT FOR REVIEW / 3
 𝐸

𝑅 𝐧 𝐧𝑒
𝑧
𝜎 𝜎
𝑧
𝜁
𝜁

(a) (b)

Fig. 3 A figure with two subfigures: (a) interior region, and (b) exterior region [? ]

𝜕 [︂ (︂ /︁ )︂]︂ Table 3 Table at full column width with columns in math

[︂ (︂ /︁ )︂ ]︂
𝜌 𝑒 + ∥u∥ 2 2 + ∇ · 𝜌 ℎ + ∥u∥ 2 2 u
𝜕𝑡 mode

𝑑𝑗𝑖 𝑢 𝑖 + 𝑄̇ 𝑣
𝜕 (︁ )︁ 𝑋𝑧 𝑋𝑐 𝑋𝑐,𝑚 𝑋𝑐,2
= − ∇ · q + 𝜌u · g + (2)
𝜕𝑥𝑗 3.92069 5.70943 6.32429 7.08757
𝜀(𝑇1 ) 𝜀 𝑖 (𝑇1 ) 𝜀 𝑖 (𝑇𝑚 ) 𝛼(𝑇1 , 𝑇2 )
An example using align appears in Appendix A. 0.7258 0.6237 0.6807 0.7964
An alternative solution may be to set large equations into two- 𝑞gray 𝑞int, 𝑇1 𝑞int, 𝑇𝑚 𝑞exact
column-wide tables or figures. An experimental package for setting 400.2 462.1 371.0 371.8
equations that span two columns, asmewide.sty, can be loaded as
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𝑑𝑣 𝜕𝑣/𝜕𝑥 𝜕𝑣/𝜕𝑦 𝑑𝑦
⏞ˉˉˉˉˉˉˉˉˉˉˉˉˉˉˉˉˉ⏟⏟ˉˉˉˉˉˉˉˉˉˉˉˉˉˉˉˉˉ⏞ 6.2 Math in a Section Heading: 𝛚 ˜ · Û = 0. To include com-
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4 / PREPRINT FOR REVIEW Transactions of the ASME

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(1) First conclusion
(2) Second conclusion
(3) Third conclusion
Acknowledgment
Acknowledge individuals, institutions, or companies that sup-
ported the authors in preparing the work. Those mentioned might
have provided technical support, insightful comments or conversa-
tions, materials used in the work, or access to facilities.

7.4 Changing the Footer Text. The option [nofoot] will Funding Data
omit everything other than a page number from the page footer.
• U.S. Department of Heat Transfer, Office of Important Ideas
The option nocopyright will omit the ASME copyright from
(DOHT-OII Award No. 3.14159265)
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\PaperNumber{..}. 𝑘 = thermal conductivity (W m −1 K −1 )
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putIntent (sRGB.icc). If levels 1b, 2b, 2u, or 3b are preferred, use
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or u]. Note that accessible conformance (a) is not currently pos- tion may be written in terms of the incomplete zeta function for
sible with LATEX. convenience:
As of late 2021, the LATEX3 team is phasing in native support
for PDF/A in the LATEX kernel, which eventually will make these 2𝜋ℎ𝑐2𝑜
∫𝜆
1
class options unnecessary when using an up-to-date installation. 𝑓 (𝜆𝑇) = 4 5
𝑑𝜆 (A1)
𝜎𝑇 0 𝜆 [exp(ℎ𝑐 𝑜 /𝑘 𝐵𝑇𝜆) − 1]
7.8 Superiors Font. The newtxtext package includes a su- 4 4 ∫∞
1 2𝜋𝑘 𝐵𝑇 𝑡3
periors font (numbers and letters) for use in footnote markers and = 𝑑𝑡 (A2)
4 3 2 𝑒 𝑡 −1
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corresponding author mark in the author block will not change.)
When 𝜆𝑇 → ∞, 𝑓 = 1 and the last equation yields the well-known
7.9 Typewriter Font Options. This font is the sans-serif, result
monospaced font inconsolata. By default, the word spacing is 2𝜋𝑘 𝐵4 𝑇4 ∫ ∞
𝑡3
variable, but option [mono] ends this behavior. A slashed zero is 𝜎𝑇 4 = 2
𝑑𝑡 (A3)
3 0 𝑒 −1
𝑡
the default; option [var0] removes the slash. Option [hyphenate] ℎ 𝑐𝑜
⏞ˉˉˉˉˉˉˉˉˉˉˉ⏟⏟ˉˉˉˉˉˉˉˉˉˉˉ⏞
enables hyphenation of the typewriter font. ≡ ζ (4)Γ(4)

8 Conclusions
The class asmejour and associated files are for typesetting
preprints in the style of ASME journals. Documentation is pro-
vided in this file and by comments in the .tex source code. Ex-
amples of references are shown in the asmejour-sample.bib file.
where the Gamma function Γ(4) = 3! and the Riemann zeta func-
tion, ζ(4), has the indicated integral representation [? , §13.12].
A classical result due to Euler [? ] gives ζ(4) = 𝜋 4 /90 (see also
[? , §167]), from which we recover the usual definition of the
Stefan-Boltzmann constant, 𝜎.

Journal of Heat Transfer PREPRINT FOR REVIEW / 5

 Table 4 A table spanning two columns

𝑥 erf(𝑥) erfc(𝑥) 𝑥 erf(𝑥) erfc(𝑥)

0.00 0.00000 1.00000 1.10 0.88021 0.11980
0.05 0.05637 0.94363 1.20 0.91031 0.08969
0.10 0.11246 0.88754 1.30 0.93401 0.06599
0.15 0.16800 0.83200 1.40 0.95229 0.04771
0.20 0.22270 0.77730 1.50 0.96611 0.03389
0.30 0.32863 0.67137 1.60 0.97635 0.02365
0.40 0.42839 0.57161 1.70 0.98379 0.01621
0.50 0.52050 0.47950 1.80 0.98909 0.01091
0.60 0.60386 0.39614 1.8214 0.99000 0.01000
0.70 0.67780 0.32220 1.90 0.99279 0.00721
0.80 0.74210 0.25790 2.00 0.99532 0.00468
0.90 0.79691 0.20309 2.50 0.99959 0.00041
1.00 0.84270 0.15730 3.00 0.99998 0.00002

Appendix B: Language Support
ASME publishes in English, but the babel package is loaded for
users who may wish to include other languages. For example, an
author might wish to include an appendix that provides the abstract
in another language.
When more than one language option is included in
\documentclass[..]{asmejour}, English will be assumed
to be the main language of the document. (To choose a different
main language, set [main=..]). If no language options are given,
the package defaults to English. As an example, a passage in
French is shown in Annexe C.
The standard caption and section names will follow babel’s dic-
tionary for primary languages other than English. Users may addi-
tionally change “Keywords”, “Nomenclature”, and “Corresponding
author” by renewing the commands \keywordname, \nomname, and
\CAwords. Changes to the page footer were described in Sec. 7.4.
The pdf bookmark for “Appendices” by be changed by renewing
\appendicesname.
The font encoding is set to T1 and utf-8 input is supported:
àáâäæãåā èéęëêē̇e îïíı̄i˛ì ôöòóœøōõ ûüùúū çćč ł ñń ßśš ÿ žźż
No effort has been made to support customization of language-
specific fonts (some fonts can be implemented using the substi-
tutefont package [? ]). The bibliography style, asmejour.bst,
is designed in English and aimed at BibTeX. Multilingual bibli-
ographies can be supported using BibLaTeX.
Annexe C: Discours Préliminaire de Fourier
Les causes primordiales ne nous sont point connues ; mais elles
sont assujetties à des lois simples et constantes, que l’on peut dé-
couvrir par l’observation, et dont l’étude est l’objet de la philoso-
phie naturelle.
La chale ur pénètre, comme la gravité, toutes les substances de
l’univers, ses rayons occupent toutes les parties de l’espace. Le but
de notre ouvrage est d’exposer les lois mathématiques que suit cet
élément. Cette théorie formera désormais une des branches les plus
importantes de la physique générale [? ].
References
[1] 2014, “Chapter 4 - Hydrodynamic Lubrication,” Engineering Tribology (Fourth
Edition), Fourth edition ed., G. W. Stachowiak and A. W. Batchelor, eds.,
Butterworth-Heinemann, Boston, pp. 105–210.
[2] 2014, “Chapter 5 - Computational Hydrodynamics,” Engineering Tribology
(Fourth Edition), Fourth edition ed., G. W. Stachowiak and A. W. Batchelor,
eds., Butterworth-Heinemann, Boston, pp. 211–265.
[3] Heinrichson, N., 2007, “On the Design of Tilting-Pad Thrust Bearings,” Ph.D.
thesis.
[4] Wang, Y., Liu, Y., Zhanchao, W., and Wang, Y., 2017, “Surface roughness
characteristics effects on fluid load capability of tilt pad thrust bearings with
water lubrication,” Friction, 5.
[5] Wagner, L. F., 2023, “Tilting-Pad Bearings—The Contact Flexibility of the
Pivot,” Lubricants, 11(5).
[6] Ettles, C., Akkök, M., and Cameron, A., 1980, “Inverse Hydrodynamic Methods
Applied to Mr. Beauchamp Tower’s Experiments of 1885,” Journal of Lubrica-
tion Technology, 102.
[7] Desplanques, Y., 2015, “Amontons-Coulomb Friction Laws, A Review of the
Original Manuscript,” SAE International Journal of Materials and Manufactur-
ing, 8(1), pp. 98–103.
[8] 2006, Foundations of Hydrodynamic Lubrication, Springer Tokyo, Tokyo, pp.
9–22.
[9] Sinha, P., Raj, A., and Singh, C., 1983, “Dynamically loaded rough journal
bearings,” Wear, 88(3), pp. 269–283.
[10] Suh, J. and Choi, Y.-S., 2016, “Pivot design and angular misalignment effects
on tilting pad journal bearing characteristics: Four pads for load on pad config-
uration,” Tribology International, 102, pp. 580–599.

6 / PREPRINT FOR REVIEW Transactions of the ASME

List of , Figures
1 Tower’s test rig. A, bearing bush; B, bearing cap, [8] . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 2
2 A figure caption with math, Eq. (1): 𝑧 = (𝑟, 𝜙) [? ] . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 3
3 A figure with two subfigures: (a) interior region, and (b) exterior region [? ] . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 4
(a) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 4
(b) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 4

List of Tables
1 A simple table . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 3
2 Table with more complicated columns . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 3
3 Table at full column width with columns in math mode . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 4
4 A table spanning two columns . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 6

Journal of Heat Transfer PREPRINT FOR REVIEW / 7