|𝐴𝐴𝐴𝐴 | = √((−3 + 2𝜆𝜆) − (−3))2 + ((2𝜆𝜆) − 0)2 + ((4 − 𝜆𝜆) − (4))2 = 10 [1]

⟹ √(2𝜆𝜆)2 + (2𝜆𝜆)2 + (−𝜆𝜆)2 = 10

⟹ √9𝜆𝜆2 = 10 [1]
10
⟹ 𝜆𝜆 = ± [1]
3

End
End of
of Unit 5 Test
Unit 7 Test Vectors
Solutions
AAHL:
Substituting in 𝜆𝜆 =
10
3
10 10 10
⟹ 𝑥𝑥 = −3 + 2 ( 3 ) ; 𝑦𝑦 = 2 ( 3 ) ; 𝑧𝑧 = 4 − ( 3 )

Markscheme 11 20 2
∴ 𝑃𝑃 ( , , ) or
3. Vector 3 3 3
equation for the journey of 𝑆𝑆1:
[1]
10
𝐫𝐫𝟏𝟏 = 𝑡𝑡 ( ). 10 10 10 10
Substituting
20 in 𝜆𝜆 = − ⟹ 𝑥𝑥 = −3 + 2 (− ) ; 𝑦𝑦 = 2 (− ) ; 𝑧𝑧 = 4 − (− )
3 3 3 3
[1]
Section A: In section A all questions should be answered without a calculator.
, − 3Note:
29 20 22 If 𝑆𝑆 is to travel the ‘shortest distance possible’,
∴ 𝑃𝑃 (− 3
, 3) 2
the direction vector of 𝑆𝑆2 should be perpendicular to the
direction vector of 𝑆𝑆1 .
3
1. 3𝑥𝑥 + 2𝑦𝑦 − 𝑧𝑧 = 2∴ ⟺ the𝐫𝐫𝟏𝟏dot
• (product
2)=2 should be zero. ⟹ a direction vector [1]
−20 −1
of ( ) as 𝑆𝑆2 needs to be moving left to intercept 𝑆𝑆1 .
10
𝑧𝑧 =(5−60
2𝑦𝑦+2 𝑧𝑧−5 5
𝑥𝑥 − 3 = 5 As = the𝑘𝑘
⟹ 𝑥𝑥 =
speed of 3𝑆𝑆2+is𝜆𝜆;3 times
𝑦𝑦 = −1 + 2of𝜆𝜆;𝑆𝑆1 ⟹
that + 𝑘𝑘𝑘𝑘
)
30
3 1
5
⟹ 𝐫𝐫𝟐𝟐 = (−1) + 𝜆𝜆 ( 2 ) [2]
Vector equation for the journey of 𝑆𝑆2 , setting off 𝑘𝑘 minutes later is therefore:
5 𝑘𝑘−60
70
𝐫𝐫𝟐𝟐 = ( ) + (𝑡𝑡 − 𝑘𝑘) ( ). [2]
30 30
If the line is contained within the plane, then the normal vector of the plane and
Solving 𝐫𝐫𝟏𝟏 = 𝐫𝐫𝟐𝟐 :
the10direction
70 vector of the−60
line are perpendicular, meaning that their dot product
𝑡𝑡 ( ) = ( ) + (𝑡𝑡 − 𝑘𝑘) ( ) [1]
20 30 30
is zero: [1]
⟹ 10𝑡𝑡 = 70 + (𝑡𝑡 − 𝑘𝑘)(−60)
3 1
and
( 2 ) • ( 30
20𝑡𝑡 =5
) =+3(𝑡𝑡+−5𝑘𝑘)(30)
− 𝑘𝑘 = 0 [1]
2
−1 𝑘𝑘
⟹ 70𝑡𝑡 − 60𝑘𝑘 = 70
∴ 𝑘𝑘 =
and 8 + 30𝑘𝑘 = 30
−10𝑡𝑡 [1]
[1]
[6 marks]
13 28
Solving simultaneously, gives 𝑡𝑡 = 5
, 𝑘𝑘 = 15
3−𝑦𝑦
𝑥𝑥 =𝑡𝑡 =2 2 =
2. ⟹ hours
𝑧𝑧 − 136⟹mins,
𝑥𝑥 =𝑘𝑘𝜆𝜆;= 1𝑦𝑦 hour
= 3 −522𝜆𝜆;
mins𝑧𝑧 = 1 + 𝜆𝜆 [1]
1
0 1
⟹ 𝐫𝐫𝟏𝟏 = (3) + 𝜆𝜆 (−2) [1]
∴ latest time is 11:52. [1]
1 1

4. 𝑥𝑥−2
𝐫𝐫 = −3𝐢𝐢
𝑦𝑦+1+ 4𝐤𝐤 + 𝜆𝜆(2𝐢𝐢 + 2𝐣𝐣 − 𝐤𝐤)
𝑧𝑧−3
3
= −3
=
−3 5
⟹ 2𝑥𝑥 = 2 + 3𝜇𝜇; 𝑦𝑦 = −1 − 3𝜇𝜇; 𝑧𝑧 = 3 + 5𝜇𝜇
⟺ 𝐫𝐫 = ( 02) + 𝜆𝜆 ( 23)
⟹ 𝐫𝐫𝟐𝟐 = (4 −1) + 𝜇𝜇 (−1
−3) [1]
⟺ 𝑥𝑥 = −33+ 2𝜆𝜆; 𝑦𝑦 =52𝜆𝜆; 𝑧𝑧 = 4 − 𝜆𝜆 [1]

The normal vector of the plane is the same as the cross product of the direction
vectors of both lines. [1] 1

1 3 (−2)(5) − (1)(– 3) −7
 𝑥𝑥−2 𝑦𝑦+1 𝑧𝑧−3
3
= −3
= 5
⟹ 𝑥𝑥 = 2 + 3𝜇𝜇; 𝑦𝑦 = −1 − 3𝜇𝜇; 𝑧𝑧 = 3 + 5𝜇𝜇
2 3
⟹ 𝐫𝐫𝟐𝟐 = (−1) + 𝜇𝜇 (−3) [1]
3 5

1
d. normal
The vector
P(𝐴𝐴|𝐵𝐵) A1 A1
= of the plane is the same as the cross product of the direction
10
vectors of both lines. [1]
[7]
1 3 (−2)(5) − (1)(– 3) −7
(−2) × (−3) = ( (1)(3) − (1)(5) ) = (−2) [1]
7. a. P(𝑊𝑊) = 0.65 × 0.83 + 0.35 × 0.26 = 0.6305 M1 A1 A1
1 5 (1)(−3) − (−2)(3) 3
b. ′)
P(𝑊𝑊 = 0.3695 M1

0.65×0.17
P(𝐻𝐻|𝑊𝑊′) = 0.3695
= 0.2991 M1 A2
0 2
Using 𝐫𝐫 • 𝐧𝐧 = 𝐚𝐚 • 𝐧𝐧, with 𝐚𝐚 equal to either of the two known points (3) or (−1):
1 3 [7]

4. a. 𝑝𝑝−7 −7; 𝑟𝑟 = 0.1

= 0.2 ;0 𝑞𝑞 = 0.4 A1 A1 A1
⟹ 𝐫𝐫 • (−2) = (3) • (−2) [1]
2
b. P(𝐴𝐴|𝐵𝐵′)
3 =1 3 M1 A1
3
−7
c. 𝐫𝐫 • (P(𝐴𝐴|𝐵𝐵′)
⟹ −2) = −3 ≠ P(A) or equivalent method A2 [1]
3
⟹ −7𝑥𝑥 − 2𝑦𝑦 + 3𝑧𝑧 = −3 [7]

8. ∴a.7𝑥𝑥 + 2𝑦𝑦
Let−P(𝑣𝑣𝑣𝑣𝑣𝑣𝑣𝑣)
3𝑧𝑧 = 3 = x [1]
P(𝑣𝑣𝑣𝑣𝑣𝑣𝑐𝑐 ′ ) = 1 − x A1 [7 marks]

5. 0.1𝑥𝑥 + 0.3(1 − 𝑥𝑥) = 0.22 M1 A1

End of Unit 5 Test Solutions

a. Substituting in 𝑃𝑃(2 1, 6) into Π:
Section B: In⟹ =5(2)
xsection − 3(1)
P(𝑣𝑣𝑣𝑣𝑣𝑣𝑣𝑣)
B= −all
on0.4(6)questions
=1 A1
you can use a calculator.

b. ⟹ 1 = |1𝑣𝑣𝑣𝑣𝑣𝑣𝑣𝑣𝑣𝑣) = 0.4×0.1 = 2
P(𝑣𝑣𝑣𝑣𝑣𝑣𝑣𝑣 M1 A1 A1
3. Vector equation for the journey 0.22 of 11
𝑆𝑆1:
10
). lies in Π.
𝐫𝐫𝟏𝟏 = 𝑡𝑡 ( ∴ 𝑃𝑃 [7]
20
[1]
2 1 1
9. a. P(𝑅𝑅𝑅𝑅)Note:
= ×If 𝑆𝑆= M1 A1
4 2 is
10to travel the ‘shortest distance possible’,
2
5
the direction vector of 𝑆𝑆2 should be perpendicular to the
4 3 2
b. P(𝑅𝑅𝑅𝑅)direction
= × vector
= of 𝑆𝑆1 . M1 A1
𝑛𝑛+4 𝑛𝑛+3 15

𝑛𝑛 = 6* ∴ the dotgiven:
answer product
anyshould be zero.
convincing ⟹ a of
method direction
solutionvectorM1
−20
of ( ) as 𝑆𝑆2 needs to be moving left to intercept 𝑆𝑆1 .
110 1 2 2 3 8 11
c. P(𝑅𝑅𝑅𝑅) = 3 × 10 + 3 × 15 = 90 + 90 = 90 −60 M1 A1
As the speed of 𝑆𝑆2 is 3 times that of 𝑆𝑆1 ⟹ ( )
30
1
1 90 3
d. P(𝐴𝐴|𝑅𝑅𝑅𝑅) = 30
11 =
30
× 11 = 11 M1 A1 A1
Vector equation for 90 the journey of 𝑆𝑆2 , setting off 𝑘𝑘 minutes later is therefore:
70 −60
𝐫𝐫𝟐𝟐 = ( ) + (𝑡𝑡 − 𝑘𝑘) ( ). [2]
[10]
30 30

5. 0.1 + 0.1 + 0.25 + 0.3 + 𝑎𝑎𝑎𝑎𝑎𝑎𝑎𝑎𝑎𝑎𝑎𝑎𝑎𝑎𝑎𝑎𝑎𝑎𝑎𝑎𝑎𝑎𝑎𝑎𝑎𝑎𝑎𝑎𝑎𝑎𝑎𝑎𝑎𝑎𝑎𝑎𝑎𝑎𝑎𝑎𝑎𝑎𝑎𝑎𝑎𝑎𝑎𝑎𝑎𝑎𝑎𝑎5 M1 A1

Solving 𝐫𝐫𝟏𝟏 = 𝐫𝐫𝟐𝟐 :
1 × 0.1 + 2 × 0.25 + 3 × 0.3 + 4𝑎𝑎 + 5𝑏𝑏 = 2.6 ⇒ 4𝑎𝑎 + 5𝑏𝑏 = 1.1 M1 A1
10 70 −60
𝑡𝑡 ( ) = ( ) + (𝑡𝑡 − 𝑘𝑘) ( ) [1]
20 30 30

⟹ 10𝑡𝑡 = 70 + (𝑡𝑡 − 𝑘𝑘)(−60) 2

and 20𝑡𝑡 = 30 + (𝑡𝑡 − 𝑘𝑘)(30)

 70 −60
𝐫𝐫𝟐𝟐 = ( ) + (𝑡𝑡 − 𝑘𝑘) ( ). [2]
30
Solving 𝐫𝐫𝟏𝟏 = 𝐫𝐫𝟐𝟐 : 30
10 70 −60
( ) =𝐫𝐫( = )𝐫𝐫 +: (𝑡𝑡 − 𝑘𝑘) (
𝑡𝑡Solving ) [1]
20 𝟏𝟏 30 𝟐𝟐 30
10 70 −60
𝑡𝑡 ( ) = ( ) + (𝑡𝑡1− 𝑘𝑘) ( ) [1]
20
d. 10𝑡𝑡 =
⟹ 30
P(𝐴𝐴|𝐵𝐵) = − 𝑘𝑘)(−60)
70 + (𝑡𝑡 30 A1 A1
10
and 20𝑡𝑡 = 30 + (𝑡𝑡 − 𝑘𝑘)(30)
⟹ 10𝑡𝑡 = 70 + (𝑡𝑡 − 𝑘𝑘)(−60) [7]
and 20𝑡𝑡 = 30 + (𝑡𝑡 − 𝑘𝑘)(30)
⟹ 70𝑡𝑡 − 60𝑘𝑘 = 70
7. and
2. a. −10𝑡𝑡
3−𝑦𝑦 + 30𝑘𝑘 = 30
𝑥𝑥 =70𝑡𝑡 P(𝑊𝑊)
= 𝑧𝑧 −=1 0.65⟹ × 𝑥𝑥 0.83
= 𝜆𝜆; +𝑦𝑦0.35
= 3× −0.26
2𝜆𝜆; =𝑧𝑧 0.6305
= 1 + 𝜆𝜆 M1 A1 A1 [1]
⟹ 2 − 60𝑘𝑘 = 70
0 ′ 1
b. 𝐫𝐫−10𝑡𝑡
and
⟹ = P(𝑊𝑊
(3+)30𝑘𝑘) (
+= 𝜆𝜆 =0.3695
30) M1 [1]
[1]
−2
Solving simultaneously, gives 𝑡𝑡 = 5 , 𝑘𝑘 = 15
𝟏𝟏 13 28
1 10.65×0.17
hours 36=mins,
⟹ 𝑡𝑡 = 2P(𝐻𝐻|𝑊𝑊′) hour
𝑘𝑘 ==10.29911352 mins28 M1 A2 [1]
Solving simultaneously, 0.3695gives 𝑡𝑡 = 5 , 𝑘𝑘 = 15
𝑥𝑥−2 𝑦𝑦+1 𝑧𝑧−3
= 2 hours= ⟹ 𝑥𝑥 = 2 + 3𝜇𝜇; 𝑦𝑦 = −1 − 3𝜇𝜇; 𝑧𝑧 = 3 + 5𝜇𝜇 [1]
⟹ 3 𝑡𝑡 = −3 5 36 mins, 𝑘𝑘 = 1 hour 52 mins [7]
∴ latest time is 11:52. [1]
2 3
⟹ 𝐫𝐫𝟐𝟐 = (−1) + 𝜇𝜇 (−3) [1]
[6 marks]
4. ∴a.latest 𝑝𝑝 = 0.2
time ; 𝑞𝑞 = 0.4 ; 𝑟𝑟 = 0.1
is 11:52. A1 A1 A1 [1]
3 5
4. 𝐫𝐫 = −3𝐢𝐢 + 4𝐤𝐤 + 𝜆𝜆(2𝐢𝐢 + 2𝐣𝐣 − 𝐤𝐤)
b. −3
P(𝐴𝐴|𝐵𝐵′) = 2
2
M1 A1
4. ⟺𝐫𝐫 =𝐫𝐫−3𝐢𝐢 (
= +04𝐤𝐤+ ) (
+𝜆𝜆𝜆𝜆(32𝐢𝐢2 )2𝐣𝐣 − 𝐤𝐤)
The normal vector of +the plane is the same as the cross product of the direction
−34 −12
vectors
⟺c. 𝐫𝐫𝑥𝑥 = ( of0both + lines.
P(𝐴𝐴|𝐵𝐵′)
−3 𝜆𝜆≠(𝑦𝑦P(A)
+) 2𝜆𝜆; =)
2 2𝜆𝜆; 𝑧𝑧 = or
4 −equivalent
𝜆𝜆 method A2 [1]
[1]
4 −1
⟺1𝑥𝑥 = −3 3+ 2𝜆𝜆; 𝑦𝑦(= −22𝜆𝜆;
)(5)𝑧𝑧−=(14)−
(–𝜆𝜆3) [7]
[1]
−7
(−2) × (−3) = ( (1)(3) −2(1)(5) ) = (2−2) [1]
8. |a.
𝐴𝐴𝐴𝐴 | = √((−3
Let + 2𝜆𝜆) − (−3)) + ((2𝜆𝜆) − 0) + ((4 − 𝜆𝜆) − (4))2 = 10 [1]
1 5P(𝑣𝑣𝑣𝑣𝑣𝑣𝑣𝑣)(1=)(x−3) − (−2)(3) 3
⟹ √(2𝜆𝜆) 2 + (2𝜆𝜆)′ ) 2 + (−𝜆𝜆)2 = 10
P(𝑣𝑣𝑣𝑣𝑣𝑣𝑐𝑐 = 1 − x A1
⟹ √9𝜆𝜆2 = 10 [1]
0.1𝑥𝑥
10 + 0.3(1 − 𝑥𝑥) = 0.22 M1 A1
⟹ 𝜆𝜆 = ± 3 0 2 [1]
Using 𝐫𝐫x• =
𝐧𝐧 = 𝐚𝐚 • 𝐧𝐧, with
P(𝑣𝑣𝑣𝑣𝑣𝑣𝑣𝑣) = 0.4𝐚𝐚 equal to either of the two known points (3
A1) or (−1):
1 3
10 0.4×0.1 2 10 10 10
b. −7 in |𝜆𝜆𝑣𝑣𝑣𝑣𝑣𝑣𝑣𝑣𝑣𝑣)
P(𝑣𝑣𝑣𝑣𝑣𝑣𝑣𝑣
Substituting 0= 3 ⟹ = = −3=+112 ( ) ; 𝑦𝑦 = 2 ( ) ; 𝑧𝑧 = 4 − ( )M1 A1 A1
−7𝑥𝑥0.22 3 3 3
⟹ 𝐫𝐫 • (−2) = (3) • (−2) [1]
11 20 3 2 1 3 [7]
∴ 𝑃𝑃 ( 3 ,−7
3 3
, ) or [1]
⟹ 𝐫𝐫 • (−2) = −3 2 1 1 [1]
9. a. P(𝑅𝑅𝑅𝑅) = × 10 = 10 10 M1 A110
3 5 4 10
Substituting in 𝜆𝜆 = − ⟹ 𝑥𝑥 = −3 + 2 (− ) ; 𝑦𝑦 = 2 (− ) ; 𝑧𝑧 = 4 − (− ) [1]
3 3 3 3
⟹ −7𝑥𝑥 − 2𝑦𝑦 + 3𝑧𝑧 = −3
4 3 2
b. 29P(𝑅𝑅𝑅𝑅)
20 = 22𝑛𝑛+4 × 𝑛𝑛+3 = 15 M1 A1
∴ 𝑃𝑃 (− 3 , − 3 , 3 )
∴ 7𝑥𝑥 + 2𝑦𝑦
𝑛𝑛 =− 6*
3𝑧𝑧 answer
=3 given: any convincing method of solution M1 [1]
[6 marks]
1 1 23 2 3 8 11
1. c.
3𝑥𝑥 + 2𝑦𝑦P(𝑅𝑅𝑅𝑅)
− 𝑧𝑧 = = 2⟺ 3
× 𝐫𝐫𝟏𝟏
10 • +
( × 15==290 + 90 = 90
32 )
M1 A1 [1]
5. −1
a. Substituting 1in 𝑃𝑃(2 1, 6) into Π:
1 90 3
d. P(𝐴𝐴|𝑅𝑅𝑅𝑅)
⟹ −=3(1)
5(2) 𝑧𝑧−5
2𝑦𝑦+2 11 =− (6)
30
× 11
== 1 11 5 M1 A1 A1
𝑥𝑥 − 3 = = 90
⟹ 30𝑥𝑥 = 3 + 𝜆𝜆; 𝑦𝑦 = −1 + 𝜆𝜆; 𝑧𝑧 = 5 + 𝑘𝑘𝑘𝑘
5 𝑘𝑘 2

⟹ 31 = 1 1
⟹ 𝐫𝐫𝟐𝟐 = (−1) + 𝜆𝜆 ( 2 )
5 [10]
[2]
∴ 𝑃𝑃5lies in Π.
5. 0.1 + 0.1 + 0.25 + 0.3𝑘𝑘+ 𝑎𝑎𝑎𝑎𝑎𝑎𝑎𝑎𝑎𝑎𝑎𝑎𝑎𝑎𝑎𝑎𝑎𝑎𝑎𝑎𝑎𝑎𝑎𝑎𝑎𝑎𝑎𝑎𝑎𝑎𝑎𝑎𝑎𝑎𝑎𝑎𝑎𝑎𝑎𝑎𝑎𝑎𝑎𝑎𝑎𝑎𝑎𝑎𝑎𝑎𝑎𝑎5 M1 A1
1 × 0.1 + 2 × 0.25 + 3 × 0.3 + 4𝑎𝑎 + 5𝑏𝑏 = 2.6 ⇒ 4𝑎𝑎 + 5𝑏𝑏 = 1.1 M1 A1 [1]
2
If the line is contained within the plane, then the normal vector of the plane and

the direction vector of the line are perpendicular, meaning that their dot product
3
is zero: [1]
 (7) − (2) 5
⃗⃗⃗⃗⃗ = ((−1) − (1)) = (−2)
b. 𝑃𝑃𝑃𝑃
(2) − (6) −4
5
5𝑥𝑥 − 3𝑦𝑦 − 𝑧𝑧 = 1 ⟺ 𝐫𝐫 • (−3) = 1
−1

Angle between (𝑃𝑃𝑃𝑃) and Π is complimentary (sum of 90) with the angle
between the normal vector of Π and the vector ⃗⃗⃗⃗⃗
𝑃𝑃𝑃𝑃.
[1]

5 5
(−2) •(−3)
−4 −1 35
cos 𝜃𝜃 = =
√52+(−2)2+(−4)2√52 +(−3)2 +(−1)2 √1575

[1]

⟹ 𝜃𝜃 = 28.1

∴ 90 − 28.1 = 61.9

[1]

c. Distance from a point to a plane is the distance that is perpendicular to the

plane. Using 𝑄𝑄 and the normal vector from Π, gives the equation of the line
that is perpendicular to Π and goes through 𝑄𝑄:
7 5
⟹ 𝐫𝐫 = (−1) + 𝜆𝜆 (−3) ⟹ 𝑥𝑥 = 7 + 5𝜆𝜆; 𝑦𝑦 = −1 − 3𝜆𝜆; 𝑧𝑧 = 2 − 𝜆𝜆
2 −1
[1]

This line intersects Π when:

5(7 + 5𝜆𝜆) − 3(−1 − 3𝜆𝜆) − (2 − 𝜆𝜆) = 1

⟹ 𝜆𝜆 = −1
[2]

∴ 𝐫𝐫 intersects Π at point 𝑋𝑋:

𝑥𝑥 = 7 + 5(−1); 𝑦𝑦 = −1 − 3(−1); 𝑧𝑧 = 2 + (−1)

4
 ⟹ (2, 2, 3)
[1]

The distance 𝑋𝑋𝑋𝑋 is given by:

|𝑋𝑋𝑄𝑄| = √(7 − 2)2 + (−1 − 2)2 + (2 − 3)2 = √35

[1]
[9 marks]

6.
0 4
a. 𝐫𝐫𝟐𝟐 = (5) + 𝜇𝜇 (−4) ⟺ 𝑥𝑥 = 4𝜇𝜇; 𝑦𝑦 = 5 − 4𝜇𝜇; 𝑧𝑧 = 1 + 𝜇𝜇
1 1
[1]
Substituting in 𝐴𝐴(4, 1, 2):

⟹ 4 = 4𝜇𝜇; 1 = 5 − 4𝜇𝜇; 2 = 1 + 𝜇𝜇
[1]

⟹ 𝜇𝜇 = 1

As 𝜇𝜇 is consistent across all three parametric equations, 𝐴𝐴(4, 1, 2) is on line 𝑞𝑞.

[1]

b. |𝐴𝐴𝐴𝐴| = √(4 − 0)2 + (1 − 5)2 + (2 − 1)2 = √33

[2]
c. The angle between 𝑝𝑝 and 𝑞𝑞 is equivalent to the angle between the respective
direction vectors.
2 4
(−1) •(−4)
3 1 15
cos 𝜃𝜃 = =
√22+(−1)2+32 √42 +(−4)2 +12 √462

[2]

⟹ 𝜃𝜃 = 45.7°
[1]

5
 d. In the diagram, the shortest distance from point 𝐵𝐵 to line 𝑝𝑝 is the
d. In the diagram,distance
perpendicular the shortest
𝐵𝐵𝐵𝐵. distance from point 𝐵𝐵 to line 𝑝𝑝 is the
perpendicular distance 𝐵𝐵𝐵𝐵.

𝐵𝐵𝐵𝐵
Angle 𝐵𝐵𝐵𝐵𝐵𝐵 = 45.7441°, 𝐴𝐴𝐴𝐴 = √33 ⟹ sin 45.7411° = 𝐵𝐵𝐵𝐵
Angle 𝐵𝐵𝐵𝐵𝐵𝐵 = 45.7441°, 𝐴𝐴𝐴𝐴 = √33 ⟹ sin 45.7411° = √33
√33
[2]
[2]

∴ 𝐵𝐵𝐵𝐵 = 4.11 [1]

∴ 𝐵𝐵𝐵𝐵 = 4.11 [1]
[10 marks]

7.
7. −3 2
a. 𝐫𝐫𝟏𝟏 = (−3 2 ) ⟺ 𝑥𝑥 = −3 + 2𝜆𝜆; 𝑦𝑦 = 3 − 𝜆𝜆; 𝑧𝑧 = 18 − 8𝜆𝜆
3 ) + 𝜆𝜆 (−1
a. 𝐫𝐫𝟏𝟏 = ( 18
3 ) + 𝜆𝜆 (−1
−8) ⟺ 𝑥𝑥 = −3 + 2𝜆𝜆; 𝑦𝑦 = 3 − 𝜆𝜆; 𝑧𝑧 = 18 − 8𝜆𝜆
518 1−8
5) + 𝜇𝜇 ( 1
𝐫𝐫𝟐𝟐 = (0 1 ) ⟺ 𝑥𝑥 = 5 + 𝜇𝜇; 𝑦𝑦 = 𝜇𝜇; 𝑧𝑧 = 2 − 𝜇𝜇
𝐫𝐫𝟐𝟐 = (2
0) + 𝜇𝜇 (−11 ) ⟺ 𝑥𝑥 = 5 + 𝜇𝜇; 𝑦𝑦 = 𝜇𝜇; 𝑧𝑧 = 2 − 𝜇𝜇
2 −1

⟹ (1) : − 3 + 2𝜆𝜆 = 5 + 𝜇𝜇
⟹ (1) : − 3 + 2𝜆𝜆 = 5 + 𝜇𝜇
⟹ (2): 3 − 𝜆𝜆 = 𝜇𝜇
⟹ (2): 3 − 𝜆𝜆 = 𝜇𝜇
⟹ (3): 18 − 8𝜆𝜆 = 2 − 𝜇𝜇
⟹ (3): 18 − 8𝜆𝜆 = 2 − 𝜇𝜇
[1]
[1]

5
5

6
 Substituting (2) into (1):

⟹ −3 + 2𝜆𝜆 = 5 + (3 − 𝜆𝜆)

11
⟹ 𝜆𝜆 = 3

11 2
∴ 𝜇𝜇 = 3 − ( 3 ) = − 3
[2]

Check for consistency in (3):

11 2
⟹ 18 − 8 ( ) = 2 − (− )
3 3
34 8
⟹− 3
≠3
[1]

As 𝜇𝜇 and 𝜆𝜆 are not consistent across all three equations, the lines do not
intersect. [1]

b.
i. 𝐫𝐫𝟏𝟏 : 𝑥𝑥 = −3 + 2𝜆𝜆; 𝑦𝑦 = 3 − 𝜆𝜆; 𝑧𝑧 = 18 − 8𝜆𝜆
𝐫𝐫𝟐𝟐 : 𝑥𝑥 = 5 + 𝜇𝜇; 𝑦𝑦 = 𝜇𝜇; 𝑧𝑧 = 2 − 𝜇𝜇

⟹ 𝑃𝑃(−3 + 2𝜆𝜆, 3 − 𝜆𝜆, 18 − 8𝜆𝜆) and 𝑄𝑄(5 + 𝜇𝜇, 𝜇𝜇, 2 − 𝜇𝜇)

(5 + 𝜇𝜇) (−3 + 2𝜆𝜆) 𝜇𝜇 − 2𝜆𝜆 + 8

∴ ⃗⃗⃗⃗⃗
𝑃𝑃𝑃𝑃 = ( 𝜇𝜇 − (3 − 𝜆𝜆) ) = ( 𝜇𝜇 + 𝜆𝜆 − 3 )
(2 − 𝜇𝜇) (18 − 8𝜆𝜆) −𝜇𝜇 + 8𝜆𝜆 − 16
[2]

⃗⃗⃗⃗⃗ is perpendicular to the direction vector of 𝑚𝑚, meaning that their dot
ii. 𝑃𝑃𝑃𝑃
product is zero:

7
 2 𝜇𝜇 − 2𝜆𝜆 + 8
2 ) • ( 𝜇𝜇𝜇𝜇−+2𝜆𝜆
⟹ (−1 𝜆𝜆 −+38 ) = 0
⟹ (−1) • ( 𝜇𝜇 + 𝜆𝜆 −−316) = 0
−8 −𝜇𝜇 + 8𝜆𝜆
−8 −𝜇𝜇 + 8𝜆𝜆 − 16
⟹ (2𝜇𝜇 − 4𝜆𝜆 + 16) + (−𝜇𝜇 − 𝜆𝜆 + 3) + (8𝜇𝜇 − 64𝜆𝜆 + 128) = 0
⟹ (2𝜇𝜇 − 4𝜆𝜆 + 16) + (−𝜇𝜇 − 𝜆𝜆 + 3) + (8𝜇𝜇 − 64𝜆𝜆 + 128) = 0
⟹ 9𝜇𝜇 − 69𝜆𝜆 + 147 = 0
⟹ 9𝜇𝜇 − 69𝜆𝜆 + 147 = 0 [2]
[2]
⃗⃗⃗⃗⃗ is perpendicular to the direction vector of 𝑛𝑛, meaning that their dot
iii. 𝑃𝑃𝑃𝑃
iii. product is zero:
⃗⃗⃗⃗⃗ is perpendicular
𝑃𝑃𝑃𝑃 to the direction vector of 𝑛𝑛, meaning that their dot
1
product is zero: 𝜇𝜇 − 2𝜆𝜆 +8
⟹( 1 1 ) • ( 𝜇𝜇𝜇𝜇−+2𝜆𝜆
𝜆𝜆 −+38 ) = 0
⟹ ( 1 ) • ( 𝜇𝜇 + 𝜆𝜆 −−316) = 0
−1 −𝜇𝜇 + 8𝜆𝜆
−1 −𝜇𝜇 + 8𝜆𝜆 − 16
⟹ (𝜇𝜇 − 2𝜆𝜆 + 8) + (𝜇𝜇 + 𝜆𝜆 − 3) + (𝜇𝜇 − 8𝜆𝜆 + 16) = 0
⟹ (𝜇𝜇 − 2𝜆𝜆 + 8) + (𝜇𝜇 + 𝜆𝜆 − 3) + (𝜇𝜇 − 8𝜆𝜆 + 16) = 0
⟹ 3𝜇𝜇 − 9𝜆𝜆 + 21 = 0
⟹ 3𝜇𝜇 − 9𝜆𝜆 + 21 = 0 [1]
[1]
iv. Solving 9𝜇𝜇 − 69𝜆𝜆 + 147 = 0 and 3𝜇𝜇 − 9𝜆𝜆 + 21 = 0 simultaneously:
iv. SolvingMultiplying
9𝜇𝜇 − 69𝜆𝜆 +the147second equation
= 0 and 3𝜇𝜇 − 9𝜆𝜆by
+321gives:
= 0 simultaneously:
Multiplying
⟹ 9𝜇𝜇 − 69𝜆𝜆the second
+ 147 = 0 equation by 3 gives:
⟹ 9𝜇𝜇9𝜇𝜇−−69𝜆𝜆
27𝜆𝜆++14763 = 0
Subtracting gives:
9𝜇𝜇 − 27𝜆𝜆 + 63 = 0
Subtracting
⟹ −42𝜆𝜆 + 84 gives:
=0
⟹ = 2 and
∴ 𝜆𝜆−42𝜆𝜆 + 84𝜇𝜇 =
= 0−1 [2]
∴ 𝜆𝜆 = 2 and 𝜇𝜇 = −1 [2]
Using parametric forms of each line:
Using parametric forms of each line:
𝐫𝐫𝟏𝟏 : 𝑥𝑥 = −3 + 2𝜆𝜆; 𝑦𝑦 = 3 − 𝜆𝜆; 𝑧𝑧 = 18 − 8𝜆𝜆
𝐫𝐫𝟏𝟏 : 𝑥𝑥 = −3 + 2𝜆𝜆; 𝑦𝑦 = 3 − 𝜆𝜆; 𝑧𝑧 = 18 − 8𝜆𝜆
⟹ 𝑃𝑃(1, 1, 2) [1]
⟹ 𝑃𝑃(1, 1, 2) [1]
𝐫𝐫𝟐𝟐 : 𝑥𝑥 = 5 + 𝜇𝜇; 𝑦𝑦 = 𝜇𝜇; 𝑧𝑧 = 2 − 𝜇𝜇
𝐫𝐫𝟐𝟐 : 𝑥𝑥 = 5 + 𝜇𝜇; 𝑦𝑦 = 𝜇𝜇; 𝑧𝑧 = 2 − 𝜇𝜇
⟹ 𝑄𝑄(4, −1, 3) [1]
⟹ 𝑄𝑄(4, −1, 3) [1]
v. The shortest distance is |𝑃𝑃𝑃𝑃|
v.|𝑃𝑃𝑃𝑃
The | =shortest 2 + (1 − (−1))
√(1 − 4)distance is |𝑃𝑃𝑃𝑃|2 + (2 − 3)2 = √14 [2]
|𝑃𝑃𝑃𝑃| = √(1 − 4)2 + (1 − (−1))2 + (2 − 3)2 = √14 [2]
Total [16
[60marks]
marks]
Total [60 marks]
7