ASSIGNMENT 1

PROF: GLENN WALTER MUSCHERT

HUMA 156 – Human

Behavior & Well-Being

KHALIFA UNIVERSITY

MAJDA KHALID
AL-ALI
 C H A P T E R 1
Understanding Human
Behavior

Well-Being: Well-being generally includes global judgments of life satisfaction,

health, and engagement with life. Well-being is a positive outcome that is
meaningful for people and for many sectors of society, because it tells us that
people perceive that their lives are going well.

examples of well-being:
Self-perceived health.
Longevity.
Healthy behaviours.
Mental and physical health.
Social connectedness.
Productivity.
Factors in the physical and social environment.

Factors that affectsWell-Being:

Biology: The study of living
organisms, divided into many
specialized fields that cover their
morphology, physiology, anatomy,
behavior, origin, and distribution.
Human Biology: the
physiology, behavior, and other
qualities of homo sapiens.
Psychology: "the study of mind
and behavior”
it Explores the development of
the human mind from biological
roots through the life course.
Sociology: " The scientific
study of society, including
patterns of social relationships,
social interaction, and culture".
The scientific study of life and of
living organisms. Botany, zoology,
and ecology are all branches of
biology.The definition of biology is
the science of all living organisms.
Human biology is an interdisciplinary
area of academic study that examines
humans through the influences and
interplay of many diverse fields such as
genetics, evolution, physiology, anatomy,
epidemiology, anthropology, ecology,
nutrition, population genetics, and
sociocultural influences.
An example of psychology is the
course of study that someone
takes to become a therapist.
noun. 2. Psychology is the
summary of a person's
characteristics including how they
think, feel or behave.
Sociology is the study of the human
behavior within society and the
consequences of those behaviors.
Some examples of sociology include
studying racial issues, gender
dynamics, phenomena and feelings
around entertainment, the structure
of different social institutions, and
the development of different social
movements.
 Human Behavior : study of living
organisms, divided into many
specialized fields that cover their
morphology, physiology, anatomy,
behavior, origin, and distribution.
Human behavior is studied by the social
sciences, which include psychology and
sociology.
“manner of conducting oneself in the
external relations of life . . . The manner
in which a thing acts under specified
conditions or circumstances, or in
relation to other things” .
“the response of the system or organism
to various stimuli or inputs, whether
internal or external, conscious or
subconscious, overt or covert, and
voluntary or involuntary”
Chapter 1 Short Answer Questions:

Q 1.1 – Define and explain the importance of well-being.

-Well-being is associated with numerous health-, job-, family-, and economically-

related benefits. For example, higher levels of well-being are associated with
decreased risk of disease, illness, and injury; better immune functioning; speedier
recovery; and increased life expectancy. Individuals with high levels of well-being
are more productive at work and are more likely to contribute to their communities.

- Example of the importance of wellbeing is:

when an individual has a self-acceptance,Environmental mastery, positive
growth, purpose in life , can cope within sadness and focus happiness, focus on
the subjective wellbeing and finally the positive emotions.

Q 1.2 – Why is it important to study biosocial well-being?

The biosocial approach also underscores the importance of the life course, as
assessments of both biological and social features throughout human development
over time, and across generations, are needed to achieve a full understanding of
social and physical well-being.

the determinants of health are best conceptualized as biosocial phenomena, in

which health and disease emerge through the interaction between biology and the
social environment” .

- Example: 40 percent of premature deaths can be attributed to such dangerous

behaviours as smoking, overeating, inactivity, and drug or alcohol use, medical
education has generally failed to address how these behaviors are influenced by
social forces.

Q1.3 – Explain how biosocial medicine combines the concepts of three (3) fields of
knowledge.

First of all the biosocial medicine combines of biology, social, and psychological
studies. since all of these 3 fields is related to the human behavior and well-being
and they're all based on one another. In the biological part its mainly about the
gender, disability , physical health, neurochemistry, stress reactivity, and genetic
vulnerability . The psychological part consists of, behavior , personality, attitudes
, learning and memory , coping and social skills, self-esteem and emotions.Finally
the social, is involved with education, social support, peer relationships, family
background , and socioeconomic status. Overall, as you can see all of these 3
fields are related to one another due to their wellbeing focus.

Q 1.4 – What is human behavior, and why is it important to well-being?

The study of human behavior has played an important role in improving the lives of
people who have mental health and behavioral disorders. It has also facilitated
advancements in areas such as early childhood education, organizational behavior
management, and public health.

As an example, Strongly rooted in psychology and sociology, studies of human

behavior give us an academic understanding of motivations, productivity, and how
teams work. In turn, these insights can help make workplaces or any group setting
more productive.
 C H A P T E R 2
Human
Behavior
Well-being:generally includes
global judgments of life
satisfaction, health, and
engagement with life. Well-being
is a positive outcome that is
meaningful for people and for
many sectors of society,
because it tells us that people
perceive that their lives are
going well.Well-being, also
known as wellness, prudential
value or quality of life, refers to
what is intrinsically valuable
relative to someone. So the
well-being of a person is what is
ultimately good for this person,
what is in the self-interest of
this person. Well-being can
refer to both positive and
negative well-being.
Physical Well-being:Physical
Well-Being = the ability to
maintain a healthy lifestyle to do
daily activities without undue
fatigue or physical stress. This
includes absence of injury,
disease, and death.
Life Expectancy :Life
Expectancy = a statistical
measure of the average time a
person is expected to live,
based on the year of birth,
current age, and other
demographic factors like sex,
ethnic group, nationality. In
other words, Life Expectancy is
how long someone is predicted
to live.
Aspects of Well-Being: The term
wellness or well-being, as it tends to be
used in a more inclusive way to indicate
more than being free of disease:
Examples of well-being aspects:
physical well-being,
development and activity,
social well-being,
emotional well-being,
psychological well-being, and
economic well-being
Ways of Measuring Physical Well-Being:
Prevalence of injury or disease.
Length of Life, including various measures
of life expectancy.
Examples:
- a balanced, healthy diet; in particular:
reduce sugar, and other toxic additives, by
eating less processed food.
- regular exercise.
maintaining a healthy weight.
- getting adequate hydration, sunlight and
fresh air (Read the LAW of good health)
- getting sufficient rest.
- getting a good sleep
Ways of Measuring Life expectancy :
Life Expectancy at Birth
Maternal Health Effects
Infant Mortality Rate
Life Expectancy at Age 65
Examples:
- a balanced, healthy diet; in particular: reduce
sugar, and other toxic additives, by eating less
processed food.
- regular exercise.
maintaining a healthy weight.
- getting adequate hydration, sunlight and
fresh air (Read the LAW of good health)
- getting sufficient rest.
- getting a good sleep
Life Expectancy:
At Birth :Life Expectancy at Birth = how Example:
long, on average, a newborn can expect to
live, if current death rates do not change - The statistic “Life expectancy at birth”
(OECD). actually refers to the average number of years
uThe actual age-specific death rate of any a newborn is expected to live if mortality
particular birth cohort cannot be known in patterns at the time of its birth remain
advance. If rates are falling, actual life
spans will be higher than life expectancy constant in the future.
calculated using current death rates. Life
expectancy at birth is one of the most
frequently used health status indicators.
Gains in life expectancy at birth can be
attributed to a number of factors, including
rising living standards, improved lifestyle
and better education, as well as greater
access to quality health services.This
indicator is presented as a total and per
gender and is measured in years.

Life Expectancy at Birth:

Males vs. Females: Life expectancy is Example:
reported separately for males and
- Women outlive men in almost every society.
females, as females live several years
longer on average. In more developed countries, the average life
Biological differences part of the sex expectancy at birth is 79 years for women, 72
difference in life expectancy can be years for men.
explained by the hormonal differences that
are a consequence of having either one X
chromosome and one Y chromosome (male
sex) or two X chromosomes (female sex).
Differences in behavioral patters in
adolescence and early adulthood. Males
have more motor vehicle accidents,
accidents due to risky behavior, deaths
due to drug overdoses, deaths from
dangerous jobs, and deaths from war.

Life Expectancy:
Maternal Health Effects:Maternal health
refers to the health of women during
pregnancy, childbirth and the postnatal
period, which has an effect on the well-
being of the child.Each stage should be a
positive experience, ensuring women and
their babies reach their full potential for
health and well-being. Although important
progress has been made in the last two
decades, about 295 000 women died
during and following pregnancy and
childbirth in 2017. This number is
unacceptably high.The most common
direct causes of maternal injury and
death are excessive blood loss,
infection, high blood pressure, unsafe
abortion, and obstructed labor, as well as
indirect causes such as anemia, malaria,
and heart disease.
Examples:
- Smoking during pregnancy causes additional health
problems, including premature birth, certain birth defects, and
premature death.
- Most maternal deaths are preventable with timely
management by a skilled health professional.
- Ending preventable maternal death must remain at the top of
the global agenda. At the same time, simply surviving
pregnancy and childbirth can never be the marker of
successful maternal health care. It is critical to expand efforts
reducing maternal injury and disability to promote health and
well-being.
-Every pregnancy and birth is unique. Addressing inequalities
that affect health outcomes, especially sexual and reproductive
health and rights and gender, is fundamental to ensuring all
women have access to respectful and high-quality maternity
care.
-

Life Expectancy:
At Age 65: The average number of years
that a person at that age can be expected
to live, assuming that age-specific
mortality levels remain constant.Life
expectancy at age 65 is expected to
continue to increase in coming decades.
Based on the United Nations/World Bank
Population Database, life expec- tancy at
age 65 is projected to reach 21.6 years
for women and 18.1 years in 2040 for men
on average in OECD countries .
Examples:
- The MENA population is aging rapidly, and as aging
is the main risk factor for cancer, the incidence and
prevalence of that disease are increasing among all
the populations in the region. These developments
represent huge challenges to national and
community-based health services. The focus and
emphasis in facing these changing circumstances lie
in the education and training of professionals, mainly
physicians and nurses, at the primary, secondary and
tertiary levels of health services. It is imperative that
these training initiatives include clinical practice, with
priority given to the creation of multidisciplinary
teams both at the cancer centers and for home-
based services.

Burden of Disease:The Burden of How do you assess burdens disease?

Disease = a measure of the impact of Important descriptive epidemiologic measures of
living with illness and injury and dying burden of illness are incidence, prevalence, mortality,
prematurely. The summary measure
and life expectancy.
‘disability-adjusted life years’ (or DALY)
measures the years of healthy life lost
from death and illness.

Quality-Adjusted Life Years

QALYs:The overall burden of disease
using the quality-adjusted life year
(QALY).Quality-Adjusted Life Year (QALY)
= measure of disease burden, including
both the quality and the quantity of life
lived. It is used in economic evaluation to
assess the value of medical
interventions. One QALY equates to one
year in perfect health. QALY scores range
from 1 (perfect health) to 0 (dead).

Social Networks:Social Network = the
types of people an individual interacts
with (family, friends, neighbors,
coworkers, etc.), the quality of the
relationship (close, trusting, etc.), and
the frequency with which one interacts
with those in her or his network.
Why is it important?
The strength of one’s relations to
others is associated with well-being
in a variety of ways, including
physical health, cognitive ability, and
emotional well-being.

Social Capital: Social Capital = “those
features of social relationships—such as
levels of interpersonal trust and norms of
reciprocity and mutual aid—that facilitate
collective action for mutual benefit”
Why is it important?
Experiencing enhanced social capital is
associated with a number of positive
outcomes, including reduced rates of juvenile
delinquency and crime, enhanced education,
and increased economic opportunity.
Chapter 2 Short Answer Questions:

Q 2.1 – Are health and well-being the same thing? Explain why or why not.

In understanding the difference between health and wellness, in short,

health is a state of being, whereas wellness is the state of living a healthy
lifestyle (3). Health refers to physical, mental, and social well-being;
wellness aims to enhance well-being.

It's a both yes or no, because it depends on the definition used.Health = "a
state of complete physical, mental, and social well-being and not merely the
absence of disease and infirmity.Well-being is associated with numerous
health-, job-, family-, and economically-related benefits. For example,
higher levels of well-being are associated with decreased risk of disease,
illness, and injury; better immune functioning; speedier recovery; and
increased life expectancy. Individuals with high levels of well-being are
more productive at work and are more likely to contribute to their
communities.

Q 2.2 – List and describe the aspects of well-being. Clarify why it is

difficult to form a precise definition of the concept.

It's difficult to form a precise definition of the well-being concept since it

emerges many health meanings. According to The WHO constitution states:
"Health is a state of complete physical, mental and social well-being and
not merely the absence of disease or infirmity." An important implication of
this definition is that mental health is more than just the absence of mental
disorders or disabilities.

- physical well-being,
- development and activity,
- social well-being,
- emotional well-being,
- psychological well-being, and economic well-being

Q 2.3 – What is life expectancy at birth? How is it measured, and how

does it provide information about the well-being of a society?

life expectancy at birth is how long, on average, a newborn can expect to

live, if current death rates do not change (OECD).Gains in life expectancy at
birth can be attributed to a number of factors, including rising living
standards, improved lifestyle and better education, as well as greater
access to quality health services. This indicator is presented as a total and
per gender and is measured in years.Life expectancy is reported separately
for males and females, as females live several years longer on
average.Differences in behavioral patters in adolescence and early
adulthood. Males have more motor vehicle accidents, accidents due to risky
behavior, deaths due to drug overdoses, deaths from dangerous jobs, and
deaths from war

Q 2.4 – What is the infant mortality rate? How is it measured, and how
does it provide information about the well-being of a society?

Infant Mortality Rate is the number of infant deaths under one year of age
for every 1,000 live births (CDC). The infant molarity rate is the number of
resident newborns in a specified geographic area (country, state, county,
etc.) dying under one year of age divided by the number of resident live
births for the same geographic area (for a specified time period, usually a
calendar year) and multiplied by 1,000. Life expectancy is the average age
at which people die. So, if there is a high infant/child mortality rate, the life
expectancy would be shorter Overall, the case revolves around society's
wellbeing.
 Q 2.5 – What is life expectancy at age 65? How is it measured, and how
does it provide information about the well-being of a society?

Life Expectancy at Age 65 is the average number of years that a person at

that age can be expected to live, assuming that age-specific mortality levels
remain constant.Life expectancy at age 65 is expected to continue to
increase in coming decades. Based on the United Nations/World Bank
Population Database, life expectancy at age 65 is projected to reach 21.6
years for women and 18.1 years in 2040 for men on average in OECD
countries .

Q 2.6 – Explain the different use and meaning of the terminology “People of
Determination” and “People with a Disabilities.”

, people with special needs or disabilities will be referred to as 'people of

determination' to recognise their achievements in different fields.According
to UAE law, a Person of Determination is a person with special needs as
someone suffering from a temporary or permanent, full or partial deficiency
or infirmity in his physical, sensory, mental, communication, educational or
psychological abilities to an extent that limits his possibility of performing
the ordinary requirements as people without special needs. Outside the UAE,
the term “People with Disabilities” is commonly used. The UAE leadership has
changed this term for use within the UAE to “People of Determination.”

Q 2.7 – What is the burden of disease, how is it measured, and why is it

important to study/undershand?

The Burden of Disease = a measure of the impact of living with illness and
injury and dying prematurely. The summary measure ‘disability-adjusted life
years’ (or DALY) measures the years of healthy life lost from death and
illness.The brden of disease analys is quantifies the gap between a
population's actual health and an ideal level of health—that is, every
individual living without disease or injury to the theoretical maximum life
span—in a given year. Burden of disease is measured using the summary
measure disability-adjusted life years (DALYs).important descriptive
epidemiologic measures of burden of illness are incidence, prevalence,
mortality, and life expectancy.

Q 2.8 – What is a DALY, how is it measured, and why is it important to

study/understand?

Disability-Adjusted Life Year (DALY) isa time-based measure that combines

years of life lost due to premature mortality (YLLs) and years of life lost due
to time lived in states of less than full health, or years of healthy life lost
due to disability (YLDs). One DALY is the loss of the equivalent of one year of
full health (WHO).As an example, using DALYs, the burden of diseases that
cause premature death but little disability (such as drowning or measles) can
be compared to that of diseases that do not cause death but do cause
disability (such as cataract causing blindness).Mathematically, a DALY is
represented by the equation DALY = YLL + YLD. YLL is calculated as the
number of deaths (n) x the standard life expectancy at age of death (L1).
 Q 2.9 – What is a QALY, how is it measured, and why is it
important to study/understand?

Quality-Adjusted Life Year (QALY) = measure of disease burden,

including both the quality and the quantity of life lived. It is used
in economic evaluation to assess the value of medical
interventions. One QALY equates to one year in perfect health.
QALY scores range from 1 (perfect health) to 0 (dead).The
quality-adjusted life-year (QALY) is a measure of the value of
health outcomes. Since health is a function of length of life and
quality of life, the QALY was developed as an attempt to combine
the value of these attributes into a single index number. One of
the advantages of using QALYs is that, on their own, they do not
take costs of treatments and interventions into consideration.

Q 2.10 – What is social well-being, how is it measured, and who

is it important to study/understand?

Social Network is the types of people an individual interacts with

(family, friends, neighbours, coworkers, etc.), the quality of the
relationship (close, trusting, etc.), and the frequency with which
one interacts with those in her or his network.It is important due
to the strength of one’s relations to others is associated with
well-being in a variety of ways, including physical health,
cognitive ability, and emotional well-being.Social Networks
(measured at an individual level),social Capital (measured at a
collective level.Measuring wellbeing helps us to evaluate the
impact of our services on people's lives, but also which aspects
of their lives people feel most dissatisfied with which can help
us to tailor our services to meet their needs.