An Assignment

On
Mendel’s Second Law Of
Inheritance

Course Title: Forest Tree Improvement

Course No: FWT-5141

Submitted To, Submitted By,

Dr. Md. Rabiul Alam

Sadique Hasan
Professor
Student ID:
Forestry And Wood Technology
M240504
Discipline Khulna University
Forestry And Wood Technology
Discipline
Khulna University

Date Of Submission: 19 February 2024

Introduction:
Genetics is the branch of biology concerned with the study of inheritance, including the

interplay of genes, DNA variation and their interactions with environmental factors.

Genetics is the study of genes, genetic variation, and heredity in organisms. It is an

important branch in biology because heredity is vital to organisms' evolution. Gregor

Mendel, a Moravian Augustinian friar working in the 19th century in Brno, was the first to

study genetics scientifically.

Mendel’s law of inheritance states that offspring inherited from their parents that results in

similar characteristics of parents and offspring. This law of inheritance depends upon three

other laws including the law of dominance, the law of segregation, law of independent

assortment. Gregor Mendel was an Austrian monk who conducted groundbreaking

experiments on pea plants in the mid-1800s. Mendel’s experiments focused on the

inheritance of certain traits, such as seed color, pod shape, and flower color, and he

discovered that these traits are passed down predictably

Mendels Law:
Mendel had given three laws of inheritance after observing his experiments. These are:

1.Law of dominance

2. Law of segregation

3. Law of independent assortment

• Mendels First Law:

The law of dominance, an F1 hybrid can only express one form of each paternal trait.

When two alleles are heterozygous, or when they are different, the dominant allele is

expressed. When two distinct alleles are present, only one is dominant and will manifest.

Dominant genes are expressed by the F1 generation. The term "recessive allele" refers to

the suppressed allele or attribute.

• Mendels Second Law:

This is the mendels second law of inheritance . It asserts that during gamete

creation, one pair of characteristics segregates independently of the other pair. It

guarantees that various qualities have an equal chance to manifest together.

 • Characteristics of Mendel experiments :

The idea of dominant and recessive alleles is explained by Mendel. Each trait is displayed in

the following table along with which traits are recessive and dominant.

Pea Plant Selected for Mendel’s Experiments

• There were numerous variants with discernible alternate forms for a feature or traits.
• Peas typically self-pollinate because the reproductive organs are entirely enclosed by their
corolla until the process is finished. But there should also be crosspollination.
• Peas are easily available.
• Peas have distinct personalities. The characteristics included seed color, pod color, flower
shape, flower position, seed shape, and plant height.
• Its life cycle was short and produced a large number of offspring
• The plant is grown easily annually plant and does not require care except at the time of
pollination.

Monohybrid Cross:
It is a cross where only one trait is taken into account at a time. For example, the size of

the stem is taken into account in a cross between a tall and dwarf plant. Mendel crossed a

pure dwarf (tt) pea plant with a pure tall (TT) pea plant. He was able to obtain every tall

hybrid plant from the F1 generation. These plants generated tall and dwarf in a 3:1 ratio

when grown on their own. The monohybrid ratio is defined as the genotypic ratio of 1:2:1

and the phenotypic ratio of 3:1. It is a single cross designed to investigate the inheritance

of individual gene pairs or other factors between two members of the same species. The

monohybrid cross facilitates the study of Mendel's principle of dominance.

Dihybrid Cross:
It is a hybrid of two people who combined two dissimilar features at the same time. Studying

the inheritance of two allele pairs is beneficial. The F2 generation has a phenotypic ratio of

9:3:3:1 and a genotypic ratio of 1:2:2:4:1:2:1:2:1. This cross aids in the study of Mendel's

Independent assortment principle. A dihybrid cross, for instance, is when pea plants with

round, green seeds and those with yellow, wrinkled seeds are crossed.

Conclusion
• Alleles are the pairs of genes that are passed down from parents to their offspring.

• The terms genotype and phenotype refer to an organism's physical characteristics

and genetic makeup, respectively.

• Genes contain two pairs of alleles; homozygous alleles are those that have the

same alleles, while heterozygous alleles have different alleles.