POLYTECHNIC UNIVERSITY OF THE PHILIPPINES

1016 Anonas, Santa Mesa, Maynila, Kalakhang Maynila

(02) 5335 1787

STOP & SHOP: JEEPNEY DRIVERS AMIDST MODERNIZATION IN SOCIO -

ECONOMIC STATUS LENSE

In partial Fulfillment for the Fundamental Theories in Philippine Studies I

By:

ALABA, Abegail Jane

DELA CRUZ, Tiffany Kate

DULDULAO, Samanta Nicole

UMALI, Kianna Alisson

2024
 POLYTECHNIC UNIVERSITY OF THE PHILIPPINES
1016 Anonas, Santa Mesa, Maynila, Kalakhang Maynila
(02) 5335 1787

CHAPTER I

THE PROBLEM

Introduction

Jeepneys stand out as the predominant mode of public transportation in the Philippines,

embodying a unique historical legacy. Originating from surplus military jeeps left by the United

States after World War II, the jeepney has become an iconic symbol of Filipino transportation

(Meiners, 2016). Over the decades, these colorful and customized vehicles have played a crucial

role in Commuters in the Philippines. They commonly relied on Jeepneys as their primary daily

transportation to reach their destinations. However, due to concerns such as inadequate

maintenance systems, the need for passenger and driver safety assurances, environmental

impacts, and issues related to improper loading and unloading of passengers, the government

implemented the Jeepney modernization program (Andalecio et al., 2020).

In addressing these concerns, the Philippine government has taken steps towards

sustainable development through implementing the Public Utility Vehicle Modernization

Program (PUVMP). Launched in 2017 under Department Order No. 2017-011, this initiative is

recognized as the Omnibus Guidelines for the Planning and Identification of Public Road

Transportation Services and Franchise Issuance (Viado, 2023). The objective of the program is to

replace aging jeepneys, particularly those that are 15 years old and older, with modern vehicles

(Gatarin, 2023). The introduction of these replacements will bring about a considerable impact

on drivers and operators who have devoted a substantial amount of time to the industry (Nano,

2017).
 POLYTECHNIC UNIVERSITY OF THE PHILIPPINES
1016 Anonas, Santa Mesa, Maynila, Kalakhang Maynila
(02) 5335 1787

The decarbonization of public transportation systems has been a significant global

movement in response to the worsening of environmental problems such as air pollution and

greenhouse gas emissions. Jeepneys are one of the most frequently utilized means of

transportation in the Philippines. It appeals to the general public because it is a practical

alternative. It has also been a source of pride among Filipinos, who used to brag about it in front

of foreigners. However, as time passed, it required some improvement.

Background of the Study

As the Philippines undergoes a profound shift towards modernizing its public

transportation system, one of the problems that may arise would be the effects of this on the

Jeepney drivers. Jeepney drivers don't have a fixed income, and most belong to the lower classes.

They rely solely on their daily earnings from driving passengers. They need to make several trips

to earn a decent amount of money, but often, it would still not be enough. They give them

responsibility or pressure to buy modern jeepneys costing between 1.6 million to 2.4 million

(Lalu, 2024), where the government's subsidy covers only 160,000 to 260,000 (Moya, 2023),

and mostly, it is the drivers who will shoulder the remaining cost.

Jeepney drivers, often considered the unsung heroes of the country's commuting culture

and would be the most affected by this modernization. These drivers, many of whom come from

marginalized socio-economic backgrounds, are struggling with the potential impacts of

modernization on their livelihoods, families, and communities. The jeepney industry not only

serves as a means of transportation but also as a source of employment for thousands of drivers

and operators. If the government and private sectors will push through the use of newer, more
 POLYTECHNIC UNIVERSITY OF THE PHILIPPINES
1016 Anonas, Santa Mesa, Maynila, Kalakhang Maynila
(02) 5335 1787

advanced and eco-friendly vehicles, how will the jeepney drivers cope with this modernization

plan when their earnings are only enough for their daily lives. The researchers see the need to

address the socio - economic status of Jeepney drivers in implementing this modernization.

This study delves into the socio-economic status of jeepney drivers along Teresa Street

Sta. Mesa Manila amidst the ongoing modernization efforts. By examining factors such as their

monthly income, employment security, educational attainment, years of being a jeepney driver,

and their overall economic stability. We aim to provide a comprehensive understanding of the

challenges and opportunities faced by this crucial sector. The primary goal of this research is to

explore the socio-economic status of jeepney drivers within the context of modernization.

Through an in-depth analysis, the goal is to generate insights that contribute to a holistic

understanding of the challenges and opportunities caused by modernization on the

socio-economic status of Jeepney drivers, ultimately informing policies and interventions aimed

at fostering a more equitable and sustainable transition.

Statement of the Problem

This study entitled “Stop & Shop: Jeepney Drivers Amidst Modernization in Socio -

Economic Status Lense,” aims to determine the effects of implementation of PUVMP on the

socio - economic status of Jeepney drivers in Teresa Street Sta. Manila that goes along Cubao

and Stop & Shop.

Specifically, the researchers will investigate how this modernization will impact the lives

of Jeepney drivers:

1. What is the demographic profile of the respondents:

 POLYTECHNIC UNIVERSITY OF THE PHILIPPINES
1016 Anonas, Santa Mesa, Maynila, Kalakhang Maynila
(02) 5335 1787

1.1 Age,

1.2 Gender,

1.3 Educational Attainment,

1.4 Monthly Income, and

1.5 Years of being a Jeepney driver.

2. How does the modernization of the jeepney industry affect the livelihoods of jeepney

drivers in terms of income, employment security, and overall economic stability?

3. What are the specific challenges and concerns related to employment security that

jeepney drivers from lower economic classes may face during the modernization process,

and how could this affect their overall employment prospects?

4. How do jeepney drivers intend to navigate the implementation of the modernization

program?

Hypothesis

The hypothesis of this study posits that Modernization will have a big impact on Jeepney

drivers' economic status in terms of income levels, employment security, and overall economic

stability. Adoption of modernized vehicles may lead to a decline in the income stability of

jeepney drivers. This could be due to factors such as increased operational costs, loan

repayments for acquiring modern vehicles, and potential fluctuations in passenger demand

during the transition. This also posits that modernization may result in reduced job security for

jeepney drivers. Traditional jeepneys are often owned and operated by individual drivers or small

cooperatives. The shift to modernized systems may involve larger corporations or companies,
 POLYTECHNIC UNIVERSITY OF THE PHILIPPINES
1016 Anonas, Santa Mesa, Maynila, Kalakhang Maynila
(02) 5335 1787

leading to potential displacement of individual drivers or a decrease in the number of available

driving positions.

Scope and Delimitations

This study intends to establish the status of jeepney drivers, particularly those who work

on stop-and-shop routes, in the face of modernization using a socio - economic lens. The study

will primarily focus on Jeepney drivers, who are directly impacted by the proposed change, as

well as commuters who use the Jeepney as their primary mode of transportation. We

acknowledge that this figure may still not be sufficient to represent all transportation

stakeholders. Generalizations based on the findings of this study should be approached with

caution.

Significance of the Study

The significance of this study is that it may help improve the proposed plan, recognize

the struggles of both drivers and commuters, and gain a better knowledge of the repercussions of

implementation.

The following greatly benefit from the study:

To the drivers, this study will shed further light on the difficulties that this

implementation has caused for drivers, particularly as it puts their source of income at risk.

To commuters, this study will help highlight the importance of including the commuters'

perspective in this situation, particularly because the program was designed with them in mind

yet does not actually benefit them.

 POLYTECHNIC UNIVERSITY OF THE PHILIPPINES
1016 Anonas, Santa Mesa, Maynila, Kalakhang Maynila
(02) 5335 1787

To the government, the study would serve as an eye-opener about the impact of this

compulsory law. This could additionally push them to develop a more thoughtful approach that is

actually advantageous to commuters, drivers, and operators.

To future researchers, the study holds significance as it will provide prior knowledge

and useful information, particularly for individuals seeking a deeper understanding of

modernization. It will provide thorough and elaborate details that future researchers can utilize

regarding what this has brought to the jeepney drivers. The study will also serve as a guide and

basis for creating another engaging analysis that could help the students in the upcoming years.
 POLYTECHNIC UNIVERSITY OF THE PHILIPPINES
1016 Anonas, Santa Mesa, Maynila, Kalakhang Maynila
(02) 5335 1787

CHAPTER II

REVIEW OF RELATED LITERATURE

This chapter presents the related literature and studies from foreign and local sources that

the researchers considered in strengthening the claim and importance of the present study. This

also includes the Conceptual Framework and Theoretical Framework.

Foreign Studies

As demonstrated in Jeepney, Backbone of Public Transport in the Philippines, Face

Modernization by Government, Jeepneys play a crucial role in the daily life of Filipino

Commuters, particularly students and low-income workers, providing an affordable mode of

transportation. These vehicles contribute significantly to the livelihoods of numerous

independent operators. Nevertheless, the persistent reliance on jeepneys has raised apprehensions

regarding environmental impact and safety issues, primarily due to their outdated design and

substantial emissions. The implementation of the PUVMP has sparked concerns among

transportation groups who fear that the consolidation and elevated expenses associated with

modernized jeepneys might lead individual operators into a potentially monopolized and

burdensome debt situation.

In the study of Gatarin (2023), as the need for low-carbon mobility options and the

alleviation of traffic congestion in cities like Metro Manila became urgent, the administration

initiated an ambitious Public Utility Vehicle Modernization Program (PUVMP). The goal was to

replace aged and deteriorating jeepneys, 15 years and older, with modern vehicles. Amidst the

changes aimed at enhancing service quality for commuters, the PUVMP posed challenges for
 POLYTECHNIC UNIVERSITY OF THE PHILIPPINES
1016 Anonas, Santa Mesa, Maynila, Kalakhang Maynila
(02) 5335 1787

thousands of informal transport workers. These challenges included the phasing out of traditional

jeepneys, concerns about the affordability of acquiring modern units leading to anti-poor

sentiments, and the potential corporate dominance in the modernized fleets.

According to Beltran (2024), from his article entitled “Philippines' jeepney transition

plan runs into gridlock” the challenges faced by commuters in Manila is due to the government's

plan to phase out traditional jeepneys in favor of mini buses. The government wants to stop the

diesel engines of jeepneys from polluting the air, but drivers and operators are resisting. Owners

must join a cooperative and pay $50,000 for a minibus as part of the transition plan. Critics claim

the scheme burdens drivers while benefiting manufacturers, and there have been protests and

strikes as a result. There is still worry about escalating transportation problems and economic

disruptions even after a grace period. Piston, the transportation collective, is still opposing the

upgrading scheme and pushing for a reassessment of the phase-out strategy.

Westerman (2018), highlights the resistance against the Philippine government's plan to

modernize and replace traditional jeepneys, a popular form of public transport, with newer,

eco-friendly models. The government aims to address pollution concerns and make the transport

system more efficient. However, the resistance, led by transport rights group Piston, argues that

the modernization plan is "anti-poor" and profit-oriented. Jeepneys, synonymous with daily life

in the Philippines, have become a significant mode of transportation, particularly for the poor.

The resistance emphasizes the financial challenges for drivers and operators in affording the new

models, leading to strikes and protests. Despite the government's goal of making the system

more efficient, critics argue for a socially just and democratic approach, pushing for
 POLYTECHNIC UNIVERSITY OF THE PHILIPPINES
1016 Anonas, Santa Mesa, Maynila, Kalakhang Maynila
(02) 5335 1787

nationalization of public transport. The article presents differing perspectives among riders on

the environmental benefits versus the financial burdens faced by operators.

Andalecio et al. (2020), addressed the implementation, challenges, and repercussions of

the project modernizing jeepneys in the Philippines. The study emphasized the importance of

efficient transportation for modernized cities since it promotes state-to-state connectivity and acts

as a step toward economic growth. The Philippines appears to be unable to keep up with such

rapid development since many administrations have passed and nothing has been done. The

so-called "king of the roads" has clearly fallen behind, not just because of its issues but also

because those who were meant to be assisting drivers and commuters are blindly making

implementations without thinking about their impact. All parties involved—operators, drivers,

passengers, and local manufacturers—are in favor of modernization, but only if it has been

thoroughly planned and not simply because politicians want to keep up with wealthier countries.

A study conducted by Guno et al. (2021) highlighted the need for reconsidering local

manufacturers in light of the negative feedback that existing electric vehicles have received.

Although it has competent qualities, there are still reasons why many people refuse to adopt it,

such as its impact on dealerships, revenue streams, and refueling and charging structures.

The paper of Agaton et al. (2020), argues for an open comparison of combustion and

electric vehicles using economic, social, and environmental considerations. Electric vehicles are

undoubtedly a promising means of achieving a sustainable transportation system, and they are

also favored because of general economic indications. But evaluating it only based on features

will always be uneconomic. The aim of this entire modernization project would undoubtedly lead
 POLYTECHNIC UNIVERSITY OF THE PHILIPPINES
1016 Anonas, Santa Mesa, Maynila, Kalakhang Maynila
(02) 5335 1787

to solving global issues—but only if, as previously noted in studies and literature—there is

substantial financial assistance from the government.

Local Studies

As indicated by Rivas (2023), the cost of each modern e-jeepney is approximately PHP

2,800,000 per unit. However, the government's financial support covers only 5.7% of this total,

amounting to PHP 160,000. Despite the government proposing a loan program to facilitate the

acquisition of modern jeepneys, the high cost remains a substantial obstacle. This situation puts

the jobs of many drivers and operators in jeopardy, as a considerable number of jeepney owners

cannot afford the steep price associated with modernizing their vehicles. While modernization is

a commendable step towards innovation and infrastructural development, there is a pressing need

for further discussion and consideration, given the significant risks it poses to the livelihoods of

many Filipinos.

In the article of Ricaña (2023), she depicts a jeepney driver's life for a day and its 37

years of experience driving in a traditional jeepney. The driver has witnessed many of the

government's implementation of anti-poor policies, which has brought an enormous problem for

them because it threatens their livelihood. One of those is the PUV Modernization Program,

which may be the reason for the loss of the livelihoods of small-time jeepney drivers. Despite

their experiences, he continues to fight for their rights. Under the modernization program, PUVs

that are at least 15 years old will be replaced with new units that cost five times more than

traditional ones. Because modern vehicles are expensive, small-time drivers have two options for

purchasing them. Either work a set number of hours for a defined wage and reach a quota per
 POLYTECHNIC UNIVERSITY OF THE PHILIPPINES
1016 Anonas, Santa Mesa, Maynila, Kalakhang Maynila
(02) 5335 1787

duty, or rent the units for the day. In both circumstances, the drivers suffer a loss. They find it

difficult to sacrifice their body only to pay for this large amount of money. For him, they should

fight for their rights, for so long this is the reason why they survive their everyday challenges.

The study of Atos et. al (2021) gathers thoughts and opinions of jeepney drivers and

commuters along with the PUVMP in Baguio City. The results showed that drivers and operators

opposed the scheme, although commuters supported it. The jeepney drivers and operators formed

their opinions based on their financial situation, whereas commuters emphasized their safety and

comfort. When asked how they will deal with the PUVMP, jeepney drivers offered a negative

array of options. Their responses ranged from just obeying since that is what the government

wants, opting for illegal schemes to earn money, to entirely losing their employment.

Moreover, there are two major "blind sides" to modernization implementation. The high

cost per unit of the aforementioned contemporary jeepney and its impact on the potential fare

increase to cover the number of modern jeepneys. High unit pricing implies high annual

payments, which are compounded by high interest. Amortizations per year and per day rise as

the base price of modern jeepneys rises, resulting in high earnings from passenger fares required

by the driver or operator per day to pay the unit's entire expenses. The high cost of modern

jeepneys will result in increased charges for passengers, which may produce financial instability

for the public due to the high cost of living. As a result of this, daily wage earners will seek

higher wages. The effects will be felt throughout the economy (Mendoza, 2021).

As stated in the article of Punongbayan (2023), the economic aspects of the Philippine

government's jeepney modernization program, highlighting the financial challenges faced by

drivers and passengers. The high costs of modern jeepneys, ranging from P1.3 million to P2.6
 POLYTECHNIC UNIVERSITY OF THE PHILIPPINES
1016 Anonas, Santa Mesa, Maynila, Kalakhang Maynila
(02) 5335 1787

million, are financially burdensome for drivers earning only a few thousand pesos per day. The

government offers subsidies, but they cover only a fraction of the total cost. Other costs include

capital expenditures for infrastructure and operational costs like maintenance and insurance. The

government proposes consolidation through cooperatives or corporations for jeepney operators,

but this comes with challenges, as drivers must contribute substantial amounts to join

cooperatives. Financial strain on jeepney drivers, many of whom are still recovering from the

pandemic's impact on their industry. The author suggests the government may need to consider

more extensive subsidies or explore alternative funding sources, such as reclaiming estate taxes

owed by the Marcos family.

Conceptual Framework

Jeepneys, iconic in Filipino culture as symbols of creativity and innovation and often

referred to as the "King of the Road," serve as the focal point of this study. This research seeks to

explore the experiences of Jeepney drivers within the context of the proposed Public Utility

Vehicle (PUV) Modernization program initiated by the government. The guiding

perspective/theory that will be used in this study is Hermeneutics by Francisco Gealogo.

According to Gealogo (1994), hermeneutics is the science of strengthening one's interpretation of

a particular thing or status as well as the event from a certain standpoint or perspective in order

to achieve a more profound collective understanding.

In this study the researchers used the theory of Gealogo because of the emergence of a

dispute between jeepney drivers and the government due to the implementation of modernization

that will greatly affect the socio-economic status as well as the livelihood of many jeepney
 POLYTECHNIC UNIVERSITY OF THE PHILIPPINES
1016 Anonas, Santa Mesa, Maynila, Kalakhang Maynila
(02) 5335 1787

drivers in our country. The adoption of hermeneutics in this research promises a profound

interpretation and understanding on the socio-economic status of Jeepney drivers.

To ensure an impartial investigation, hermeneutics is chosen as the guiding theory. This

decision aims to prevent the establishment of biases during the research process, allowing for a

thorough analysis of the effects of cultural and social contexts on the study. Additionally,

adopting a methodical approach to questioning assumptions ensures a dynamic and complex

exploration of the multifaceted issues connected in the implementation of Jeepney

Modernization. This conceptual framework, grounded in hermeneutics, serves as a robust and

comprehensive tool to bridge the gap between the study and its contextual intricacies, facilitating

an in-depth exploration of the experiences of PUJ drivers in the landscape of Jeepney

Modernization in the Philippines.

The conceptual framework of this study showed the process of gathering data on Jeepney

drivers in Teresa St. Manila that goes along Cubao and Stop & Shop routes. The researchers

chose the Input, Process, and Output Model to explain the process of this study on getting

information on Jeepney drivers. The input consists of: first, the Demographic profile of Jeepney

drivers such as their age, gender, educational attainment, monthly income and years of being a

Jeepney driver; second, how this modernization affects their livelihoods in terms of income,

employment, and their overall economic stability; third, how will they navigate the

implementation of the modernization program. The process involves the thorough analysis and

interpretation of gathered data. All analyzed and interpreted data are used in the formulation of

the output.
 POLYTECHNIC UNIVERSITY OF THE PHILIPPINES
1016 Anonas, Santa Mesa, Maynila, Kalakhang Maynila
(02) 5335 1787

Figure 1 shows the process of gathering data in this study.

 POLYTECHNIC UNIVERSITY OF THE PHILIPPINES
1016 Anonas, Santa Mesa, Maynila, Kalakhang Maynila
(02) 5335 1787

CHAPTER III

METHODOLOGY

This chapter will provide an overview of the method to be used for the research study.

Under this part the research design, the population and sample of the study and the research

instrument.

Research Design

The research design of this study falls under a qualitative approach that will be used in

gathering data to prevail the socio-economic status of Jeepney drivers along Teresa St., Sta.

Mesa Manila amidst the implementation of PUV Modernization Program. Researchers choose

qualitative because respondents' provided data will be based on self-thought and expression

rather than explicit figures and statistics. Qualitative research is most suited for this topic since it

emphasizes analysis and provides in-depth insights into the socioeconomic status of Jeepney

drivers.

Population and Sample of the Study

The subjects in this study are jeepney drivers in Teresa St., Sta. Mesa Manila goes along

Cubao and Stop & Shop. The sampling methods that researchers utilize are purposive techniques

researchers choose a specified set of persons or units for analysis since our purpose is to

understand the socio-economic situation of jeepney drivers amidst the implementation of the

PUV Modernization Program. The participants of this study will be jeepney drivers because
 POLYTECHNIC UNIVERSITY OF THE PHILIPPINES
1016 Anonas, Santa Mesa, Maynila, Kalakhang Maynila
(02) 5335 1787

they face particular problems that the researchers want to address, specifically their

socio-economic status upon implementing the modernization program.

Research Instrument

To obtain the accurate data required for this study, the researchers will conduct

semi-structured interviews. This study instrument is more appropriate since interviews allow for

a better understanding of moods, capturing the true feelings and reactions of jeepney drivers to

the execution of the PUV Modernization Program and its effect on their socioeconomic situation.

Interview questions will focus on income levels, employment stability, educational attainment,

access to social assistance, and the general well-being of drivers and their families.
 POLYTECHNIC UNIVERSITY OF THE PHILIPPINES
1016 Anonas, Santa Mesa, Maynila, Kalakhang Maynila
(02) 5335 1787

REFERENCES:

Agaton, C. B., Collera, A. A., Guno, C. S. (2020, June 9). Socio-Economic and Environmental

Analyses of Sustainable Public Transport in the Philippines.

https://www.mdpi.com/2071-1050/12/11/4720

Andalecio, A. B. P., Aquino, K. E. C., Cruz, C. F. A., De Guzman, A., & Kiong, N. T. C. (2020).

Implementation, challenges and stakeholders perception of modernized Jeepneys in

Metro Manila. Journal of Physics, 1529(3), 032067.

https://doi.org/10.1088/1742-6596/1529/3/032067

Atos, M. S. Q. et. al. (2021). Modernized Tradition: Transformation of Public Transport. Animo

Repository.

https://animorepository.dlsu.edu.ph/cgi/viewcontent.cgi?article=1704&context=conf_shsr

escon

Beltran, M. (2024, January 8). Philippines' jeepney transition plan runs into gridlock. Nikkei

Asia.

https://asia.nikkei.com/Business/Transportation/Philippines-jeepney-transition-plan-runs-

into-gridlock?fbclid=IwAR0sOA8XPuvGF0AHuCFmnUvNYyUzbkpYcQ1OmH1ItjZx7

mZKjZx60O_7E-8

Gatarin, G. R. (2023). Modernising the ‘king of the road’: Pathways for just transitions for the

Filipino jeepney. Urban Governance. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ugj.2023.11.002

Gealogo, F. ( 2011, August 2). Hermeneutika ng Pakikipagtunggali: Ang Pagapapakahulugan sa

Diskurso ng Pakikibakang Panlipunan. UPD Journals.

https://journals.upd.edu.ph/index.php/pssr/article/view/2243/2168
 POLYTECHNIC UNIVERSITY OF THE PHILIPPINES
1016 Anonas, Santa Mesa, Maynila, Kalakhang Maynila
(02) 5335 1787

Guno, C. S., Collera, A. A., Agaton, C. B. (2021, March 19). Barriers and Drivers of Transition

to Sustainable Public Transport in the Philippines.

https://www.mdpi.com/2032-6653/12/1/46

Jeepney, Backbone of Public Transport in Philippines, Face Modernization by Government

https://www.asiapacific.ca/sites/default/files/publication-pdf/Insight_SEA_Mar08_V2.pd

Lalu, G. P. (2024, January 11). Modern jeepneys’ cost may push drivers to earn P6K daily –

solon. INQUIRER.net.

https://newsinfo.inquirer.net/1887140/modern-jeepneys-high-cost-may-press-drivers-to-e

arn-p6k-a-day-lawmaker#:~:text=LTFRB%20officials%20said%20they%20have,upgrade

d%20units%20

Meiners, J. (2016). The History of the Jeepney, the Philippines’ Mass-Transit Solution.

https://www.caranddriver.com/news/a15344340/the-history-of-the-jeepney-the-philippine

s-mass-transit-solution/

Mendoza, T. C. (2021). Addressing the “blind side” of the government’s jeepney

“modernization” program.

https://cids.up.edu.ph/wp-content/uploads/2022/02/UP-CIDS-Discussion-Paper-2021-02.

pdf?fbclid=IwAR0TnvZyW2UK23v5lIsZks4UoQG-VsHk6j34M06E4A_leWuREZGYE

zex4_8

Moya, P. N. B. R. N. (2023, September 3). Jeepney modernization program: Drivers have a steep

price to pay. Philstar.com.

 POLYTECHNIC UNIVERSITY OF THE PHILIPPINES
1016 Anonas, Santa Mesa, Maynila, Kalakhang Maynila
(02) 5335 1787

https://www.philstar.com/headlines/2023/09/03/2293549/jeepney-modernization-program

-drivers-have-steep-price-pay

Nano, J. (2017). Proposed designs of modernized jeepney models, unveiled to the

public.Retrieved from

https://www.untvweb.com/news/proposeddesigns-modernized-jeepney-models-unveiledp

ublic/

Punongbayan, J. C. (2023, March 10). [ANALYSIS] The Economics of Jeepney Modernization.

Rappler.

https://www.rappler.com/voices/thought-leaders/analysis-economics-jeepney-modernizati

on-program/?fbclid=IwAR0PFBndqA07uK_9ZjF5VDFTgezesOLWLwf

Ricaña, M. J. (2023, February 26). King of the Road No More What a Day in the Life of a

Jeepney Driver and Organizer in Cebu Looks Like. Philippine Colegian.

https://phkule.org/article/779/what-a-day-in-the-life-of-a-jeepney-driver-and-organizer-in

-cebu-looks-like?fbclid=IwAR2hLz1Y5RUphT18yP-W_OJK0YAzZ8WRHrtQuL-hMre

HoiF24xq3_CVCwKQ

Rivas, R. (2023, March 7). IN NUMBERS: Why jeepney phaseout is anti-poor, will do little for

environment. RAPPLER.

https://www.rappler.com/business/numbers-why-government-phaseout-jeepneys-anti-poo

r-do-little-environment/

Viado, M. (2023). What you need to know about the Proposed Jeepney Modernization.

https://pia.gov.ph/news/2023/03/06/what-you-need-to-know-about-the-proposed-jeepney-

modernization
 POLYTECHNIC UNIVERSITY OF THE PHILIPPINES
1016 Anonas, Santa Mesa, Maynila, Kalakhang Maynila
(02) 5335 1787

Westerman, A. (2018, March 7). A push to modernize Philippine transport threatens the beloved

Jeepney. NPR.

https://www.npr.org/sections/parallels/2018/03/07/591140541/a-push-to-modernize-philip

pine-transport-threatens-the-beloved-jeepney?fbclid=IwAR2DGlygoP0_NVPS5O3Cckg-

xskat7MpLpBBipGmssBc51_WcHFkIIqKU3g