Professional Documents
Culture Documents
Ciad257 Supplementary Data
Ciad257 Supplementary Data
Efficacy of cognitive behavioral therapy targeting severe fatigue following COVID-19: results of a
randomized controlled trial
Supplementary table S1
Overview of CBT (Fit after COVID) treatment modules 2
Supplementary table S2
Details on delivery of CBT 3
Supplementary table S4
Care use during CBT and in CAU 6
Supplementary table S5
Adverse events 7
References 8
1
Supplementary table S1. Overview of CBT (Fit after COVID) treatment modules
2
Supplementary table S2: Details on delivery of CBT*
n = 56†
Modules followed‡
1. Goal setting 56 (100%)
2. Sleep-wake pattern 55 (98%)
3. Helpful thinking 53 (95%)
4. Social support 20 (36%)
5. Graded activity 53 (95%)
6. Processing COVID-19 12 (21%)
7. Fears and worries regarding COVID-19 19 (34%)
8. Coping with pain 6 (11%)
9. Realizing goals 51 (91%)
Duration
Treatment duration (weeks) 18.7 (2.3)
Duration between randomization and T1 § 21.1 (2.7)
CBT Cognitive behavioral therapy.
Presented data are mean (SD) or n (%).
† One patient did not start CBT.
‡ On the basis of log data of the online platform and/or indicated by the therapist.
§ Duration between randomization and T1 in the CAU group was 20.1 (1.8) weeks.
3
Supplementary table S3A: Sensitivity Analyses 1*
4
Supplementary table S3B: Sensitivity Analyses 2*
Covariate P-value
Dyspnea at T0 (yes versus no) 0.86
Hospitalized for COVID-19 (yes versus no) 0.25
Age (years) 0.96
Days since diagnosis of COVID-19 or hospital discharge 0.54
Sex (male versus female) 0.02†
* Association of covariates with the primary outcome. These analyses were conducted by including these variables and
their interaction-terms with condition as covariates in the mixed linear models.
† The mean fatigue severity score of males is larger compared to the mean fatigue severity scores of females. When
controlling for sex in the analysis of the primary outcome, the mean difference between CBT and CAU increases from -8.8 to
-9.0.
Previous hospitalization for COVID-19, dyspnea at T0, age and time since COVID-19 were not associated with the primary
outcome.
5
Supplementary table S4: Care use during CBT and in CAU
6
Supplementary table S5. Adverse Events
7
References
1. Morin CM, Belleville G, Bélanger L, Ivers H. The Insomnia Severity Index: psychometric
indicators to detect insomnia cases and evaluate treatment response. Sleep 2011; 34(5): 601-8.
2. Jacobsen PB, Andrykowski MA, Thors CL. Relationship of Catastrophizing to Fatigue among
Women Receiving Treatment for Breast Cancer. Journal of Consulting and Clinical
Psychology 2004; 72(2): 355-61.
3. Ray C, Weir W, Stewart D, Miller P, Hyde G. Ways of coping with Chronic Fatigue
Syndrome: Development of an illness management questionnaire. Social Science and
Medicine 1993; 37(3): 385-91.
4. Heins MJ, Knoop H, Burk WJ, Bleijenberg G. The process of cognitive behaviour therapy for
chronic fatigue syndrome: Which changes in perpetuating cognitions and behaviour are
related to a reduction in fatigue? Journal of Psychosomatic Research 2013; 75(3): 235-41.
5. Bridges KR, Sanderman R, Van Sonderen E. An English language version of the social
support list: Preliminary reliability. Psychological Reports 2002; 90(3 PART 1): 1055-8.
6. van der Ploeg E, Mooren TTM, Kleber RJ, van der Velden PG, Brom D. Construct Validation
of the Dutch Version of the Impact of Event Scale. Psychological Assessment 2004; 16(1).
7. Custers JAE, van den Berg SW, van Laarhoven HWM, Bleiker EMA, Gielissen MFM, Prins
JB. The Cancer Worry Scale. Cancer Nursing 2014; 37(1): E44-E50.
8. Aaronson NK, Muller M, Cohen PDA, et al. Translation, Validation, and Norming of the
Dutch Language Version of the SF-36 Health Survey in Community and Chronic Disease
Populations. Journal of Clinical Epidemiology 1998; 51(11): 1055-68.
9. Worm-Smeitink M, Gielissen M, Bloot L, et al. The assessment of fatigue: Psychometric
qualities and norms for the Checklist individual strength. Journal of Psychosomatic Research
2017; 98: 40-6.
10. Mundt JC, Marks IM, Shear MK, Greist JH. The Work and Social Adjustment Scale: a simple
measure of impairment in functioning. British Joural of Psychiatry 2002; 180: 461-4.
11. Kroenke K, Spitzer RL, Williams JBW. The PHQ-15: Validity of a New Measure for
Evaluating the Severity of Somatic Symptoms. Psychosom Med 2002; 64: 258–66.