Rommel S.

Diata January 22, 2024

BSHM 1-2 PurCom OOA #2

1. Communication principles and ethics (discuss/explain in your own understanding

each principle and ethics).

Communication is a complex and multifaceted phenomenon that affects all aspects of our
lives. In this essay, I will discuss and explain in my own understanding each principle
and ethics of communication.

• Communication is integrated into all parts of our lives. This means that we
communicate in different situations, roles, relationships, and contexts.
Communication is not something that we do only in specific settings, but rather
something that we do constantly and continuously. Communication shapes our
identity, our interactions, our emotions, and our outcomes.
• Communication meets needs. This means that we communicate for various
purposes and goals, such as to inform, persuade, entertain, relate, or influence.
Communication helps us to satisfy our physical, social, psychological, and
spiritual needs. Communication also helps us to cope with challenges, solve
problems, and make decisions.
• Communication is a process. This means that communication is not a static or
fixed event, but rather a dynamic and ongoing activity. Communication involves
multiple elements, such as the sender, the receiver, the message, the channel, the
feedback, the noise, and the context. Communication also involves multiple
stages, such as planning, encoding, transmitting, receiving, decoding, interpreting,
responding, and evaluating.
• Communication is guided by culture and context. This means that
communication is influenced by the values, beliefs, norms, and practices of the
people involved. Communication also varies depending on the situation, the
environment, the time, and the purpose. Communication requires awareness of
cultural and contextual differences and similarities.
• Communication is learned. This means that communication is not an innate or
natural ability, but rather a skill that can be acquired and improved.
Communication is based on knowledge, experience, observation, and feedback.
Communication can be taught and learned through formal and informal education.
• Communication has ethical implications. This means that communication
involves moral choices and responsibilities. Communication can have positive or
negative effects on ourselves and others. Communication can be used for good or
evil purposes. Communication requires respect, honesty, fairness, and
accountability.
 Communication ethics are the principles that guide our communication behavior. There
are three main types of communication ethics: ethos, pathos, and logos.

• Ethos is the ethical appeal based on the credibility and character of the speaker.
Ethos involves establishing trustworthiness, competence, authority, and goodwill
with the audience.
• Pathos is the emotional appeal based on the feelings and values of the audience.
Pathos involves arousing emotions such as pity, fear, anger, joy, or sympathy in
the audience.
• Logos is the logical appeal based on the facts and reasoning of the message.
Logos involves providing evidence, arguments, claims, and warrants to support
the message.

2. Illustrate the communication processes through a diagram.

➢ Transmission Model
The transmission model of communication describes communication as a
linear, one-way process in which a sender intentionally transmits a message to a
receiver This model focuses on the sender and message within a communication
encounter.
➢ Interaction Model
The interaction model of communication describes communication as a
process in which participants alternate positions as sender and receiver and
generate meaning by sending messages and receiving feedback within physical
and psychological contexts. Rather than illustrating communication as a linear,
one-way process, the interaction model incorporates feedback, which makes
communication a more interactive, two-way process.

➢ Transaction Model
The transaction model of communication describes communication as a
process in which communicators generate social realities within social, relational,
and cultural contexts. In this model, we don’t just communicate to exchange
messages; we communicate to create relationships, form intercultural alliances,
shape our self-concepts, and engage with others in dialogue to create
communities. In short, we don’t communicate about our realities; communication
helps to construct our realities.
3. Reflection

Cultural identity is the sense of belonging to a group that shares common values,
beliefs, and traditions. It can influence how we communicate with others and how we
perceive ourselves. Some things that I need to start, stop, and continue doing in relation
to cultural identity are:

- Start: I need to start learning more about the cultural backgrounds of the people I
interact with, and respect their differences and preferences. I also need to start being more
aware of my own cultural biases and assumptions, and how they might affect my
communication style and expectations.
- Stop: I need to stop making generalizations or stereotypes about people based on their
cultural identity, and avoid using offensive or insensitive language or gestures. I also
need to stop imposing my own cultural norms or values on others, and recognize that
there is no one right way of communicating or behaving.
- Continue: I need to continue being open-minded and curious about other cultures, and
seek opportunities to engage in intercultural dialogue and exchange. I also need to
continue celebrating and expressing my own cultural identity, and appreciate the diversity
and richness that it brings to my life.

Racial identity is the sense of belonging to a group that shares common physical
characteristics, such as skin color, hair texture, or facial features. It can influence how we
are treated by others and how we view ourselves. Some things that I need to start, stop,
and continue doing in relation to racial identity are:

- Start: I need to start acknowledging and confronting the racism and discrimination that
exist in our society, and take action to challenge them. I also need to start educating
myself about the history and experiences of different racial groups, and their
contributions and struggles.
- Stop: I need to stop ignoring or denying the impact of race on our lives, and pretending
that we live in a colorblind world. I also need to stop judging people based on their race,
or making assumptions about their abilities, interests, or personalities.
- Continue: I need to continue embracing and celebrating my own racial identity, and
being proud of who I am. I also need to continue supporting and respecting the racial
identities of others, and recognizing the value and beauty of diversity.

Ethnic identity is the sense of belonging to a group that shares common ancestry,
language, religion, or culture. It can influence how we connect with others and how we
express ourselves. Some things that I need to start, stop, and continue doing in relation to
ethnic identity are:
- Start: I need to start exploring and understanding my own ethnic roots, and how they
have shaped my identity and worldview. I also need to start appreciating and learning
from the ethnic diversity around me, and how it enriches our society.
- Stop: I need to stop hiding or suppressing my own ethnic identity, or feeling ashamed
or embarrassed by it. I also need to stop discriminating or excluding others based on their
ethnic identity, or expecting them to assimilate or conform to the dominant culture.
- Continue: I need to continue expressing and celebrating my own ethnic identity, and
sharing it with others. I also need to continue respecting and valuing the ethnic identities
of others, and acknowledging their uniqueness and complexity.

Gender identity is the sense of belonging to a group that shares common gender
characteristics, such as male, female, or non-binary. It can influence how we behave, feel,
and think. Some things that I need to start, stop, and continue doing in relation to gender
identity are:

- Start: I need to start recognizing and affirming the diversity of gender identities that
exist in our society, and supporting the rights and dignity of all people regardless of their
gender identity. I also need to start challenging the gender stereotypes and norms that
limit our potential and expression.
- Stop: I need to stop assuming or imposing a binary or fixed gender identity on myself
or others, or using gender as a basis for discrimination or harassment. I also need to stop
reinforcing or tolerating the gender inequality and violence that harm our society.
- Continue: I need to continue exploring and embracing my own gender identity, and
being authentic and confident in who I am. I also need to continue respecting and
celebrating the gender identities of others, and appreciating their diversity.

Individual personalities are the unique combinations of traits, preferences, motivations,

emotions, values, etc., that make us who we are as individuals. They can influence how
we interact with others and how we cope with situations. Some things that I need to start,
stop, and continue doing in relation to individual personalities are:

- Start: I need to start being more self-aware and reflective about my own personality,
and how it affects my communication and behavior. I also need to start being more
attentive and empathetic to the personalities of others, and how they might differ from
mine.
- Stop: I need to stop being too rigid or inflexible in my personality, or resisting change
or growth. I also need to stop being too judgmental or critical of the personalities of
others, or imposing my standards, or expectations on them.
- Continue: I need to continue being true and honest to my own personality, and
expressing it with confidence and integrity. I also need to continue being respectful and
appreciative of the personalities of others, and recognizing their strengths and potentials.