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Materials Today: Proceedings 18 (2019) 3189–3200 www.materialstoday.com/proceedings

ICMPC-2019

Application of Hybrid Aluminum Matrix Composite in Automotive

Industry
Pranav Dev Srivyasa, M.S. Charoob
a,b
Mechanical Engineering Department, NIT, Srinagar, HAZRATBAL, 190006, J&K, INDIA

Abstract

Developing interest for the light-weight and eco-friendly vehicles with decreased vitality utilization and air contamination is a
test for the automotive business. Attributes properties of aluminum make it potential material to supplant substantial materials
that are as of now utilized in the car enterprises. A writing study on the utilization of AMCs and HAMCS for car industry is
exhibited in this audit. Properties and uses of AMCs and HAMCs are quickly abridged for Fiber, intermittent and molecule
strengthened AMCs and HAMCs. Aluminum composite materials have been turned out to be the overwhelming rising material
for different building applications in view of their enhanced physical, mechanical and tribological properties. The significance of
efficient material choice is talked about. This assessment of the AMCs and HAMCs help to comprehend where these materials
can be utilized. The primary utilization of AMCs and HAMCs in the car business incorporates brake plate and drums, chamber
square and liners, cylinder, crankshaft, associating pole, break scissors, turbo warm exchangers and so on. The current and future
patterns in aluminum for car applications will be exhibited in this review.
© 2019 Elsevier Ltd. All rights reserved.
Selection and peer-review under responsibility of the 9th International Conference of Materials Processing and Characterization, ICMPC-2019

Keywords: Metal matrix composites (MMCs); Aluminum matrix composites (AMCs); Reinforcement; Automotive Industry.

1. Introduction

Material choice in the car business has been customarily concentrated. Cast iron and steel has been the most
prevailing material utilized in car from the past, yet the expanding prerequisite to enhance eco-friendliness, control
and to lessen the vehicle weight activated by worry about vitality use and an unnatural weather change affects the
choice of material. With the end goal to meet the prerequisite endeavors have been made to enhance the motor
effectiveness, to enhance and grow better than ever control prepare and to diminish the vehicle weight by utilizing
distinctive half and half framework and materials [1].

* Corresponding author. Tel +91-8492969121

E-mail address: devpranav.srivyas_17@nitsri.net

2214-7853© 2019 Elsevier Ltd. All rights reserved.

Selection and peer-review under responsibility of the 9th International Conference of Materials Processing and Characterization, ICMPC-2019
3190 P.D. Srivyas and M.S. Charoob/ Materials Today: Proceedings 18 (2019) 3189–3200

Car industry will keep on highlighting new models with enhanced execution, extravagance yet these incremental
upgrades has not get empowered a noteworthy decrease in generally speaking weight of the vehicle. With the end
goal to accomplish this, there should be an extreme increment in the utilization of lightweight materials. 10% weight
decrease will roughly equivalent to 5.5% enhancement in the mileage [2]. The decrease in the weight prompts slow
diminishing in the measure of the steel and cast press in vehicle and trigger a development in the measure of light
weight elective materials. Aluminum amalgams are the favored materials for car applications inferable from their
light weight and great warm properties [3]. Tragically, their tribological properties are not all that acceptable which
restrain their genuine need of the car enterprises. The answer for this issue is to utilize composite materials with
aluminum as network material alongside different sort of fortification (Al2O3, SiC, Gr, B4C) were included suitable
weight or volume % in the grid to enhance its general properties [4]. AMCs and HAMCs gangs high quality to
weight proportion, great malleability, high quality, high modulus, low warm coefficient of development, astounding
wear and consumption obstruction. AMCs and HAMCs finds expanding application in the assembling of motor
chamber exhausts, liners, motor cylinder, brake plate, brake drum, drive shaft in the car business [5]. This audit
article centers around the chances, current patterns and advances of the aluminum composites in the car application.

2. Aluminium as Matrix Material

Aluminum use as network material in the car part has grown up to over 80% in the previous 5 years. Late
investigations uncovered that up to 2015 there was an aggregate development of around 340 kg, of aluminum with
or without considering structure applications [6]. AMC's and HAMC's these days are promptly used to make
different segments in the car business. At the point when a metal lattice is blended with particles or filaments of at
least one different materials, this is named a Metal Framework Composite. The materials are insoluble in one
another and have prevalent wanted properties. Particles or strands, for example, SiC, Al2o3, TiB2, carbon, and so on
are essentially utilized as the fortifications in an aluminum framework. Metal network composites have predominant
properties. These materials have's higher quality, solidness, erosion obstruction and wear opposition. Aluminum as a
framework has been connected to different car parts for a significant lot. As a key pattern, the material for motor
squares, which is one of the heavier parts, is being changed from solid metal to aluminum bringing about critical
weight decrease. Aluminum motor squares are required to increment constantly 2000 to about half everything being
equal. Aluminum castings locate the most across the board use in a vehicle. In car powertrain, aluminum castings
have been utilized for relatively 100% of cylinders, about 75% of chamber heads, 85% of admission manifolds and
transmission (different parts-raise pivot, differential lodgings, and drive shafts and so on.) For case applications,
aluminum castings are utilized for about 40% of wheels, and for sections, brake segments, suspension (control arms,
underpins), directing segments (airbag bolsters, controlling shafts, knuckles, lodgings, wheels) and instrument
boards. aluminum additionally finds different applications in warmth shields, guard fortifications, airbag lodgings,
pneumatic frameworks, sumps, situate outlines, side effect boards, to make reference to however a couple of [7].
Aluminum combinations have additionally discovered broad application in warmth exchangers. The utilization of
aluminum network composite was first started by Toyota in 1983. The organization propelled a cylinder for a diesel
motor by including slashed fiber as support in an aluminum lattice in the ring groove territory of cylinders. This
enhanced the exhaustion and wears obstruction of the cylinder and furthermore accomplished a low coefficient of
warm development, which lessens the propensity of splitting and contortion. The material utilized inside the motor
needs high-temperature quality, great weariness, and quality. To dodge wear loss of cylinders, barrels and other
motor segments it is exceedingly prescribed utilizing AMCs and HAM's. High-class autos have the most elevated
aluminum content. Audi A8, Panther XJ, and Range Wanderer have more than 500 kg of aluminum in its creation as
shown in below Fig 1 and Fig 2 , Fig 3.[8].
 P.D. Srivyas and M.S. Charoob/ Materials Today: Proceedings 18 (2019) 3189–3200 3191

Fig 1. The Evolution in average aluminum content per car produced in Europe [40].

2.1 Reinforcements in AMCs and HAMC's

Distinctive fortifying materials are utilized in the improvement of the MMCs. Fortifications can be created as
particles, short fiber, and ceaseless fiber. Particles or intermittent are the imperative fortification stages that
consistently circulate in the network material since they have moderately great isentropic properties contrasted with
different kinds of fortifications. Particles-fortified MMCs are utilized for the most part in the cylinder, barrel liners
and breaks materials in the car area as a result of their appealing grinding and wear properties. AMCs and HAMC's
are fabricated by mixing fired, manufactured, mechanical waste and agro squander fortification's particles in
miniaturized scale and nanoscale inside the framework material. Expansion of hard support in the network enhances
four to ten times wear opposition in contrast with unreinforced composites [9,10]. S. Mahdavi et al., [11] researched
the wear properties of aluminum composites dependent on the extent of the fortified particles (19, 93, 145 µm).
They additionally explored the wear conduct of Al6061/10vol% SiC and Al6061/10vol% SiC/5vol% graphite. It is
additionally seen that the wear rate of the composite material was less in contrast with the compound material. It
was discovered that the attachment is the primary purpose behind the wear of the unreinforced composite material.
In the event of the composite and crossover composite material rough and delaminating wear is the primary purpose
behind the wear marvel. It is because of the way that the hard clay particles present in the composite change the
wear instrument from attachment to grating wear. Mama et al., [12] examined the wear properties of A390
aluminum combination fortified with SiC particles extending (20-50 vol. %). It was accounted for that the composite
with 50 vol. % of SiC particles shows a lower wear rate contrasted with 20 vol. % SiC strengthened particles.
Ravindran et al., [13] considered the microstructure and mechanical properties of half breed aluminum based nano-
composite. The composite contained 5% of SiC and graphite (Gr) changed from 5-10 vol. %. It was accounted for
that the expansion in the fortification rate expanded the mechanical properties of the composite. Composite with
piece Al/5% SiC/10% Gr has the best hardness esteem, wear obstruction and most noteworthy quality. They
announced that the misfortune in the material and COF was for the most part impacted by the connected load and
the sliding separation. D. Garbies et al., [14] considered the conduct of Al/Al2O3 composite material created by
utilizing flash plasma sintering system. The support content changed from 5 vol. % to 20 vol. %. It was accounted
for that the expansion in the support upgraded the mechanical and wear properties of the composite material. It was
because of the nearness of hard fired particles in the aluminum. The examination demonstrated that the most
extreme hardness (1355 MPa) and compressive quality (246 MPa) esteem was accomplished with 20 vol. % of the
Al2O3 content in the composite. Devaraju et al., [15] researched the impact of SiC/Gr and SiC/Al2O3 on the
Al6061-T6 compound. It has been accounted for that there was legitimate appropriation of the strengthened particles
in this half breed composite. Grating mix preparing procedure was utilized to create the examples. The hardness of
the Al6061-T6/SiC/Al2O3 was superior to anything the other half and half composite however it has less wear
opposition when contrasted with the composite which contained graphite since graphite went about as a strong
ointment.
2.2 Fabrication routes for AMCs and HAMC's

AMCs and HAMC's are generally fabricated by using solid state, a semi-solid state, and liquid state fabrication
routes. Solid state includes the powder metallurgy process, SPS and FSP etc. Semi-solid state processing includes
electroplating, spray deposition, immersion plating, chemical vapor deposition, and physical vapor deposition etc.
Liquid state processing includes stir casting, squeeze casting, melt infiltration, compo casting and melt oxidation
processing etc. Manufacturing processes such as powder metallurgy, stir casting, friction stir processing, squeeze
3192 P.D. Srivyas and M.S. Charoob/ Materials Today: Proceedings 18 (2019) 3189–3200

casting, mechanical alloying, pressure less/infiltration, spark plasma sintering, ultrasonic cavitations based
solidification; vortex process, sol-gel synthesis and laser deposition have been reported to be the best by the
researchers for the fabrication of AMCs and HAMC's with micro/nano-reinforcements. These fabrication routes are
also called as un-conventional processing techniques. There are few limitations of traditional consolidation
processes which enable to retain the nanoscale grain size owing to the growth of these modern processing
techniques. Lauri et al., [16] fabricated Al nanocomposites reinforced with 1vol. % of SiCp of size 30 nm using high
energy planetary milling followed by powder compaction and sintering. It was reported that milling parameters were
varied in order to form nano-composite. A steel ball of 10 mm diameter was used for milling operation. It was
observed that better distribution was observed for 10 mm diameter ball as compared to 20 mm diameter ball for 20
hours of milling at the speed of 360 rpm. Atkinson et al., [17] reported the effect of hot isostatic pressing treatments
on the porosity of aluminum casting alloy A357 and stir-cast A357/15 vol. % SiC particulate metal matrix
composites. This resulted in the significant decrement in the relative porosity. Sherif et al., [18] fabricated
nanocomposites of Al reinforced with 2, 5, 7, 10 vol. % of SiCp of size 5 nm using high energy ball milling
followed by SPS method. While investigating SEM micrographs it was revealed that the reinforcement particles
were uniformly distributed. The XRD analysis showed that no reactive products like Al4C3 were formed. Alidokht et
al., [19] fabricated A356-SiC-MoS2 hybrid surface composite layer and studied its tribological behavior as
compared to the A356-SiC mono-composite layer. Elango et al., [20] studied the tribological behavior of LM25Al-
SiC-TiO2 hybrid metal matrix composites prepared by FSP. Micro structural evolutions, textural developments, and
mechanical properties were also studied in this research. Rajan et al., [21] studied the effect of three different liquid
stir casting processes i.e. compo casting, modified compo casting, and modified compo casting followed by squeeze
casting on the properties and structure of Al-7Si-0.35Mg alloy composite reinforced with fine fly ash particles. It
was reported that among all castings processes, stir casting exhibit good dispersion of fly ash particles followed by
modified compo casting and squeeze casting route. Kumar et al., [22] produced nano-composites of A356 Al alloy
reinforced with 0 to 4.5 vol. % of SiCp and 1 wt% Mg through stir casting fabrication route. The aluminum matrix
alloy was melted to 750˚C and stirred at a speed of 600 rpm for 15 min in graphite impeller. Yong et al., [23]
fabricated the composite using A356 aluminum alloy reinforced with 2 wt% of SiCp of size 30 nm produced by an
ultrasonic assisted casting method. It was reported that there was clusters formation and non-uniform distribution of
particles along the matrix alloy when simple casting process was used to manufacture the sample. The reinforcement
particles were distributed uniformly along the matrix alloy A356 in a composite prepared from ultrasonic assisted
casting method.

3. Applications of AMC’s and HAMC’s in Automotive Industry

From the aspect that over 50 % of global production of composite material with metal matrices is used at the
automotive industry, the focus of application of this material will be put on cars [24]. Large numbers of car parts are
made of composite materials. The ratios of their prices and qualities present main causes for applications of those
materials [27,28].

Fig 2. Aluminum’s direct weight savings and market penetration [40].

 P.D. Srivyas and M.S. Charoob/ Materials Today: Proceedings 18 (2019) 3189–3200 3193

3.1 Aluminium alloys for body-in-white applications

Aluminum industry has targeted the automotive sector for future growth and has devoted significant resources to
support this effort. The body-in-white (BIW) offers the greatest scope for weight shading using large amount of
aluminum. Recent developments have shown that up to 50% weight saving can be achieved by the substitution of
steel by aluminum [25]. This results in 20–30% total vehicle weight reduction. Honda NSX has stamped body
structure and exterior panels with a weight of 210 kg of aluminum, about 100 kg of aluminum chassis components
and 130 kg of other powertrain and drives train components. Several other companies have also built aluminum-
intensive prototypes and concept cars. Renault and Lotus have manufactured a car (Spider) that is 30-50% lower in
weight as compared to previously manufactured steel car. Other examples are the Jaguar XJ 220, GM-EV1 etc
[27,28].

Fig 3. Audi AL2 with an all aluminum body structure; Aluminum extruded space frame BIW architecture, Alcoa- Audi A8 [40].

3.2 Cylinder blocks and liners

Block liner is a high-temperature chamber where ignition happens. Chamber square obliges persistent effects from
the cylinders, in this manner must have great wear obstruction, weariness quality, and creep opposition. Chamber
squares heads were beforehand made with solid metal, however as of late are made with aluminum and its
amalgams, which results in huge weight investment funds [25]. Barrel liners already made of cast press are solid
however twice overwhelming and has poor warm qualities when contrasted with the aluminum amalgams. Because
of poor warmth exchange properties of the cast press barrel liners more vigorous arrangements of warmth
dissemination and cooling are required, which additionally builds the motor weight. One arrangement is to utilize an
in-situ MMC, made out of hypereutectic aluminum-silicon composite (Al– Si) that depends on the silicon focus in
the aluminum amalgam. Al-Si barrel liners not just give better warm conductivity as thought about than cast press
yet additionally diminish the general weight of the motor. They have been utilized by a few distinctive car makers,
including General Engines, Porsche, Audi, Mercedes Benz, Volkswagen, and BMW. Sequential generation of
aluminum MMC barrel liners was begun in 1990 when it was first connected in the 2.3 l motor Honda Prelude [26].
The half and half composite comprised of an Al-Si grid with 12 % Al2O3 for wear obstruction and 9 % carbon for
oil [34]. The composite was essentially thrown with the motor square and had enhanced cooling proficiency,
enhanced wear and a 50 % weight sparing over cast press, without expanding the motor bundle estimate. Wear
obstruction of AMCs and HAMCs are better contrasted with the wear opposition of cast press. The aggregate weight
of the motor square utilizing the MMC is decreased by 20% [36]. The motor Toyota Celica 2000 additionally has a
chamber liner of MMC. The most recent research demonstrates that aluminum amalgams fortified with graphite are
additionally utilized in the creation of barrel liners with the end goal to guarantee great grease. Graphite in
aluminum composite prompts a decrease of the rubbing coefficient and diminished wear [39]. Moreover, graphite
keeps the presence of the limit oil. Al-Mg or Al-Si amalgams with ~30% SiC or Al2O3 are mostly utilized in
chamber squares. The Porsche 911, Boxster, Toyota Celica and Honda Prelude are a few models where AMCs are
utilized in the barrel square and liners as shown in below Fig 4[40].
3194 P.D. Srivyas and M.S. Charoob/ Materials Today: Proceedings 18 (2019) 3189–3200

Fig 4. Hybrid particulate reinforced Al matrix composite used as a cylinder liner in the Honda Prelude [40].

3.3 Pistons

Piston works in an exceptionally cruel and troublesome dynamic, warm, and mechanical condition. It is stacked by
cyclic mechanical pressure, frequencies of 100 Hz with the goal that the weakness is essential [25, 26]. The cylinder
should likewise guarantee a tight fit inside the chamber, to withstand a most extreme weight of burning. Cylinder
ought to have great Weakness quality, brilliant wear opposition, and coefficient of warm extension (CTE). Because
of the low CTE of AMC, freedom between chamber divider and cylinder can be decreased, which results in less
clamor and less wear of counter surfaces. It is additionally critical that the leader of the cylinder can withstand a
temperature of about 3000˚C [32-35]. Because of warm inclinations and warm cycle, the high warm and warm
conductivity is required to diminish the general temperature and warmth waves. Aluminum-silicon (Al– Si)
combination is most generally utilized as a network material. Silicon in is imperative part in the structure since it
prompts a decrease in the CTE [39]. It would be exceptionally useful that the CTE of the barrels and the cylinders
are near one another to accomplish the better control of the clearances between the chamber divider and the
cylinder. The defining moment in the utilization of aluminum MMC speaks to generation of fortified aluminum
cylinders in the Toyota diesel motor. Sequential generation of these cylinders has started in Japan in 1983 as shown
in below Fig 5 [40].

Fig 5. Pistons made of aluminum MMC [40].

3.4 Valves / Valve lifters and Pushrods

Inlet-Outlet fumes valves arrange the exchange of the air-fuel blend for ignition and the fumes gases separately in
car motors. Inlet and deplete valves are exposed to cyclic mechanical stacking (frequencies as high as 50 Hz), that is
the reason weariness properties are of essential significance. Valves should likewise have great protection from
sliding wear in the valve control. Great drag obstruction is required at the neck, where the most extreme pressure
happens as the fumes valve works in gas temperatures as high as 900˚C[30, 31]. Pushrods are the segments which
exchange movement from the camshaft to valves. In rapid autos, it is important to have high rpm in order to
accomplish, extraordinary speed and increasing speed which are hard to acquire with customary steel utilized in
autos. AMCs are the best materials for acquiring higher rpm because of their great solidness, great wear obstruction
and weariness quality. This AMC builds the motor speed to 250 to 400 rpm. Fiber fortified AMC are utilized in
 P.D. Srivyas and M.S. Charoob/ Materials Today: Proceedings 18 (2019) 3189–3200 3195

pushrods for superior OHV hustling motors. 3 M Organization was a first to producer these parts. AMC pushrods
give 25% higher twisting solidness and double the damping limit in respect to 4340 steel pushrods. Besides, the
utilization of AMC pushrods could give an augmentation in spring life of up to 600% because of the enhanced
damping qualities of the MMC. The administration life of these pushrods is far more noteworthy than steel ones. as
ashown in below Fig 6 (a-b) [38- 40].

Fig 6. Discontinuously reinforced titanium automotive valves for the Toyota Altezza; Aluminum alloy MMC pushrods [40].
3.5 Timing chains

Timing belt associates the crankshaft to the camshaft, which controls the opening and shutting of the motor's valves.
Apparatus or chain frameworks are additionally used to interface the crankshaft to the camshaft at the right
planning. Be that as it may, apparatuses and shafts compel the overall area of the crankshaft and camshafts. At first,
timing belts were made of elastic, however now-a-days materials, for example, neoprene, urethane, and
polyurethane are utilized, and footing component is produced using steel, fiberglass, and polyester. Materials for
making pulley are steel, solid metal, plastics. Most ordinarily utilized are solidified steels (C15, CK15, 17Cr3,
16MnCr5) and tempered steels (C45, C60, 40Mn4, 34Cr4, 41Cr4, 50Mn7) however now day's aluminum
combinations (AlCuMgPb, AlZnMgCu0.5-F48, AlCuMgSi) are as of late utilized [24, 39].

3.6 Connecting rod

Associating bars interface the cylinders and crankshafts in the responding motors. Interfacing bars must be generally
light-weight to keep away from any optional vibration powers. Lower responding loads prompt lower rubbing loads
and would thus be able to build eco-friendliness [29]. Associating bars encounter a noteworthy stacking in the car
motor in both pressure and strain, yet should be lightweight to decrease responding mass [30]. Right now, the
associating bars are produced using steel, aluminum, or titanium combinations and composites. Composites with
aluminum base fortified with SiC (Nissan) I Al2O3 (Dupont, Chrysler) are utilized making the associating bar
prompts decrease in mass r by 57% contrasted with steel made interfacing pole. Decreased weight interfacing bars,
in blend with lighter weight cylinders and wrist pins prompt fundamentally diminished in clamor, vibration, and
cruelty [32]. In addition, there is a decrease in the heap of the crankshaft and its orientation, and in addition the
decrease of contact misfortunes and enhanced motor execution, including mileage [37]. Associating bars require
quality, weariness execution, solidness and wear opposition. The most recent explores identified with the interfacing
bars acquired by throwing with aluminum composite framework strengthened with graphite are tried for little
motors. Nano-molecule fortified AMCs are being created that appears to be a phenomenal option in contrast to
existing materials for associating poles. These materials are being produced using both: powder metallurgy
procedures and throwing forms. By utilization of an aluminum association bar, decrease of fuel utilization and
enhancement of motor power are finished as shown in below Fig 7 [39, 40].
3196 P.D. Srivyas and M.S. Charoob/ Materials Today: Proceedings 18 (2019) 3189–3200

Fig 7. Connecting rods from aluminum MMC [40].

3.7 Cardan shaft

Aluminum MMC is utilized for the generation of Cardan shafts as a result of their high particular solidness. The real
impediment of as of now utilizing Cardan shafts is basic rotational speed when those poles turn out to be
progressively unsteady. Basic rotational speed of the pole is an element of its length, inside and outer distance
across, and particular firmness. Utilizations of MMC at Cardan shafts give changes of Cardan shafts structure
arrangements. Al6061 strengthened with fired material Al2O3 is utilized in assembling the cardan shaft. Cardan
shafts made of AMCs were utilized without precedent for Chevrolet S-10 and GMC Sonoma conveyance truck in
1997 as shown in below Fig 8. [40].

Fig 8. The Cardan shaft of Chevrolet Corvette [40].

3.8 Crankshafts and Camshafts

Crankshaft is the foundation of the inner motor and is in charge of the best possible task of the motor and changing
over a straight movement to a rotational movement. Crankshafts ought to have high weariness quality and wear
protection from guarantee long administration life. The crankshaft encounters high repetitive stacking. High
estimation of the CTE can be an issue while picking materials for crankshafts and camshafts. AMCs are a decent
alternative for giving the coveted properties to these parts. Crankshafts made of aluminum composites fortified with
SiC and graphite are in the improvement arrange. Flexible iron, fashioned steel, and titanium are generally presently
utilized as materials for assembling shafts in the Porsche GT3 RS asshown in below Fig 9. [32, 40].

Fig 9. Aluminum/SiC-graphite crankshaft [40].

 P.D. Srivyas and M.S. Charoob/ Materials Today: Proceedings 18 (2019) 3189–3200 3197

3.9 Brake systems

AMCs are utilized for the generation of brake circles and drums at autos because of helpful attributes of, high
protection from wear and high warm conductivity. Al-Mg and Al-Si composites fortified with hard clay materials
are utilized for the generation of frictional brake circles and drums [40]. Ceaseless strengthened AMC are utilized
for brake circles of Volkswagen Lupo 3L and Audi A2. Half and half and electrical vehicles are likewise furnished
with slowing mechanisms made of AMCs (Toyota RAV4, Portage Wonder and General Engines) [41]. Brake circles
made of uncontinual fortified AMCs are utilized at fast prepares in Germany – InterCity Express [42]. HAMCs (Al
2124/SiC/25p) are additionally utilized at stopping mechanisms of dashing autos (Porsche 911). AMCs have
brought another time of mileage and administration life however AMCs are more useful because of their light
weight, better wear obstruction, and warm conductivity [43]. Different auto producers are utilizing AMCs in a
portion of their models, for example, VW Lupo, Toyota RAV-4EV, Employ mouth Prowler, GM EV-1 and different
dashing autos as shown in below Fig 10 [44].

Fig 10. Car brake disc of particle reinforced aluminium composite; Brake systems made of aluminium MMC [40].

4. Current Status and Future Trend of Lightweight Materials in the Automotive Industry

It the present senerio improvement in the car business is combined with the need of lightweight materials with
advantageous mechanical and tribological attributes that can satisfy prerequisites. Aluminum and its amalgams are a
standout amongst other suited materials that can satisfy the vast majority of the advanced requests. Utilizations of
aluminum and composite materials with aluminum base create elite vehicles with upgraded security, enhancements
of vitality productivity and nature perspectives (impervious to consumption and with diminished masses). By the
utilization of aluminum in the car segment an expansion of motor lifetime should be possible. By use of aluminum
composites rather than steel lessens add up to auto mass. From the opposite side, an expansion in fuel costs in the
worldwide world market likewise caused an increment of utilization of aluminum and its composites rather than
steels. Decrease of vehicle mass brought about a decrease of fuel utilization by 5 to 7 % as shown in below Fig 11.
3198 P.D. Srivyas and M.S. Charoob/ Materials Today: Proceedings 18 (2019) 3189–3200

Fig 11. Some proven application of AMCs.

5. Summary
Alternative lightweight materials will acquire piece of the pie in the car business. Aluminum composites are the best
long haul risk to steel and cast press in the car segment as it has great mechanical and tribological properties.
Aluminum infiltration has been restricted up to now because of elements: crude material cost; producing cost;
modern structure; reusing; controls. With joint improvement on make innovation for high volume creation,
aluminum has a sensible opportunity to catch a more prominent offer in car applications.

Acknowledgments
I thankfully recognize every one of the analysts who have worked in the field of tribology of AMCs and HAMC's,
without their noteworthy commitment this survey writing would have been hard to abridge. I would likewise need to
recognize my foundation and director for their wholehearted help.

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3200 P.D. Srivyas and M.S. Charoob/ Materials Today: Proceedings 18 (2019) 3189–3200

Biography

Pranav Dev Srivyas is a Research Scholar in NIT, Srinagar under the guidance of Dr. M.S. Charoo in the field of Tribology. He
earned his B.TECH in Mechanical Engineering from Punjab Technical University and M.TECH in Manufacturing & Automation
from SMVDU. His research interests include manufacturing, tribology, reliability & maintenance.

Dr. M.S. Charoo is currently the Assistant Professor Mechanical Engineering Department, National Institute of Technology
Srinagar, India J&K 190006 (March 2000). He earned his Bachelor of Engineering (B.E) in Mechanical Engineering from
Regional Engineering College Srinagar, J&K India(August 1996), Master of Technology (M. Tech.) in Mechanical Engineering
from National Institute of Technology Srinagar(August 2008) and Doctor of Philosophy (Ph.D.) in Faculty of Engineering from
National Institute of Technology Srinagar (August 2016). His area of Specialization is Nanolubrication, Lubricant Additives,
Biotribology, Nanotechnology. He is also the member of Member Institution of Engineers India (MIE) M-145360-7 and Member
Tribology Society of India, (TSI) LM-5073