Solid State Devices

Section 1: Introductions
Gerhard Klimeck
Purdue University
School of Electrical and Computer Engineering

gekco@purdue.edu

Klimeck – Solid State Devices

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 Solid State Devices
Section 1: Introductions
Section 1.1 Why are they interesting?
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Control_of_fire_by_early_humans

Learning Objectives
Solid State Devices => Nanotechnology

Changed Human History

Gerhard Klimeck
Purdue University
School of Electrical and Computer Engineering
gekco@purdue.edu

Klimeck – Solid State Devices

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 Solid State Devices
Why are1:
Section they interesting?
Introductions
Solid State Devices => Nanotechnology
Changed Human History

iPad 2
(2011)

Klimeck – Solid State Devices

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 Solid State Devices
Why are1:
Section they interesting?
Introductions
Solid State Devices => Nanotechnology
Changed Human History

=
4 GFLOPS

Cray 2 iPad 2
World’s fastest supercomputer in 1985 (2011)

You hold a 1980’s supercomputer …… in your hands…

https://www.phoronix.com/scan.php?page=news_item&px=MTE4NjU Klimeck – Solid State Devices
http://s3data.computerhistory.org/brochures/cray.cray2.1985.102646185.pdf 4
 Solid State Devices
Why are1:
Section they interesting?
Introductions
Solid State Devices => Nanotechnology
Changed Human History

=
4 GFLOPS

Cray 2 iPad 2
World’s fastest supercomputer in 1985 (2011)

Chilled water cooling + custom room Mobile

Custom access - special user training Taken along to Space Station
5,500 lbs – 2,475kg 1.3 lbs – 0.585kg 4x103 smaller
195 kW 5W 4x104 smaller

You hold a 1980’s supercomputer …… in your hands…

https://www.phoronix.com/scan.php?page=news_item&px=MTE4NjU Klimeck – Solid State Devices
https://www.computerhistory.org/revolution/supercomputers/10/68
http://s3data.computerhistory.org/brochures/cray.cray2.1985.102646185.pdf 5 https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/IPad_2
 Solid State Devices
Why are1:
Section they interesting?
Introductions
Solid State Devices => Nanotechnology
Changed Human History

=
4 GFLOPS

Cray 2 iPad 2
World’s fastest supercomputer in 1985 (2011)

Chilled water cooling + custom room Mobile

Custom access - special user training Taken along to Space Station
5,500 lbs – 2,475kg 1.3 lbs – 0.585kg 4x103 smaller
195 kW 5W 4x104 smaller
$M 12-17 $500-700 2x104 smaller
>1M sold first weekend
27 units sold 1x106 larger
~35M sold in 1 year
https://www.phoronix.com/scan.php?page=news_item&px=MTE4NjU Klimeck – Solid State Devices
https://www.computerhistory.org/revolution/supercomputers/10/68
You hold a 1980’s supercomputer …… in your hands…
http://s3data.computerhistory.org/brochures/cray.cray2.1985.102646185.pdf 6 https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/IPad_2
 Solid State Devices
Sectionruns
Modern society 1: Introductions
on nanotechnology…
Solid State Devices => Nanotechnology
• Communications
Changed Human History
• Any business operation
• Any manufacturing
• Agriculture

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https://rainrfid.org/wp-content/uploads/2018/03/IDTechEx-RFID-March-_Distribute.pdf
 Solid State Devices
Sectionruns
Modern society 1: Introductions
on nanotechnology…
Solid State Devices => Nanotechnology
• Communications
Changed Human History
• Any business operation
• Any manufacturing
• Agriculture

RFID tags Secure financial transactions

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Klimeck – Solid State Devices
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https://rainrfid.org/wp-content/uploads/2018/03/IDTechEx-RFID-March-_Distribute.pdf
 Solid State Devices
Sectionruns
Modern society 1: Introductions
on nanotechnology…
Solid State Devices => Nanotechnology
• Communications
Changed Human History
• Any business operation
• Any manufacturing
• Agriculture

RFID tags

Secure financial transactions

Short term use commodity

76 Billion sold in 2018

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https://rainrfid.org/wp-content/uploads/2018/03/IDTechEx-RFID-March-_Distribute.pdf
 1965 – Gordon Moore predicts
the future of integrated circuits

Relative Manufacturing
Cost per Component

Number of Components per Integrated Circuit

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Klimeck – Solid State Devices Changed Human History
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 1965 – Gordon Moore predicts
the future of integrated circuits

104 1962

1965
103

Relative Manufacturing
Cost per Component
1970
102

101

1
1 101 102 103 104 105 109
Number of Components per Integrated Circuit 4x104 smaller
http://www.intel.com/technology/mooreslaw
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Klimeck – Solid State Devices Changed Human History
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 The number of transistors per chip
doubles about every two years

1 billion

100 million

10 million

1 million

100,000

10,000
109
1970
0
5

1
0
4

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1

1965

1000
0
3

1962

1x106 larger
0
2

1
0

Changed Human History

1
1

Klimeck – Solid State Devices

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0
0

0
21

31

4
1

1
1

12
1
 The number of transistors per chip
doubles about every two years
Humans
on Earth
22 nm Tri-Gate Transistor
10 billion
109 2019
1 billion
1989
100 million Intel 486 processor
1.2 million transistors
10 million

1 million
2012
100,000 Intel 286 3rd gen. Intel Core
134,000 transistors 1.4 billion transistors
Intel 8080
10,000
1970

4,500 transistors
2000
0
5

1
0

Intel Pentium 4
4

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1

1965

1000 Intel 4004

42 million transistors
0
3

2,300 transistors
1962

1x106 larger
0
2

1
0

Changed Human History

1
1

Klimeck – Solid State Devices

1

0
0

0
21

31

4
1

1
1

13
1
 1
0
4
1
1962
1965 Production Cost Reduction
0
31

0
21
1970
Size Reduction
0
1

1 1 1 1 1 1
1 0 0 0 0 0
22 nm Tri-Gate Transistor
1 2 3 4 5

0.1

$ / Transistor
(relative to 0.35um)

0.01

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0.001 Changed Human History
Klimeck – Solid State Devices
.35um .25um .18um .13um 90nm 1465nm 45nm 32nm 22nm 14nm 10nm
 1
1962

22 nm Tri-Gate Transistor
0
4
1 1965
0
31
1970
0
21

0
1

1 1 1 1 1 1
1 0 0 0 0 0
1 2 3 4 5

First Mass Produced 3D Transistor

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http://www.chipworks.com/media/wpmu/uploads/blogs.dir/2/files/2012/08/Intel22nmPMOSfin.jpg
 1
1962

22 nm Tri-Gate Transistor
0
4
1 1965
0
31
1970
0
21

0
1

1 1 1 1 1 1
1 0 0 0 0 0
1 2 3 4 5

8nm ≅ 64 atoms
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http://www.chipworks.com/media/wpmu/uploads/blogs.dir/2/files/2012/08/Intel22nmPMOSfin.jpg
 1
1962
0

Devices are Atomically Small

4
1 1965
0
31
1970
0
21

0
1

1 1 1 1 1 1
1 0 0 0 0 0
1 2 3 4 5
22 nm Tri-Gate Transistor

8nm ≅ 64 atoms
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http://www.chipworks.com/media/wpmu/uploads/blogs.dir/2/files/2012/08/Intel22nmPMOSfin.jpg
 1
1962
0

Devices are Atomically Small

4
1 1965
0
31
1970
0
21

0
1

1 1 1 1 1 1
1 0 0 0 0 0
1 2 3 4 5

22 nm Tri-Gate Transistor

Red blood cell

d = 7,000 nm

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 1
1962
0
4
1 1965
0
31
1970
0
21

0
1

1 1 1 1 1 1
1 0 0 0 0 0
1 2 3 4 5

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Changed Human History
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Transistors became 100 million times cheaper!
Almost unprecedented in technology!

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Changed Human History
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Transistors became 100 million times cheaper!
Almost unprecedented in technology!

4x104 smaller
1x106 larger
Changed Human History
Klimeck – Solid State Devices
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Transistors became 100 million times cheaper!
That is why they CAN be everywhere!

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Changed Human History
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Solid State Devices Section 1.1
Why are they interesting?
Changed Human History

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 Solid State Devices Section 1.1
Why are they interesting? Changed Human History
Learning Objectives
• Explain the working principles of these devices
• Explain the physical processes in these devices
• Relate the device performance to materials
and design criteria
• Speak the “language” of device engineers
• Be ready to engage in device research

Solid State Devices Section 1.2

Basic Device Operations
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